Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. It was first described by James Parkinson in 1817 and is characterized by tremors, rigidity, and slowed movement. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors include age, genetics, and exposure to certain toxins. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms through medications and therapies like physical exercise and deep brain stimulation. Nursing care involves assisting with mobility and daily living, administering medications, and promoting rehabilitation and lifestyle modifications.

2. welcome

3. What is Parkinson’s disease?

4. HISTORY
It was described by the physician Galen as “shaking palsy”
In 1817 an essay on “shaking palsy” was published by Dr. James
Parkinson
Jean-Martin Charcot was the first to truly recognise the importance
of Dr. Parkinson’s work and renamed the disease after him.

5. FAMOUS PERSONALITIES WITH
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
BILLY CONNOLLY ROBIN WILLIAMS
MUHAMMAD ALI ADOLF HITLER

6. DEFINITION
Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive loss
of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars
compacta

7. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BRAIN

8. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BRAIN

9. ETIOLOGY
Idopathic
Age (typically around 60years)
Certain pesticides(agrochemicals such as paraquat and
maneb)
Virus
Drugs
Tumors

10. CLASSIFICATION
Idiopathic Parkinsonism
Atypical Parkinsonism / Parkinson Plus Syndrome

15. DIAGNOSIS
Medical History
Neurological Examination
Physical Examination
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Computed Tomography
Positron Emission Tomography

17. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Pallidotomy – A neurosurgical procedure
whereby a tiny electrical probe is placed in
the Globus pallidus, which is then heated to
80 degree celsius for 60 seconds, to destroy
a small area (Globus pallidus) of brain cells
resulting in less rigid, easy tremors

18. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Thalamotomy- A surgical procedure
in which an opening is made into the
thalamus to block the things that
causes the tremors from reaching the
muscles.

19. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Deep Brain Stimulation- A small device is
placed inside the chest which sends electrical
impulses to the brain. These impulses block
nerve signals that causes Parkinson’s
symptoms.

20. REHABILITATION
 Regular physical exercise
 Strategies such as utilizing assistive
equipment (pole walking and treadmill
walking)
 Occupational therapy

21. REHABILITATION
 Slow rotational movements of the extremities and trunk
 Speech therapy
 Diaphragmatic breathing

22. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Assist with ambulation and provide assistive devices.
Instruct client to rock back and forth to initiate movement.
Instruct the client to wear low-heeled shoes.
Encourage the client to lift feet when walking and avoid prolonged sitting.
Provide a firm mattress, and position the client prone, without a pillow, to facilitate
proper posture.
Instruct in proper posture by teaching the client to hold the hands behind the back
to keep the spine and neck erect.

23. NURSING MANAGEMENT
Promote physical therapy and rehabilitation.
Administer anticholinergic medications as prescribed to treat tremors and
rigidity and to inhibit the action of acetylcholine.
Administer antiparkinsonian medications to increase the level of dopamine in
the CNS.
Instruct the client to avoid foods high in vitamin B6 because they block the
effects of antiparkinsonian medications.

24. SUMMARY
• Introduction to the topic
• Definition
• Anatomy and physiology of brain
• Etiology
• Classification
• Pathophysiology
• Signs and symptoms
• Diagnosis
• Management

25. CONCLUSION
Parkinson’s disease requires long term treatment.
Treatment of Parkinson’s disease becomes challenging as time
progresses.
In addition to medicines, the person suffering with the disease should
remain active, happy and perform regular exercise and physiotherapy

26. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Black MJ. Management of clients with degenerative neurological disorders. In:
Carroll GR, Keene MA, Melander S (eds.) Medical Surgical Nursing. 7th ed.
Missouri, Elsevier; 2005.p2170-2175
Chintamani. Nursing management of chronic neurologic problems. In: Mani
m(ed). Medical Surgical Nursing. Elsevier 2011. P1513-1520
Brunner, Suddarth. Management of patients with oncologic or degenerative
neurologic disorders. In: Kluwer W (ed). Medical Surgical Nursing. 12th ed.
Philadelphia; 2009.p1986-1992
https://www.mayfieldclinic.com/PE-PD.html