Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes motor impairment due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons. The main symptoms are tremors, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movements. It occurs due to the death of dopamine-producing brain cells, leading to imbalances in neurotransmitters. While there is no cure, treatments can provide relief from symptoms and slow progression through medications, surgery, therapy, and lifestyle management.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement.
Parkinson's Disease, SYMPTOMS OF PARKINSONISM, STAGES OF PARKINSONISM, ETIOLOGY OF PARKINSONISM, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PARKINSONISM, TREATMENT OF PARKINSONISM.
During my 1st &2nd year of residency period , i used to teach Anatomy and Orthopaedics for foreign undergraduate medical students. At last year i taught Neurology for one batch. so i posted some of my collections for competely educational purpose coz i believe in knowledge ...inseted of deleting these ppts , they may me useful for others so i shared it ....
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
A Promotores Approach in the Management of Parkinson's Disease Interactive Session
Claudia Martinez
Hispanic Outreach Coordinator
Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center
Movement Disorders Clinic
Mano y Corazón Binational Conference of Multicultural Health Care Solutions, El Paso, Texas, September 27-28, 2013
Parkinson's Disease, SYMPTOMS OF PARKINSONISM, STAGES OF PARKINSONISM, ETIOLOGY OF PARKINSONISM, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PARKINSONISM, TREATMENT OF PARKINSONISM.
During my 1st &2nd year of residency period , i used to teach Anatomy and Orthopaedics for foreign undergraduate medical students. At last year i taught Neurology for one batch. so i posted some of my collections for competely educational purpose coz i believe in knowledge ...inseted of deleting these ppts , they may me useful for others so i shared it ....
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
A Promotores Approach in the Management of Parkinson's Disease Interactive Session
Claudia Martinez
Hispanic Outreach Coordinator
Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center
Movement Disorders Clinic
Mano y Corazón Binational Conference of Multicultural Health Care Solutions, El Paso, Texas, September 27-28, 2013
This presentation is a comprehensive & updated presentation that delves deeply into Multiple Sclerosis. It is intended for healthcare professionals and features the Anatomy and Physiology, Common Etiology, a focused review of the disease Pathophysiology, Prevalence & Morbidity, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostics, Classification & Prognosis, Treatment (Both current and experimental), Nutrition, and Psychosocial issues and resources available to patients. It is very rich in details, diagrams (on every slide), and interactive content when in slide presentation mode. The presentation has also hyperlinks to videos (3 D Patho) and controversial treatments. Finally, it concludes with a Case Study to highlight the clinical application.
Please note that you're welcome to use any slides as long as you reference my post when you do so to maintain the integrity of authorship
If interested in detailed answers, please email: aamirdash@yahoo.com
Thanks, Ahmad
parkinson's disease by me ..........prakash mahala p.g. medical surgical nursing at himalayan college of nursing dehradun.......prakashjpmmahala@gmail.com
Parkinson’s: What Do We Know About the Disease and What Can Be Done About It?asclepiuspdfs
ABSTRACT
In this article, I aim to answer important questions regarding Parkinson’s disease and the associated dementia. While the
disease was identified and described over a century ago, we still have not as yet been able to ferret out its root cause,
notwithstanding the tremendous progress made in recent years. Like for many other diseases, it is believed to involve three
main causal components (inherited genetics, environmental influences, and, to a much lesser extent, lifestyle choices),
which collectively determine if someone will develop the disease. I will survey its signs, symptoms (motor and non-motor),
risks, and stages, distinguishing between the disease’s early- and late-onset. While discriminating between the disease and
its associated dementia, I will localize the latter within the broad spectrum of dementias. I will also describe what happens
to the brain as the disease takes hold and evolves. A number of medical conditions called Parkinsonisms may have one or
more of their signs and symptoms mimicking Parkinson’s. I will discuss them in some detail, including their five proposed
mechanisms (protein aggregation in Lewy bodies, disruption of autophagy, mitophagy, neuroinflammation, and breakdown
of the blood–brain barrier). I will further describe the approach to diagnosis, prediction, prevention, and prognosis. While
there is no cure and treatment for each affected person, motor symptoms are managed with several medications (Levodopa
always combined with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor and sometimes also with a catechol-O-methyltransferase [COMT]
inhibitor, dopamine agonists, and monoamine oxidase-B [MAOB]-inhibitors) and eventually surgical therapy. Numerous
pharmaceutical agents are also available for individual non-motor symptoms (L-Dopa emulsions, non-ergot dopamine
agonists, cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia, modafinil for daytime sleepiness, and quetiapine for psychosis). Fortunately,
we can track the drug effectiveness with exosomes. Keeping in mind patients and their caregivers/partners, I will outline
available complementary therapies, palliative care, and rehabilitation, measures they can take beyond seeking standard
treatments, and supporting and advocating organizations at their disposal. Finally, I will survey promising new research
vistas in the field.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
3. Parkinson’s Disease can be defined as
a progressive disease of the brain and
nervous system which is marked by
tremors, muscular rigidity, and slow,
imprecise movements.
