The document discusses various parametric statistical tests including t-tests, ANOVA, ANCOVA, and MANOVA. It provides definitions and assumptions for parametric tests and explains how they can be used to analyze quantitative data that follows a normal distribution. Specific parametric tests covered in detail include the independent samples t-test, paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Examples are provided to illustrate how each test is conducted and how results are interpreted.
In Hypothesis testing parametric test is very important. in this ppt you can understand all types of parametric test with assumptions which covers Types of parametric, Z-test, T-test, ANOVA, F-test, Chi-Square test, Meaning of parametric, Fisher, one-sample z-test, Two-sample z-test, Analysis of Variance, two-way ANOVA.
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Through this ppt you could learn what is Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Test. This will teach you the condition and criteria where it can be run and the way to use the test.
In Hypothesis testing parametric test is very important. in this ppt you can understand all types of parametric test with assumptions which covers Types of parametric, Z-test, T-test, ANOVA, F-test, Chi-Square test, Meaning of parametric, Fisher, one-sample z-test, Two-sample z-test, Analysis of Variance, two-way ANOVA.
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
Through this ppt you could learn what is Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Test. This will teach you the condition and criteria where it can be run and the way to use the test.
This presentation contains information about Mann Whitney U test, what is it, when to use it and how to use it. I have also put an example so that it may help you to easily understand it.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) everything you need to knowStat Analytica
Most of the students may struggle with the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Here in this presentation you can clear all your doubts in analysis of variance with suitable examples.
Assumptions of parametric and non-parametric tests
Testing the assumption of normality
Commonly used non-parametric tests
Applying tests in SPSS
Advantages of non-parametric tests
Limitations
01 parametric and non parametric statisticsVasant Kothari
Definition of Parametric and Non-parametric Statistics
Assumptions of Parametric and Non-parametric Statistics
Assumptions of Parametric Statistics
Assumptions of Non-parametric Statistics
Advantages of Non-parametric Statistics
Disadvantages of Non-parametric Statistical Tests
Parametric Statistical Tests for Different Samples
Parametric Statistical Measures for Calculating the Difference Between Means
Significance of Difference Between the Means of Two Independent Large and
Small Samples
Significance of the Difference Between the Means of Two Dependent Samples
Significance of the Difference Between the Means of Three or More Samples
Parametric Statistics Measures Related to Pearson’s ‘r’
Non-parametric Tests Used for Inference
This presentation contains information about Mann Whitney U test, what is it, when to use it and how to use it. I have also put an example so that it may help you to easily understand it.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) everything you need to knowStat Analytica
Most of the students may struggle with the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Here in this presentation you can clear all your doubts in analysis of variance with suitable examples.
Assumptions of parametric and non-parametric tests
Testing the assumption of normality
Commonly used non-parametric tests
Applying tests in SPSS
Advantages of non-parametric tests
Limitations
01 parametric and non parametric statisticsVasant Kothari
Definition of Parametric and Non-parametric Statistics
Assumptions of Parametric and Non-parametric Statistics
Assumptions of Parametric Statistics
Assumptions of Non-parametric Statistics
Advantages of Non-parametric Statistics
Disadvantages of Non-parametric Statistical Tests
Parametric Statistical Tests for Different Samples
Parametric Statistical Measures for Calculating the Difference Between Means
Significance of Difference Between the Means of Two Independent Large and
Small Samples
Significance of the Difference Between the Means of Two Dependent Samples
Significance of the Difference Between the Means of Three or More Samples
Parametric Statistics Measures Related to Pearson’s ‘r’
Non-parametric Tests Used for Inference
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DSilvaGraf83
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)DMoseStaton39
(Individuals With Disabilities Act Transformation Over the Years)
Discussion Forum Instructions:
1. You must post at least three times each week.
2. Your initial post is due Tuesday of each week and the following two post are due before Sunday.
3. All post must be on separate days of the week.
4. Post must be at least 150 words and cite all of your references even it its the book.
Discussion Topic:
Describe how the lives of students with disabilities from culturally and/or linguistically diverse backgrounds have changed since the advent of IDEA. What do you feel are some things that can or should be implemented to better assist with students that have disabilities? Tell me about these ideas and how would you integrate them?
