This document provides an overview of calcium metabolism and rickets. It discusses the roles of calcium, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and other factors in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Regarding rickets, it describes the causes as vitamin D deficiency, low calcium or phosphorus intake, or renal losses. Symptoms include bone deformities, growth retardation, and hypocalcemia. Treatment involves high-dose vitamin D and calcium supplementation. With nutritional deficiencies, prognosis is generally excellent with resolution of symptoms and bone healing with treatment.
This seminar includes sources,daily requirement,metabolism i.e absorption and excretion of calcium and phosphate and various factors associated due to increase or decrease in the levels of calcium and phosphate within the body
This is a PPT of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Clinical correlation are not included. Hope it is useful to you all. Please Like and Share it with your friends
CALCIUM METABOLISM:
VITAMIN D-PARATHYROID-CALCITONIN ROLE
(Rickets,Osteoporosis,Renal Osteodystrophy)
Prevention Dr.Sandeep C Agrawal Agrasen Hospital Gondia India
Metabolic Bone Diseases:phosphorus,magnesium and other minerals ,Calcium and vitamin D rich diets,Sunlight exposure,vitamin D synthesis,Osteoporosis prevention and diet
This seminar includes sources,daily requirement,metabolism i.e absorption and excretion of calcium and phosphate and various factors associated due to increase or decrease in the levels of calcium and phosphate within the body
This is a PPT of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Clinical correlation are not included. Hope it is useful to you all. Please Like and Share it with your friends
CALCIUM METABOLISM:
VITAMIN D-PARATHYROID-CALCITONIN ROLE
(Rickets,Osteoporosis,Renal Osteodystrophy)
Prevention Dr.Sandeep C Agrawal Agrasen Hospital Gondia India
Metabolic Bone Diseases:phosphorus,magnesium and other minerals ,Calcium and vitamin D rich diets,Sunlight exposure,vitamin D synthesis,Osteoporosis prevention and diet
Calcium(ca) mineral bch 628(advanced nutritional biochemistry)ArreyettaBawakAugust
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Calcium metabolism/ oral surgery courses /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
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Parathyroid hormone (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Parathyroid hormone
Calcium salts in bone provide structural integrity of the skeleton
Calcium ions in extracellular and cellular fluids is essential to normal function of a host of biochemical processes
Neuoromuscular excitability
Blood coagulation
Hormonal secretion
Enzymatic regulation
The important role that calcium plays in so many processes dictates that its concentration, both extracellulary and intracellulary, be maintained within a very narrow range.
Normal level of calcium is about 9.4 mg/dl.
0.1 % extracellular fluid
1 % stored in cells (mitochondria and ER)
99% stored in bones in hydroxyapatite crystals. Very little Ca2+ can be released from the bone– though it is the major reservoir of Ca2+ in the body.
Calcium in Plasma is present in three forms:
1. Ionized and diffusible calcium 50%
2. Protein-bound calcium 41% non diffusible form
90% bound to albumin
Remainder bound to globulins
3. Calcium complexed to serum constituents 9%
Citrate and phosphate
Calcium metabolism disorders
1. CALCIUM METABOLISM DISORDERS
2. OVERVIEW: Calcium definition and requirement . Calcium metabolism regulators : VD , PTH and calcitonin. Functions of calcium. Calcium metabolic bone diseases. Calcium metabolism disorders. CASE !!
3. WHAT IS CALCIUM? Calcium is a mineral that is essential to bone health, cardiovascular health, muscle maintenance, circulatory health, and blood clotting. Calcium also acts as an enzyme activator. While calcium is found in milk and dairy products, it is also available from other food sources, such as green leafy vegetables, seafood (eating salmon with the bones provides an even greater dose), almonds, blackstrap molasses, broccoli, enriched soy and rice milk products, figs, soybeans and tofu.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
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For those battling kidney disease and exploring treatment options, understanding when to consider a kidney transplant is crucial. This guide aims to provide valuable insights into the circumstances under which a kidney transplant at the renowned Hiranandani Hospital may be the most appropriate course of action. By addressing the key indicators and factors involved, we hope to empower patients and their families to make informed decisions about their kidney care journey.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
COVID-19 PCR tests remain a critical component of safe and responsible travel in 2024. They ensure compliance with international travel regulations, help detect and control the spread of new variants, protect vulnerable populations, and provide peace of mind. As we continue to navigate the complexities of global travel during the pandemic, PCR testing stands as a key measure to keep everyone safe and healthy. Whether you are planning a business trip, a family vacation, or an international adventure, incorporating PCR testing into your travel plans is a prudent and necessary step. Visit us at https://www.globaltravelclinics.com/
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
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3. INTRODUCTION
CALCIUM IS THE FIFTH MOST ABUNDANT
ELEMENT IN THE EARTH’S CRUST.
