parkinson's disease by me ..........prakash mahala p.g. medical surgical nursing at himalayan college of nursing dehradun.......prakashjpmmahala@gmail.com
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
Hi,
This is Syed Masood Ahmed Quadri, Pharm.D
this presentation has varied range of details like,
history of disease,
signs and symptoms,
prevalence,
facts,
risk factors,
manifestations,
diagnosis,
pathology,
treatment,
and other interesting slides
hope you enjoy the read
Parkinson's Disease, SYMPTOMS OF PARKINSONISM, STAGES OF PARKINSONISM, ETIOLOGY OF PARKINSONISM, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PARKINSONISM, TREATMENT OF PARKINSONISM.
Fighting Mr. Parkinson with Data: Round ThreeKevin Krejci
This is an update on my fight against Parkinson's Disease (PD), covering "Round Three" which I presented at the Quantified Self Conference and Expo in San Francisco in June, 2015, The original presentation was prepared for a QS meetup held in January, 2014 to discuss my efforts to monitor and assess my progress fighting PD with tech, data, peer networks, nutrition, sleep, and positive visualization...
This is an extended version of my ignite talk that focused on efforts to improve my sleep and a discovery about my gut that suggests I've not been absorbing my long-chain fatty acids properly, which could why my nervous system was vulnerable to an onset of PD, This version was prepared for a special How-To session, to help others learn how to track their PD to improve symptoms and learn how to fight back! Something we all learn to do with gloves on at Rock Steady Boxing, a national program for fighting PD that works wonders for us, and I have the data to prove it! I first learned about the program at a World Parkinson Congress event in Montreal in 2013, a few months after my diagnosis. I had such a cathartic and wonderful experience there, that I have since become an official ambassador to the program. Details included about our next Congress in September, 2016 in Portland, Oregon.
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
Hi,
This is Syed Masood Ahmed Quadri, Pharm.D
this presentation has varied range of details like,
history of disease,
signs and symptoms,
prevalence,
facts,
risk factors,
manifestations,
diagnosis,
pathology,
treatment,
and other interesting slides
hope you enjoy the read
Parkinson's Disease, SYMPTOMS OF PARKINSONISM, STAGES OF PARKINSONISM, ETIOLOGY OF PARKINSONISM, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PARKINSONISM, TREATMENT OF PARKINSONISM.
Fighting Mr. Parkinson with Data: Round ThreeKevin Krejci
This is an update on my fight against Parkinson's Disease (PD), covering "Round Three" which I presented at the Quantified Self Conference and Expo in San Francisco in June, 2015, The original presentation was prepared for a QS meetup held in January, 2014 to discuss my efforts to monitor and assess my progress fighting PD with tech, data, peer networks, nutrition, sleep, and positive visualization...
This is an extended version of my ignite talk that focused on efforts to improve my sleep and a discovery about my gut that suggests I've not been absorbing my long-chain fatty acids properly, which could why my nervous system was vulnerable to an onset of PD, This version was prepared for a special How-To session, to help others learn how to track their PD to improve symptoms and learn how to fight back! Something we all learn to do with gloves on at Rock Steady Boxing, a national program for fighting PD that works wonders for us, and I have the data to prove it! I first learned about the program at a World Parkinson Congress event in Montreal in 2013, a few months after my diagnosis. I had such a cathartic and wonderful experience there, that I have since become an official ambassador to the program. Details included about our next Congress in September, 2016 in Portland, Oregon.
It may contain a brief intoduction of disease, etiology, types of parkinson disease, clinical findings, dignosis, pathophysiology, treatment, drug classification and their mechanisms of actions.
PARKINSONS DISEASE MEDICAL TREATMENT AND PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT Srinitha Busam
This presentation contains brief description about parkinsons disease , its medical management and physiotherapy management ( aims of rehabilitation and exercise training for parkinsons disease patient)
During my 1st &2nd year of residency period , i used to teach Anatomy and Orthopaedics for foreign undergraduate medical students. At last year i taught Neurology for one batch. so i posted some of my collections for competely educational purpose coz i believe in knowledge ...inseted of deleting these ppts , they may me useful for others so i shared it ....