Movement is normally controlled by
dopamine, a chemical that carries
signals between the nerves in the
brain.
When up to 90% of the cells producing
dopamine die, the symptoms of
Parkinson’s appear.
The disease is named after the English
doctor James Parkinson.
4. Parkinson’s is a neurogenerative disorder that
impairs motor movement due to the loss of
dopaminergic neurons. It occurs mainly in elders
over the age of 60.
This neurogeneration is due to genetic as well as
environmental factors, such as toxins and drugs.
Main symptoms are MIST-Muscular rigidity, Impaired
balance, Slow/Stiff and Tremors.
There is no cure. Treatment targets the alleviation of
symptoms only.
Non-pharmacological therapy includes speech,
occupational, physical therapy.
Pharmacological treatment includes dopamine
5. STAGES OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Parkinson's disease is described as early, moderate, or advanced.
Early disease describes the stage when a person has a mild tremor
or stiffness but is able to continue normal daily activities. This refers
to a person who has been newly diagnosed.
Moderate disease describes the stage when a person begins to
experience limited movement. A person with moderate Parkinson's
disease may have a mild to moderate tremor with slow movement.
Advanced disease describes the stage when a person is
significantly limited in his or her activity, despite treatment. Daily
changes in symptoms, medicine side effects that limit treatment,
and loss of independence in activities of daily living are common.
Parkinson's disease may also be described by five stages:
Stage I: Symptoms affect only one side of the body.
Stage II: Both sides of the body are affected, but posture remains
normal.
Stage III: Both sides of the body are affected, and there is mild
imbalance during standing or walking. But the person remains
independent.
Stage IV: Both sides of the body are affected, and there is disabling
instability while standing or walking. The person in this stage
requires substantial help.
7. Constipation
Fatigue
Dizziness
Depression
Memory problems
Bladder urgency and frequency
Increased sweating
8. Results from the loss of
dopaminergic neurons of
the basal ganglia
As with most brain tissue,
the neurons atrophy with
age.
This results in increased
difficulty in initiating
movements.
Imbalance primarily
between excitatory
neurotransmitter
acetylcholine, and
inhibitory
neurotransmitter
Dopamine in the basal
9. The severity of Parkinson’s is
rated by trained observers on
a scale of 0(normal) to 17
(severe) which includes-
Movement
Attention and Blinking
posture
Balance and Coordination
Reactions
Vocalizations
10. Currently, there is no cure.
progresses at different rates for each person.
Medications need to be adjusted as symptoms
change.
May progress more quickly in elder people.
May progress slowly when main symptom is
tremors.
Parkinson’s is not a mental disease, although
30% will eventually develop dementia.
11. Anatomical
The basal ganglia innervated by the
dopaminergic system, are the most
seriously affected brain areas in PD.
The main pathological characteristic
of PD is cell death in the substantia
nigra.
Macroscopic alterations can be
noticed on cut surfaces of the
brainstem, where neuronal loss can
be inferred .The histopathology of
the substantia nigra and several
other brain regions shows neuron
loss and Lewy bodies in many of the
remaining nerve cells.
Neuronal loss is accompanied by
death of astrocytes and activation of
the microglia. Lewy bodies are a key
pathological feature of PD.
12. Brain cell death
There is speculation of several mechanisms by which
the brain cells could be lost.
Lewy bodies first appear in the olfactory lobe and
medulla with individuals at this stage being
asymptomatic. As the disease progresses, Lewy bodies
later develop in the substantia nigra, areas of
the midbrain and basal forebrain. These brain sites are
the main places of neuronal degeneration in PD;
however, Lewy bodies may not cause cell death and
they may be protective.
In patients with dementia, a generalized presence of
Lewy bodies is common in cortical areas.
Other cell-death mechanisms include lysosomal system
dysfunction and reduced mitochondrial activity. It may
be related to oxidative stress and neuronal death.
13. There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but
medications, surgery and multidisciplinary
management can provide relief from the symptoms.
