Human beings have four small parathyroid glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is essential for maintaining blood calcium levels within a narrow critical range. PTH increases bone resorption, reduces calcium excretion in urine, and stimulates the kidneys to release calcitrol to increase calcium absorption in the intestines. Hypoparathyroidism leads to low blood calcium and painful muscle spasms, while hyperparathyroidism causes osteoporosis and high blood calcium levels.
Anatomy lecture on the bones of the neurocranium (osteology of neurocranium)
easy to memorize and made in a summary style
best for your study plan
detalied anatomy of each bone
with the review of what will be on exam and what is important
best for exam preperation
Anatomy lecture on the bones of the neurocranium (osteology of neurocranium)
easy to memorize and made in a summary style
best for your study plan
detalied anatomy of each bone
with the review of what will be on exam and what is important
best for exam preperation
This presentation covers internal structures of heart like atria and ventricles & external structures like emerging blood vessels and grooves on the heart. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as teachers.
This note paper is short notes of general physiology for medical students who which to understand the concept of the physiology, physiology is the mother of medicine.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
Juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized organ situated near the glomerulus of each nephron (juxta = near).
1..MACULA DENSA
Macula densa is the end portion of thick ascending segment. It is situated between afferent and efferent arterioles of the same nephron. It is very close to afferent arteriole.
Macula densa is formed by tightly packed cuboidal epithelial cells.
2..EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS
Extraglomerular mesangial cells are situated in the triangular region bound by afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole and macula densa. These cells are also called agranular cells, lacis cells or Goormaghtigh cells.
3. Glomerular Mesangial Cell
The Musculo- Skeletal System by M. Thiru Muruganthiru murugan
The Musculo- Skeletal System
By Thiru murugan. M
Unit – 8: Physiology - Musculoskeletal system
Bones - Functions, movements of bones of axial and appendicular skeleton, Bone healing
Joints and joint movements
Alteration of joint disease
Properties and Functions of skeletal muscles – mechanism of muscle contraction
Structure and properties of cardiac muscles and smooth muscles
Application and implication in nursing
Functions of the Skeletal System or bones:
Movement: involving varies movements according to the purpose of activities
Attachment for muscles: provides points of attachment for muscles.
Support: The backbone is the main support center for the upper body.
Protection: protection of internal organs. (skull protect brain, ribs protect lungs and heart)
Makes Blood: Red and white blood cells are formed from bone marrow.
Storage: Bones store minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus.
Provides shape & framework of the body
Formation of joints
Maintain posture & balance
Movements of bones of axial and appendicular skeleton:
Movements of bones of axial skeleton:
The function of the axial skeleton is to provide support and protection for the brain, the spinal cord, and the organs in the thoracic cavity.
It provides a surface for the attachment of muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk, performs respiratory movements, and stabilizes parts of the appendicular skeleton.
Skull movements for vision, hearing &other purposes
Vertebrae movements – maintain posture
Thoracic cage movements – for respiration
Movements of bones of appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton consists of upper and lower limbs and girdles.
The bones that provide support and space for the movement of limb bones.
Formation of different joints & enables them for movements
This part of the skeleton system comprises of bones of the upper limbs (movement of forearms and shoulders)
Lower limbs (helps in motion),
Pectoral girdle (support the upper limbs),
Pelvic girdle (protect the vital organs of the abdominal cavity and transfer the weight to the lower limbs).
Bone healing:
Bone healing is a regenerative process in which bone is restored without scar tissue formation. Also called fracture healing
Bone fractures are a common injury and the healing process is complex.
Bone is one of a few tissues that is able to heal without forming a fibrous scar.
There are two types of fracture healing:
Direct healing (primary)
Indirect (secondary)
Bone healing take place through different stages
Direct/ primary healing occurs when the bony fragments are fixed together with compression. There is no callus formation. The bony ends are joined and healed by osteoclast and osteoblast activity.
Indirect healing is more common than direct healing and involves both endochondral and intramembranous bone healing.
Anatomical reduction and stable conditions are not required for indirect healing to occur.