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Introduction:-
Dr. James Parkinson (1755-1828)
“involuntary tremulous motion”
“shaking palsy”
London home
3. The disease was first
described in 1817 by a British
physician
named James Parkinson
He wrote "An Essay on
Shaking Palsy"
4. Progressive loss of substantia nigra
dopaminergic neurons; loss of 70% before one is
symptomatic, >90% loss at death
Disorder that affects the central nervous
system:
Progressively
Debilitating
Degeneratively
Easily characterized by decreased
movement, muscular rigidity, resting
tremors, and postural instability
5. Progressive neurodegenerative disorder that
causes motor and nonmotor dysfunction
– Characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons
in substantia nigra .
– Can affect other areas of the nervous system
including the autonomic and enteric nervous
systems.
Second most common neurodegenerative
disorder after Alzheimer’s disease
6. Definition :-
Parkinson's disease is a progressive,
neurodegenerative disorder that affects
movement, muscle control, and balance as
well as numerous other functions. It is part of
a group of conditions known as motor
systems disorders.
it is always chronic and progressive, meaning
that the symptoms always exist and always
worsen over time.
7. Incidence :-
Prevalence Rate : 200 per 100,000
Rare for individuals < 40 years of age
1% for individuals > 60 years of age
2% for individuals > 85 years of age
Men > Women
Incidence rate : 20 per 100,000 (annually)
The National Parkinson’s Foundation
estimates that up to 1.5 million
Americans have the disease
Approximately 50,000 new cases are
diagnosed each year
8. Type :-
There are three types of Parkinson's disease
and they are grouped by age of onset:
Adult-Onset Parkinson's Disease - This is the
most common type of Parkinson's disease.
The average age of onset is approximately 60
years old.
The incidence of adult onset PD rises
noticeably as people advance in age into their
70's and 80's.
9. Young-Onset Parkinson's Disease - The age
of onset is between 21-40 years old. Though
the incidence of Young-Onset Parkinson's
Disease is very high in Japan (approximately
40% of cases diagnosed with Parkinson's
disease).
Juvenile Parkinson's Disease - The age of
onset is before the age of 21. The incidence of
Juvenile Parkinson's Disease is very rare.
10. STAGES OF
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
EARLY - no functional impairment
MILD - honeymoon period
MODERATE - multiple drugs,
occupational and social activities affected
SEVERE - side effects from drugs,
resistant to therapy, reduced quality of life
LATE - wheelchair or bed bound
11. Etiology:-
Increasing age (rare in those < 50; early or
young onset)
2 times more common in men than
women
may be more common in whites
1.4 to 3.5 more often to occur in families
with relatives with PD
Environmental factors (pesticides, rural
residence)
12. Head trauma
Encephalitis has been clearly associated with
parkinsonism.
13. Pathophysiology:-
The basal ganglia is an important part of the
motor system. It is made up of the caudate
nucleus, the putamen, and the globus
pallidus. The caudate nucleus and the
putamen connect with the globus pallidus
which connects with the motor cortex
through the ventral anterior and ventrolateral
nuclei of the thalamus.
14. The basal ganglia receives its most important
input from the substantia nigra.
The substantia nigra has dopaminergic neurons
that release dopamine to the caudate and the
putamen.
In normal movement, the substantia nigra
releases dopamine to the caudate and
putamen which then produce a balance
between excitatory and inhibitory effects to
the globus pallidus internal and glosbus
pallidus external, respectively.
15. Overall, for both pathways there is an excitatory
effect, so the input of dopamine from the
substantia nigra is very important for facilitating
movement.
When there is damage to the dopaminergic
neurons of the substantia nigra the above
pathways are disrupted and the symptoms of
Parkinson’s comes up.
16.
17. Symptoms:-
Due to the lack of dopamine (neurotransmitters)
brain signals to the body are hindered. Therefore
symptoms may include:
Tremores occurring in the limbs, jaws and face
Bradykinesia (slow movement)
Impaired balance and coordination
Stiffness of the limbs and trunk
18. Secondary Symptoms: Varies for different
persons caused by eventual loss of both
voluntary and involuntary controls of the
nervous system.
Small, cramped penmanship (micrographia)
Scaling of the skin (seborrhea)
Loss of bodily waste management
(incontinence)
Dementia
19. Feelings of anxiety, depression and loneliness.
Excessive salivation (hypersalivation) and
excessive sweating
Constipation
Soft, whispery voice (hypophonia)
Slow response to questions (bradyphrenia)
20.