The main families of drugs useful for treating motor
symptoms are levodopa, dopamine agonists
and MAO-B inhibitors.
The stage of the disease determines which group is
most useful. Two stages are usually distinguished: an
initial stage in which the individual with PD has
already developed some disability for which he
needs pharmacological treatment, and a second
stage in which an individual develops motor
complications related to levodopa usage.
Treatment in the initial stage aims for an optimal
tradeoff between good symptom control and side-effects
resulting from enhancement of dopaminergic
14. Drug therapy is only for symptom
management, only to slow the
progression of the disease.
Physical therapy helps mobility,
flexibility and balance.
Occupational therapy helps with
daily routine.
Speech therapy helps with voice
control.
Dopamine agonists directly
stimulate dopamine receptors.
Used for a relatively young patient.
Dopamine replacement therapy.
Anticholinergics block increased
acetylcholine effects.
Surgery deep brain stimulation for
severe disabling dyskinesias.
15. Treating PD by surgery was
a common practice before
the introduction of
Levodopa, and is done by
deep brain stimulation or
implanting brain
pacemaker.
Dopamine agonists are
used which reduce the
symptoms and reduce the
death of brain cells.
16. Regular physical exercise can
be beneficial to maintain and
improve mobility, flexibility,
strength, gait speed, and
quality of life.
Muscles and nerves that
control the digestive process
may be affected by PD,
resulting in constipation.
A balanced diet is
recommended to avoid weight
loss or gain and minimize
consequences of GI
dysfunction.
17. PD invariably progresses with time.
Motor symptoms, if not treated, advance aggressively in the
early stages of the disease and more slowly later.
Untreated, individuals are expected to lose
independent ambulation after an average of eight years and
be bedridden after ten years.
As the disease advances, disability is more related to motor
symptoms, such as swallowing/speech difficulties, and
gait/balance problems; and also to motor complications.
The life expectancy of people with PD is reduced. Mortality
ratios are around twice those of unaffected people.
Cognitive decline and dementia, old age at onset, a more
advanced disease state and presence of swallowing
problems are all mortality risk factors.
18. L-Dopa is effective in elimination of symptoms
of Parkinson’s, but is less effective in treating
gait and postural instability.
It increases patient sense of well-being.
Can lead to cardiovascular problems like
tachycardia or hypertension.
It can also induce psychosis, delusions, etc.
19. In 1817 an English doctor, James Parkinson,
published his essay An Essay on the Shaking
Palsy describing the characteristic resting tremor,
abnormal posture and gait, paralysis and diminished
muscle strength, and the progression over time.
Jean-Martin Charcot made the distinction between
rigidity, weakness and bradykinesia.
In 1912,Frederick Lewy described microscopic
particles in affected brains, later named “Lewy bodies
“.
In 1919, Konstantin Tretiakoff reported the substantia
nigra as the main cerebral structure affected.
Levodopa was first synthesized in 1911 by Casimir
Funk but it entered clinical practice in 1967.
By the late 1980s deep brain stimulation emerged as
a possible treatment.
20. The costs of PD to society are high,
but precise calculations are difficult
due to methodological issues in
research and differences between
countries.
In addition to economic costs, PD
reduces quality of life of those with the
disease and their caregivers.
April 11, the birthday of James
Parkinson, has been designated as
Parkinson's disease day.
A red tulip was chosen by international
organizations as the symbol of the
disease in 2005.
Advocacy organizations include the
National Parkinson’s Foundation and
Parkinson’s Disease Foundation.
21. Actor Michael Fox has greatly
increased the public
awareness of the disease.
Fox was diagnosed at 30.
Cyclist and Olympic
medalist Davis Phinney, was
diagnosed with young onset
Parkinson's at 40.
Muhammad Ali has been
called the "world's most
famous Parkinson's patient.
Other notable cases are
Yasser Arafat and Pope John
Paul II.
22. There is little prospect of dramatic new
PD treatments expected in a short time
frame.
Currently active research directions
include the search for new animal
models of the disease and studies of the
potential usefulness of gene
therapy, stem cells transplants
and neuroprotective agents.
Investigations on neuroprotection are at
the forefront of PD research. Several
molecules have been proposed as
potential treatments . However, none of
them have been conclusively
demonstrated to reduce degeneration.
23. 1-2% of general population are the sufferers.
Occur due to imbalance in neurotransmitters
Muscular rigidity, Impaired balance, Slow/Stiff
and Tremors are main symptoms.
Levodopa and other dopaminergic drugs are
used.
No treatment possible, only reduction of
symptoms.