Rather, there is a small amount of motion and weight-bearing at the fracture
This PowerPoint Review Game is one very small part of a larger science unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit comes with a bundled homework package, detailed lesson notes, worksheets, review games, and much more. The Human Body Systems and Health Topics Unit uses a 13 Part 8,500 slide interactive PowerPoint full of critical class notes, review opportunities, video and academic links, and much more to deliver an entire unit of study. Learn more at www.sciencepowerpoint.com
Students learn about blood cells, take notes, answer questions, make blood soup with kitchen staples, and learn about blood types
Blood Cells and Blood Type Lesson PowerPoint, Anatomy Lesson, Circulatory System
Factors responsible for erythropoiesis. Development and maturation of erythrocytes require mostly three types of factors
1. General factors 2. Maturation factors 3. Factors necessary for hemoglobin formation.
This presentation covers internal structures of heart like atria and ventricles & external structures like emerging blood vessels and grooves on the heart. I hope this PPT will be helpful for instructors as well as teachers.
This note paper is short notes of general physiology for medical students who which to understand the concept of the physiology, physiology is the mother of medicine.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
Juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized organ situated near the glomerulus of each nephron (juxta = near).
1..MACULA DENSA
Macula densa is the end portion of thick ascending segment. It is situated between afferent and efferent arterioles of the same nephron. It is very close to afferent arteriole.
Macula densa is formed by tightly packed cuboidal epithelial cells.
2..EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS
Extraglomerular mesangial cells are situated in the triangular region bound by afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole and macula densa. These cells are also called agranular cells, lacis cells or Goormaghtigh cells.
3. Glomerular Mesangial Cell
The Musculo- Skeletal System by M. Thiru Muruganthiru murugan
The Musculo- Skeletal System
By Thiru murugan. M
Unit – 8: Physiology - Musculoskeletal system
Bones - Functions, movements of bones of axial and appendicular skeleton, Bone healing
Joints and joint movements
Alteration of joint disease
Properties and Functions of skeletal muscles – mechanism of muscle contraction
Structure and properties of cardiac muscles and smooth muscles
Application and implication in nursing
Functions of the Skeletal System or bones:
Movement: involving varies movements according to the purpose of activities
Attachment for muscles: provides points of attachment for muscles.
Support: The backbone is the main support center for the upper body.
Protection: protection of internal organs. (skull protect brain, ribs protect lungs and heart)
Makes Blood: Red and white blood cells are formed from bone marrow.
Storage: Bones store minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus.
Provides shape & framework of the body
Formation of joints
Maintain posture & balance
Movements of bones of axial and appendicular skeleton:
Movements of bones of axial skeleton:
The function of the axial skeleton is to provide support and protection for the brain, the spinal cord, and the organs in the thoracic cavity.
It provides a surface for the attachment of muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk, performs respiratory movements, and stabilizes parts of the appendicular skeleton.
Skull movements for vision, hearing &other purposes
Vertebrae movements – maintain posture
Thoracic cage movements – for respiration
Movements of bones of appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton consists of upper and lower limbs and girdles.
The bones that provide support and space for the movement of limb bones.
Formation of different joints & enables them for movements
This part of the skeleton system comprises of bones of the upper limbs (movement of forearms and shoulders)
Lower limbs (helps in motion),
Pectoral girdle (support the upper limbs),
Pelvic girdle (protect the vital organs of the abdominal cavity and transfer the weight to the lower limbs).
Bone healing:
Bone healing is a regenerative process in which bone is restored without scar tissue formation. Also called fracture healing
Bone fractures are a common injury and the healing process is complex.
Bone is one of a few tissues that is able to heal without forming a fibrous scar.
There are two types of fracture healing:
Direct healing (primary)
Indirect (secondary)
Bone healing take place through different stages
Direct/ primary healing occurs when the bony fragments are fixed together with compression. There is no callus formation. The bony ends are joined and healed by osteoclast and osteoblast activity.
Indirect healing is more common than direct healing and involves both endochondral and intramembranous bone healing.