ANOVA
ANOVA
• Analysis of Variance
• Statistical method to analyzes variances to determine if the means from more than
two populations are the same
• compare the between-sample-variation to the within-sample-variation
• If the between-sample-variation is sufficiently large compared to the within-sample-
variation it is likely that the population means are statistically different
• Compares means (group differences) among levels of factors. No
assumptions are made regarding how the factors are related
• Residual related assumptions are the same as with simple regression
• Explanatory variables can be qualitative or quantitative but are categorized
for group investigations. These variables are often referred to as factors
with levels (category levels)
ANOVA Assumptions
• Assume populations , from which the response values for the groups
are drawn, are normally distributed
• Assumes populations have equal variances
• Can compare the ratio of smallest and largest sample standard deviations.
Between .05 and 2 are typically not considered evidence of a violation
assumption
• Assumes the response data are independent
• For large sample sizes, or for factor level sample sizes that are equal,
the ANOVA test is robust to assumption violations of normality and
unequal variances
ANOVA and Variance
Fixed or Random Factors
• A factor is fixed if its levels are chosen before the ANOVA investigation
begins
• Difference in groups are only investigated for the specific pre-selected factors
and levels
• A factor is random if its levels are choosen randomly from the
population before the ANOVA investigation begins
Randomization
• Assigning subjects to treatment groups or treatments to subjects
randomly reduces the chance of bias selecting results
ANOVA hypotheses statements
One-way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
Hypotheses statements
Test statistic
=
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Under the null hypothesis both the between and within group variances estimate the
variance of the random error so the ratio is assumed to be close to 1.
Null Hypothesis
Alternate Hypothesis
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA
One-Way ANOVA Excel Output
Treatme
This powerpoint presentation gives a brief explanation about the biostatic data .this is quite helpful to individuals to understand the basic research methodology terminologys
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Parametric test - t Test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, MANOVA
1.
2. Parametric Test :
t2 test
anova
ancova
manova
Princy Francis M
Ist Yr MSc(N)
JMCON
3. DEFINITION
Statistics is a branch of science that deals with the
collection, organisation, analysis of data and drawing of
inferences from the samples to the whole population.
Statistical tests are intended to decide whether a
hypothesis about distribution of one or more
populations or samples should be rejected or accepted.
4. DEFINITION
Inferential statistics is the statistics that permit
inferences on whether the results observed in a sample
are likely to occur in the larger population
Parametric test is a class of statistical tests that involve
assumptions about the distribution of the variables and
estimation of a parameter.
5. Parametric test
• Parametric test is a statistical test that makes assumptions about
the parameters of the population distribution(s) from which one’s
data is drawn.
• most commonly used.
• the findings are inferred to the parameters of a normally
distributed populations.
• Numerical data (quantitative variables) that are normally
distributed are analysed with parametric tests.
• Parametric tests are done on the basis of mean and standard
deviation
6. ASSUMPTIONS
It requires 3 assumptions for using :
• the sample was drawn from a population for which the
variance can be calculated. It is expected to be in normal
distribution.
• the levels of measurement should be atleast interval
data or ordinal data with an approximately normal
distribution.
• the data can be treated as random samples.
7. Application of parametric test
• Used for Quantitative data.
• Used for continuous variables.
• Used when data are measured on approximate interval or ratio scales
of measurement.
• Data should follow normal distribution.
9. Student's t-test
• Developed by Prof.W.S.Gossett
• Student's t-test is used to test the null hypothesis that
there is no difference between the means of the two
groups
• Indication for t test
– When samples are small (<30)
– Population variance are not known
11. One-sample t-test
• To test if a sample mean (as an estimate of a population mean) differs
significantly from a given population mean.