CALCIUM DERIVES ITS NAME FROM CALCIS
MEANING “LIME”
IN HUMAN BODY NINETY NINE PERCENT OF
CALCIUM FOUND IN SKELETON AND ABOUT ONE
PERCENT IS IN ECF FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONS.
4. FUNCTION OF CALCIUM
FORMATION OF SKELETON
BLOOD COAGULATION
CELLULAR COMMUNICATION
EXOCYTOSIS AND ENDOCYTOSIS
MUSCULAR CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION
NEUROMUSCULAR COMMUNICATION
8. BECAUSE CALCIUM BINDS TO ALBUMIN AND
ONLY THE UNBOUND CALCIUM IS
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ,THE SERUM LEVEL
MUST BE ADJUSTED AS FOLLOWS
CORRECTED Ca2 = [4-plasma albumin in
g/dl]*0.8 + measured serum calcium
9. Factors affecting calcium
concentration
1) Changes in plasma protein concentration
- Increased [protein] Increased total [Ca2+]
2) Changes in anion concentration
- Increased [anion] increased fraction of Ca2+ that is
complexed – decrease ionized [Ca2+]
3)Acid base abnormality
11. Calcium Homeostasis
Blood calcium is tightly regulated by:
1) Principle organ systems:
Intestine
Bone
Kidney
2) Hormones:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Vitamin D
Calcitonin
12. Parathyroid Gland
Human beings have four parathyroid glands, which are
situated on the posterior surface of upper and lower
poles of thyroid gland.
Parathyroid glands are very small in size, measuring
about 6 mm long, 3 mm wide and 2 mm thick, with
dark brown color.
13.
14. Histology
Made up of chief cells and oxyphil cells.
1. Chief cells:
Secrete parathormone.
2.Oxyphil cells
Degenerated chief cells and their function is unknown.
May secrete parathormone during pathological
condition called parathyroid adenoma.
15.
16. Parathormone
Secreted by parathyroid gland
Essential for the maintenance of blood calcium level
within a very narrow critical level.
Maintenance of blood calcium level is necessary
because calcium is an important inorganic ion for
many physiological functions.
18. Half-life and Plasma Level
Parathormone has a half-life of 10 minutes.
Normal plasma level of PTH is about 1.5 to 5.5 ng/dL.
19. Synthesis
Synthesized from the precursor called pre-pro-PTH
containing 115 amino acids.
First, the pre-pro-PTH enters the endoplasmic reticulum of
chief cells of parathyroid glands.
There it is converted into a prohormone called pro-PTH,
which contains 96 amino acids.
Pro-PTH enters the Golgi apparatus, where it is converted
into PTH.
20. Metabolism
60 – 70 % of PTH is degraded by Kupffer cells of liver, by
means of proteolysis.
Degradation of about 20% to 30% PTH occurs in
kidneys and to a lesser extent in other organs.
21. Actions Of Parathormone On Blood Calcium
Level
Primary action of PTH is to maintain the blood calcium
level within the critical range of 9 to 11 mg/dL.
PTH maintains blood calcium level by:
1. Resorption of Ca from Bones
2. Reabsorption Ca from the renal tubules (Kidney)
3. Absorption of Ca from Gastrointestinal tract.
22. On Bones
Parathormone enhances the resorption of calcium from
the bones by acting on osteoblasts and osteoclasts of
the bone.
Resorption of calcium from bones occurs in two phases:
1. Rapid phase
2. Slow phase.
23. PTH ↑calcium and phosphate
absorption from the bone
Second phaseFirst phase
slowrapid
Days-weeksMinutes-hours
Proliferation of osteoclastsActivation of already existing
osteocytes /osteoblasts
Activated osteocytes/osteoblasts send
secondary signals to osteoclasts
Receptor protiens on
octeocytes/osteoblasts that bind PTH
and activate calcium pump
Osteoclastic absorption of bone itselfPromote calcium and phosphate
absorption
24. On Kidney
PTH increases the reabsorption of calcium from the renal
tubules along with magnesium ions an hydrogen ions.
It increases calcium reabsorption mainly from distal
convoluted tubule and proximal part of collecting duct.
PTH also increases the formation of 1,25- di-
hydroxycholecalciferol (activated form of vitamin D)
from 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in kidneys.
25.
26. On Gastrointestinal Tract
PTH increases the absorption of calcium ions from the
GI tract indirectly.
It increases the formation of 1,25-
dihydroxycholecalciferol in the kidneys.
This vitamin, in turn increases the absorption of
calcium from GI tract.
Thus, the activated vitamin D is very essential for the
absorption of calcium from the GI tract & PTH is
essential for the formation of activated vitamin D.
29. CALCITONIN
Calcitonin secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid
gland.
It is a calcium-lowering hormone.
