This document summarizes a student's paper on paper batteries. It discusses how paper batteries were developed combining materials science and nanotechnology. Paper batteries can be bent, molded, or cut and act as both batteries and supercapacitors. They are made by infusing carbon nanotubes into paper along with an electrolyte and metal ions. This allows the paper to conduct electricity and have a chemical reaction to produce a voltage. Paper batteries are lightweight, flexible, and non-toxic with many potential applications, though large-scale production is still far off.

1. PAPER BATTERY
VIKAS GUPTA
VI sem
Roll no- 1113321121

2. INTRODUCTION
 The creation of the Paper Battery drew from a diverse
pool of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials
science, energy storage and chemistry.
 In August 2007, a research team at RENSSELEAR
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE led by Drs. Robert
Linhardt, John H.Broadbent, Pulickel
M.Ajayan, Omkaram Nalamasu with a joint
appointment in Material science and engineering
developed the Paper Battery, also known as Nano
Composite Paper.
 In December 2009 Yi Cui and his team at STANFORD
UNIVERSITY successfully made an actual prototype
that gave a terminal voltage of 1.5V

3. BASIC BATTERY CHEMISTRY
A Voltaic Cell

4. NICD BATTERY
 Rechargeable battery using nickel
oxide hydroxide and
metallic Cadmium as electrodes.
 Terminal voltage of 1.2V
 Rugged, high specific
power(150W/kg), long life, light.
 Used in UPS, portable power
tools, photography
equipment, flashlights, emergency
lighting, and portable electronic
devices.
 Disadvantages include Memory
effect, Environmental hazards, cost.

5. LI-ION BATTERY
 Constructed using graphite
rod, Lithium cobalt oxide(or Lithium
manganese oxide) as electrodes and
lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)
as electrolyte.
 Nominal cell voltage of 3.6-3.7V
 High specific
power(300W/kg), no memory
effect, and only a slow loss of
charge when not in use,possibility of
a range of shape and size.
 Used in laptops, mobiles, other
consumer electronics.
 However it is
expensive, delicate, has high internal
resistance and safety concerns.

6. PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL BATTERIES
 Lower specific power compared to fuels
 Weight and size
 High charging time
 Environmental hazards
 Explosion, corrosion, leakage
 High cost
 Terminal voltage constraints

8. PAPER BATTERY
 A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage
and production device formed by combining carbon
nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based
paper.
 The nano materials are a one-dimensional structure with
very small diameters.
 It can be bent and twisted, trimmed with scissors or
molded into any needed shape.
 A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and
super capacitor. This combination allows the battery to
provide both long-term, steady power production and
bursts of energy.
 It is non toxic, environment friendly and is everything
that a conventional battery is not.

9. PRINCIPLE
 The battery produces electricity in the same way as the
conventional lithium-ion batteries, but all the
components have been incorporated into a
lightweight, flexible sheet of paper.
 The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an
infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes.
 The electrolyte and the ions that carry the charge can be
varied depending the use of the battery.
A conventional Li-ion battery can be incorporated in
cellulose-nanotube composite as shown in the next slide.

10. • Electricity is the flow of electrical power or electrons
• Batteries produce electrons through a chemical reaction
between electrolyte and metal in the traditional battery.
• Chemical reaction in the paper battery is between
electrolyte and carbon nanotubes.
• Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive
terminal for the chemical reaction to continue.

11.  The Nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as
electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct
electricity.
 The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a
super-capacitor, which stores charge like a battery but
has no liquid electrolyte.
 The paper battery provides a long, steady power output
as against a conventional battery burst of high energy.
 The ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper
is a liquid salt and contains no water, so it won’t freeze
or boil.

12. FABRICATION
The materials required for the preparation of paper
battery are:
Copier paper and Carbon nano ink
 1: Carbon nano ink which is black in colour is a
solution of nano rods, surface adhesive agent and
ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on one
side of the paper.
 2: The paper is kept in the oven at 150 degree Celsius.
This evaporates the water content on the paper.
The battery is ready and would provide a terminal
voltage enough to power an LED

13. ADVANTAGES
 Light, rugged, flexible, can be
rolled, crunched, cut, made into any shape.
 The nano composite paper is compatible with a number
of electrolyte, like blood, urine, sweat etc.
 If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500
times the voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut
power by 50%. So we can control the power and voltage
issue.
 Non toxic and hence can be used to power pacemakers
and RF tags.
 It is very useful where burst of energy is required for
operation like mostly electric vehicles.

14. LIMITATIONS
 Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and
they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to
make it commercially viable.
 Carbon nanotubes are expensive.
 The idea is still in the labs and a commercially viable
paper battery will take at least 40-60 years to become a
reality.
 Researches in nanotechnology to mass produce
nanotubes is promising.

15. APPLICATIONS
 Pace makers (uses blood as electrolyte)
 Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets.
 Devices in space shuttles
 Powered smart cards RF id tags, smart clothes.

16. CONCLUSIONS
 The range of possible applications for paper batteries
derives from their important advantages as compared to
conventional battery technologies.
 They can be made in virtually any shape and size to meet
the requirements of each application.
 The batteries are rechargeable, and have reduced cost
and weight which in itself may give birth to new
applications.
 Paper battery could solve all the problems associated
with electrical energy storage.
 However the reality is still very far away, though the
researches are promising.

17. Thanks