• The mean of one sample is compared with population mean
where 𝑥 = sample mean, u = population mean and S = standard
deviation, n = sample size
12. Example
A random sample of size 20 from a normal population gives a sample
mean of 40, standard deviation of 6. Test the hypothesis is population
mean is 44. Check whether there is any difference between mean.
• H0: There is no significant difference between sample mean and
population mean
• H1: There is significant difference between sample mean and
population mean
mean = 40 , 𝜇 = 44, n = 20 and S = 6
13. • tcalculated = 2.981
• t table value = 2.093
• tcalculated > t table value ;
Reject H0.
14. Independent Two Sample T Test (the
unpaired t-test)
• To test if the population means estimated by two independent
samples differ significantly.
• Two different samples with same mean at initial point and compare
mean at the end
15. t =
𝑥1− 𝑥2
𝑛1−1 𝑆1
2+ 𝑛2−1 𝑆2
2
𝑛1+𝑛2−2
1
𝑛1
+
1
𝑛2
Where 𝑥1 - 𝑥2 is the difference between the means of the two groups
and S denotes the standard deviation.
Example :
• Compare the height of girls and boys.
• compare 2 stress reduction interventions
16. ILLUSTRATION
Mean Hb level of 5 male are 10, 11, 12.5, 10.5, 12 and 5 female are 10,
17.5, 14.2,15 and 14.1 . Test whether there is any significant difference
between Hb values.
• H0: There is no significant difference between Hb Level
• H1: There is significant difference between Hb level.
t =
𝑥1− 𝑥2
𝑛1−1 𝑆1
2+ 𝑛2−1 𝑆2
2
𝑛1+𝑛2−2
1
𝑛1
+
1
𝑛2
18. The paired t-test
• To test if the population means estimated by two dependent samples differ
significantly .
• A usual setting for paired t-test is when measurements are made on the
same subjects before and after a treatment.
where 𝑑 is the mean difference and Sd denotes the standard deviation of the
difference.
19. Example
Systolic BP of 5 patients before and after a drug therapy is
Before 160, 150, 170, 130, 140
After 140, 110, 120, 140, 130
Test whether there is any significant difference between BP level.
• H0: There is no significant difference between BP Level before and after
drug
• H1: There is significant difference between BP level before and after drug
21. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
• R. A. Fischer.
• The Student's t-test cannot be used for comparison of three or more groups.
• The purpose of ANOVA is to test if there is any significant difference between the
means of two or more groups.
• The analysis of variance is the systematic algebraic procedure of decomposing the
overall variation in the responses observed in an experiment into variation.
• Two variances – (a) between-group variability and (b) within-group variability that
is variation existing between the samples and variations existing within the
sample.
• The within-group variability (error variance) is the variation that cannot be
accounted for in the study design.
• The between-group (or effect variance) is the result of treatment
22. ASSUMPTIONS OF ANOVA
• The population in which samples are drawn should be normal
• The sample observations are independent of each other
• The samples are selected at random
• The samples are drawn from population having equal variance
• The sample size should not differ widely
• The various effects(treatment and errors) are additive in nature
• The experimental error are normally and independently distributed
with mean Zero
23. • A simplified formula for the F statistic is
where MST is the mean squares between the groups and MSE is the
mean squares within groups
25. ONE WAY ANOVA
• It compares three or more unmatched groups when data
are categorized in one way.
Total sum of Square(TSS) = treatment sum of square(SST)
+ error sum of square(SSE)
Example.
• 1. Compare control group with three different doses of
aspirin in rats
• 2. Effect of supplementation of vit C in each subject
before, during and after the treatment.
26. One way ANOVA table
Source d.f Sum of
Square
Mean Square F
Between
treatment
Within
treatment
error
t-1
n-t
SST
SSE
MST = SST/t-1
MSE = SSE/n-t
F= MST/MSE
~ F (t-1),(n-t)
Total n-1 TSS
27. TWOWAY ANOVA
• It is used to determine the effect of two nominal predictor
variables on a continuous outcome variable.