It reduces the blood calcium level mainly by decreasing
bone resorption.
30. Effects of Other Hormones
Growth hormone
Growth hormone increases the blood calcium level by
increasing the intestinal calcium absorption.
It is also suggested that it increases the urinary excretion
of calcium.
However, this action is only transient.
31. Glucocorticoids
Decrease blood calcium by inhibiting intestinal
absorption and increasing the renal excretion of calcium
32.
33.
34.
35. INTRODUCTION
Elmer McCollum in 1922 noticed that vitamin A
deficient cod liver oil cured rickets in dogs. He named
it Vitamin D because it was the fourth vitamin to be
named.
It is a fat soluble vitamin requires in the body for the
maintenance of calcium and phosphorus to support
different metabolic functions.
36.
37. ANTI-MYCOBACTERIAL EFFECT
Vitamin D stimulates the synthesis of cathelicidin,
an anti-microbial peptide that is particularly active
against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
46. Rickets is an entity in which mineralization is decreased at the level of
the growth plates, resulting in growth retardation and delayed skeletal
development.
Osteomalacia is found within the same spectrum, affects trabecular
bone, and results in undermineralization of osteoid bone
48. INTRODUCTION
The term rickets is said to have derived from the
ancient English word wricken, which means "to
bend”.
In several European countries, rickets is also called
English disease, a term that appears to stem from the
fact that at the turn of the 19th century, rickets was
endemic in larger British cities.
49. Disease of growing bone due to unmineralized matrix
at the growth plates and occurs in children only
before fusion of epiphyses
55. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Overgrowth of epiphyseal cartilage due to inadequate
calcification and maturation
Persistence of distorted irregular masses of cartilage
which project into marrow cavity.
Deposition of osteoid matrix on inadequately
mineralised cartilagenous remnants.
56. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Disruption of the orderly replacement of cartilage by
osteoid matrix with enlargement and lateral expansion
of osteochondral junction
Abnormal growth of capillaries and fibrobkast in the
disorganised zone.
Deformation of the skeleton due to loss of structural
rigidity of the developing bones.
57. CLINICAL FEATURES
Peak incidence 6 months – 2 years
Irritability
profuse sweating while asleep
hypotonia
frequent respiratory infections.
Failure to thrive
Protruding abdomen.
Delay in walking,delayed dentition
Tetany.
69. Harrison groove:
Horizontal depression along lower anterior chest.
Due to pulling of softened ribs by diaphragm during inspiration.
Softening of ribs impairs air movement & predisposes to
atelectasis.
Risk of pneumonia high in children with rickets
70.
71.
72.
73.
74. RADIOLOGY:
Decreased calcification Thickening of growth plate.
FRAYING: Edge of metaphysis loses its sharp border.
CUPPING: Edge of metaphysis changes from convex or flat to
concave surface. Most easily seen at distal ends of radius, ulna,
fibula.
Widening of distal end of metaphysis Clinically causes
thickened wrists and ankles, and rachitic rosary.
75. RADIOLOGY:
Especially on PA view of wrist. Also in other growth plates.
Other radiologic features:
- Coarse trabeculation of diaphysis - Generalized rarefaction.
76.
77.
78.
79. Clinical Evaluation.
HISTORY REGARDING:
1.Diet intake of Vit D, Calcium
2.Sun exposure
3.Maternal risk factors for vit D deficiency.
4.Child's medication history.
5.History of liver or intestinal disease – malabsorption of vit D
6.History of Renal disease
7.Family history of bone disease, short stature, unexplained
sibling death.
8.History of dental caries, poor growth, delayed walking, waddling
gait, pneumonia, and hypocalcemic symptoms.
80. Treatment
Stoss therapy – 300000 – 600000 IU Vitamin D oral
or IM, 2-4 doses over one day
Alternatively high dose vit D, 2000-5000 IU/day over
4-6 wk
Followed by oral Vit D :
< 1 year of age - 400IU
> 1 years of age- 600IU
Symptomatic hypocalcemia – IV calcium gluconate
100 mg/kg followed by oral calcium or calcitrol -
0.05mcg/kg/day
81. NUTRITIONAL VIT D DEFICIENCY:
Prognosis.
Most: Excellent response to treatment.
Radiologic healing within 4 weeks.
Laboratory tests normalize rapidly.
Many of the bone malformations improve dramatically, but
children with severe disease may have permanent deformities.
Short stature does not resolve in some children.
Prevention.
Universal administration of daily multivitamin containing 200–
400 IU of vitamin D to children who are breast-fed.
For other children, diet should have sources of vitamin D.
82. PREVENTION
To prevent rickets, health experts recommend
a child should be breast-fed
weaned and put on to cow's milk and other foods rich
in vitamin D and calcium, like eggs and dairy products
such as butter and leafy vegetables.
Fish