Anatomical reduction and stable conditions are not required for indirect healing to occur.
Rather, there is a small amount of motion and weight-bearing at the fracture
This PowerPoint Review Game is one very small part of a larger science unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit comes with a bundled homework package, detailed lesson notes, worksheets, review games, and much more. The Human Body Systems and Health Topics Unit uses a 13 Part 8,500 slide interactive PowerPoint full of critical class notes, review opportunities, video and academic links, and much more to deliver an entire unit of study. Learn more at www.sciencepowerpoint.com
Students learn about blood cells, take notes, answer questions, make blood soup with kitchen staples, and learn about blood types
Blood Cells and Blood Type Lesson PowerPoint, Anatomy Lesson, Circulatory System
Factors responsible for erythropoiesis. Development and maturation of erythrocytes require mostly three types of factors
1. General factors 2. Maturation factors 3. Factors necessary for hemoglobin formation.
Parathyroid hormone by Dr. Amruta Nitin Kumbhar, Asst. Professor Dept. of Phy...Physiology Dept
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PARATHYROID GLANDS
Histological structure
STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF PTH
REGULATION OF PTH SECRETION
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND ACTIONS OF PTH
Applied physiology
Parathyroid hormone (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Parathyroid hormone
Calcium salts in bone provide structural integrity of the skeleton
Calcium ions in extracellular and cellular fluids is essential to normal function of a host of biochemical processes
Neuoromuscular excitability
Blood coagulation
Hormonal secretion
Enzymatic regulation
The important role that calcium plays in so many processes dictates that its concentration, both extracellulary and intracellulary, be maintained within a very narrow range.
Normal level of calcium is about 9.4 mg/dl.
0.1 % extracellular fluid
1 % stored in cells (mitochondria and ER)
99% stored in bones in hydroxyapatite crystals. Very little Ca2+ can be released from the bone– though it is the major reservoir of Ca2+ in the body.
Calcium in Plasma is present in three forms:
1. Ionized and diffusible calcium 50%
2. Protein-bound calcium 41% non diffusible form
90% bound to albumin
Remainder bound to globulins
3. Calcium complexed to serum constituents 9%
Citrate and phosphate
Minerals are inorganic compounds that are required for the body as one of the nutrients.
The inorganic elements (minerals) constitute only small potion of body weight.
Human body needs number of minerals for its functioning.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
1. PRESENTED BY :
AMAN SINGH CHAUHAN
B.Sc (ZBC) 4sem
INVERTIS UNIVERSITY BAREILLY
2. Human beings have 4 parathyroid glands,
which are situated on posterior surface of
upper and lower poles of thyroid gland.
Parathyroid gland are very small in size,
measuring about 6 mm long , 3 mm wide and
2 mm thick.
it is Dark brown in colour.
3.
4. Made up of chief cell and oxyphil cell
Chief cell :
Secrete parathormone
Oxyphil cell :
Degenerate chief cell and their function is
unknown
May secrete parathormone during
pathological condition called , parathyroid
adenoma.
5. Secreted by Parathyroid gland
Essential for the maintenance of blood calcium
level with in a very narrow critical level.
Maintenance of Blood calcium level is necessary
because calcium is an important inorganic ion for
many physiological function
6. It increases the activity of osteoclats which causes
bone reabsorption.
It reduce excretion of calcium in urine as increase
reabsorption of calcium.
It stimulates JG cells of kidney to release calcitrol
hormone which increase absorption of calcium from
intestine.
Increase loss of phosphate in he urine called
phosphaturia.
7. Hypoparathyroidism : leads to parathyroid or
hypocalcaemic tetany which is characterized by fall in
calcium level in blood ( 6 mg/100 ml ) and cause painful
spasmodic contraction of muscle of face , hand , feet and
larynx and increase neuro –excitation.
Hyperparathyroidism : it causes osteitis fibrosa cystica ,
which is characterized by increased separation of calcium
from bones so causing Osteoporosis, softning and bending
of bones , high calcium level in blood and loss of calcium
in urine and phosphaturia.