• A two-way ANOVA test analyzes the effect of the independent
variables on the expected outcome along with their
relationship to the outcome itself.
Example :
• Effect of two antihypertensive drugs in two different doses
• Comparing the employee productivity based on the working
hours and working conditions
28. Two way ANOVA table
Source d.f Sum of
Square
Mean Square F
Treatme
nt
Blocks
Error
t-1
r-1
(r-1)(t-1)
SST
SSB
SSE
MST = SST/t-1
MSB = SSB/r-1
MSE = SSE/(r-1)(t-
1)
Ft= MST/MSE
~ F (t-1), (t-1) (r-1)
Fb= MSB/MSE
~ F (r-1), (t-1) (r-1)
Total rt-1 TSS
29. Difference between one & two way ANOVA
• a one-way ANOVA is used to determine if there is a difference in the
mean height of stalks of three different types of seeds.
• Since only 1 factor that could be making the heights different.
• if three different types of seeds, and then add the possibility that
three different types of fertilizer is used
• The mean height of the stalks could be different for a combination of
several reasons.
• Two factors (type of seed and type of fertilizer), use a two-way
ANOVA.
30. ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE (ANCOVA)
ACOVA is a technique that combines the feature of analysis of
variance and regression.
It is used to increase the precision of treatment comparisons.
This method is based on the fact that there are some extraneous
sources of variation which also contribute to the experimental error
but are not controlled. These additional variations are known as the
ancillary or concomitant variates.
31. DEFINITION
• The very logical procedure, which reduces the experimental error
by eliminating from it the effects of variations in the concomitant
variate and thus increase the precision of the main variate on the
concomitant variate is known as Analysis of Covariance
(ANCOVA)
32. Example:
Effect of 3 diet on gaining weight of animal
with different age group and different
initial weight will influence animal
performance and precision of experiment.
33. Assumptions
All assumptions of ANOVA is applicable here too. In
addition, it is assumed that,
• The relationship between X and Y is linear
• The relationship is same for each treatment
• The covariates are not affected by treatment
• The observations are from normal populations
34. USES
◦ To increase the precision in a randomized experiment
◦ To remove the effects of disturbing variables in
observational studies
◦ To throw light on the nature of treatment effects
◦ To analyse the data when some observations are missing
◦ To fit regression in multiple classification
35. WORKING OF ANCOVA
• ANCOVA works by adjusting the total SS, group SS, and error SS of the
independent variable to remove the influence of the covariate
Yij = µ + ti + β (xij - 𝑥) + eij
• Where Yij is the jth observation on the response variable under ith
treatment , µ is mean of x variable, ti is ith treatment effect
• β linear regression coefficient
• eij random error component which is independently and normally
distributed with mean zero and variance
37. Sum of Products
• To control for the covariate, the sum of products (SP) for the
dependent variable and covariate must also be used.
•
• x is the covariate, and y is the dependent variable. i is the individual
subject, and j is the group.
38. Error Sum of Products
• This is the sum of the products of the dependent variable and
residual minus the group means of the dependent variable and
residual.
39. Adjusting the Sum of Squares
• Using the SS’s for the covariate and the dependent variable, and the
SP’s, adjust the SS’s for the dependent variable
41. ADVANTAGES
• Better power
• Improved ability to detect and estimate
interactions
• The availability of extensions to deal with
measurement error in the covariates.
42. DISADVANTAGES
• There will be cost of introducing the blocking factor.
• It may be difficult to find blocking factors that are highly
correlated with the dependent variable.
• Loss of power may occur if a poorly correlated blocking
factor is used.
43. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OFVARIANCE
(MANOVA)
• variation of ANOVA.
• MANOVA assesses the statistical significance of the effect of one
or more independent variables on a set of two or more
dependent variables.
• MANOVA has the ability to examine more than one dependent
variable at once or simultaneous effect of independent variables
on multiple dependent variables.