21. Common Treatments:
Medication:-
Levodopa and Carbidopa
this substance is converted into dopamine by an
enzyme dopa decarboxylase (DDC) that exists in the
nervous system. Unfortunately, most of the levodopa
is metabolized before reaching the brain1.
Actual dopamine can’t be used because it is unable to
cross the cell walls into the brain.
Carbidopa is used in conjuction with Levodopa to
increase the amount of Levodopa to enter the brain.
Most effective against bradykinesia and rigidity
Ineffective against balance problems
23. Amantadine
An antiviral drug with dopamine agonist properties
Increases the release of dopamine
Used for early treatment
loses effectiveness in 3-4 months
Selegiline
Prevents the breakdown of natural and levodopa
dopamine by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine
oxidase B (MAO-B, metabolizes dopamine in the
brain)
Delay the need for levodopa and carbidopa treatment
for a year
24. Anticholinergics
Main treatment for tremors before levodopa but the
side effects overwhelmed the benefits
Side effects include dry mouth, urine retension,
nausea, and mental problems.
25. Common Treatments: Surgery
Thalamotomy
Destruction of small amounts of thalamus tissue
Done on one half of the brain because it usually cause slurred
speech and lack of coordination
Controls tremors
Pallidotomy
Electric current is used to destroy a little bit of tissue in the
globus pallidus
May improve tremor, rigidity and slowed movement by
interrupting the neural pathway between the globus pallidus and
the thalamus
Counter involuntary movements caused by drug treatments
Not a cure, benefits may not last
The surgery carries a number of risks like slurred
speech, disabling weakness and vision problems2
26. Deep Brain Stimulation
There is an extravagant amount of PD research going on. Alot of
it centers around Deep Brain Stimulation.
A brain implant device that is now widely used to help control
many of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease
This procedure rarely causes brain hemorrhage and stroke-like
problems
Infection is a risk and may require parts of the device to be
replaced. For example, the batteries requires replacement every
few years.
Deep brain stimulation isn't beneficial for people who don't
respond to carbidopa-levodopa. And the device isn't for people
who already have serious difficulty with thinking and memory
because it may make those symptoms worse.
29. Nursing management :-
Nursing interventions for each of the
symptoms of Parkinson's disease, muscle
rigidity, bradykinesia, tremors at rest and
postural reflex abnormalities, are designed to
increase the patient's quality of life by
minimizing symptoms.
Nurses are responsible for planning patient
medication schedules to maximize drug
effectiveness.
30. Constipation is addressed by increasing the
patient's fibre and fluid intake and by
increasing the patient's mobility.
Patient mobility is increased when the
patient is taught purposeful activities and to
concentrate on the way he walks.
Communication is facilitated if the patient
takes deep breaths before speaking and uses
diaphragmatic speech.
31. Dietary implications include a low-protein
regimen for the patient during the day, eliminating
foods high in Vitamin B6, high caloric foods, and
soft-solid foods offered at frequent feedings.
33. Summary:-
Because PD is a progressive disorder, early diagnosis
and treatment intervention with neuroprotective
therapies to slow or prevent further degeneration
and to promote neuronal repair are current goals in
the management of PD
The development and validation of diagnostic
markers in symptom recognition and neuroimaging
will aid in early diagnosis of PD
Advances in neuroimaging and development of
quantitative diagnostic biomarkers will also improve
evaluation of potential neuroprotective therapies
34. References:-
Cosgrove, G. Rees, Eskandar, Emad
N., Shinobu, Leslie A. “Surgical Treatment of
Parkinson Disease.” JAMA December
26, 2001;286:3056-3059.
Dipiro, Joseph T., ed. Pharmacotherapy Fourth
Edition. Stamford, Connecticut: Appleton &
Lange, 1999.
“Early Parkinson’s Disease: Dopamine Agonists
Have Increasingly Important Role in Symptom
Management.” Drug Ther Perspect 2001;17(17).
Hermanowiez, Neal. “Management of Parkinson’s
Disease.” Postgraduate Medicine 2001;110(6):15-
28
Korczyn, Amos D. “Hallucinations in Parkinson’s
Disease.” Lancet 2001;358(9287):1031-1032.