• ControlType I error.
44. EXAMPLE
Case study on 2 different text books & student improvement in
maths and physics.
Dependent variables here are improvement in maths and physics.
Hypothesis: both the Dependent Variable are affected by difference
in text books.
45. ASSUMPTIONS
Multivariate normality :
dependent variables should be normally distributed
within groups.
Linear combinations of dependent variables must be
distributed.
All subjects of variables must have multivariate normal
distribution.
Homogeneity of covariance matrices.
The inter correlations (co variances) of the multiple
dependent variable across the cells of design.
46. ASSUMPTIONS
Independence of observations
Subject score on dependent variables are not
influenced or related to other subject scores.
Linearity
Linear relationship against all pairs of dependent
variables, all pairs of covariates, all dependent
variable – covariate pairs in each cell.
Therefore if relationship deviates from linearity
the power of analysis will be compromised.
47. ADVANTAGES
• MANOVA enables to test multiple dependent variables.
• MANOVA can protect against Type I errors
48. DISADVANTAGES
• MANOVA is many times more complicated than ANOVA, making it a
challenge to see which independent variables are affecting dependent
variables.
• One degree of freedom is lost with the addition of each new variable.
49. SUMMARY OF PARAMETRIC TESTS APPLIED FOR
DIFFERENT TYPE OF DATA
Type of Group Parametric test
Comparison of two paired groups Paired t test
Comparison of two unpaired groups Unpaired two sample t
test
Comparison of population and sample
drawn from the same population
One sample t test
Comparison of 3 or more matched groups
but varied in 1 factors
One Way Anova
Comparison of 3 or more matched groups
but varied in 2 factor
Two Way Anova
50. JOURNAL ABSTRACT
A Multivariate Analysis (MANOVA) of Where Adult
Learners Are In Higher Education
American institutions of higher education were originally established
with the purpose of educating the advantaged youth.
Due to this increase in adults re-entering the academy, it is
appropriate and timely to ask where these students are attending
school, what is known about their distribution in the higher
education system, and whether they are assembled in one type of
institution or evenly distributed among institutions.
51. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine where
undergraduate adult students are located within the 4-year private,
public, and for-profit universities offering undergraduate degrees in the
United States.
This study utilized descriptive and multivariate analyses of variance
(MANOVA) statistical analyses.
Descriptive analysis provided the number, means, and standard
deviations for college and university enrolments obtained from the
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) of the
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) to answer two research
questions.
Two MANOVAs and comparative designs were employed to examine
electronic data accessed through IPEDS. Undergraduate students under
the age of 25 are enrolling in 4-year public and private universities in
the United States at about double the enrolment rate as that of for-profit
universities.
52. Using ANOVA to Examine the Relationship
between Safety & Security and Human
Development
This study aimed to examine the relationship between safety and
security index and human development.
The sample consisted of 53 African countries. The research question
is Does a statistical significant relationship exist between safety and
security index and human development.
In the process of examining the relationship between variables,
researchers can use t test or ANOVA to compare the means of two
groups on the dependent variable.
53. The main difference between t-test and ANOVA is that t test can only be
used to compare two groups while ANOVA can be used to compare two
or more groups.
In the process of selecting the data analysis technique for this study,
considered both ANOVA and t-test.
The advantage ANOVA has over t-test is that the post-hoc tests of
ANOVA allow to better controlling type 1 error.
Therefore, in order to control type 1 error, chose ANOVA as data
analysis technique for this study.
The results indicated that there is a statistically significant relationship
with strong effect size between safety and security index and human
development.
55. REFERENCES
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• Agarwal LB. Basic Biostatistics. Fourth edition. India: Newage international
publishers:2006
• Ali Z, Bhaskar BS. Basic Statistical Tools in research and data analysis. Indian
J Anaesth. 2016 Sep; 60(9): 662–669.
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methods. Second edition. New Delhi: Wolter Kluwer publication; 2015.