The document discusses paper batteries, which are flexible energy storage devices made by combining carbon nanotubes with paper. Paper batteries were developed in 2007 as an alternative to conventional batteries, which have limitations like limited life, weight, leakage, and environmental hazards. A paper battery works similarly to lithium-ion batteries but incorporates all components into a lightweight paper-based sheet. It has advantages like flexibility, low cost, safety, and can use body fluids as electrolytes. However, scaling up paper batteries and the cost of nanotubes remain challenges to commercialization. Potential applications include powering electronics, medical devices, and electric vehicles.

1. PAPER BATTERY
PRESENTED BY:
AMAN KASHYAP
EC-5
11610447

2. CONTENTS OF THE SLIDE
1. HISTORY
2. ABOUT CONVENTIONAL BATTERIES
3. LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL BATTERIES
4. INTRODUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY
5. CARBON NANOTUBES
6. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
8. APPLICATIONS
9. CONCLUSION
10.REFERENCES

3. HISTORY
 In August 2007, a research team at RENSSELEAR
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE led by Dr. Robert
Linhardt, John H.Broadbent, Pulickel
M.Ajayan, Omkaram Nalamasu with a joint
appointment in Material science and engineering
developed the Paper Battery, also known as Nano
Composite Paper.
 In December 2009 Yi Cui and his team at
STANFORD UNIVERSITY successfully made an
actual working prototype that gave a terminal
voltage of 1.5V

4. BASIC BATTERY CHEMISTRY
A VoltaicCell

6. DIFFERENT TYPE OF BATTERIES
• 1. PRIMARY BATTERIES
• 2. SECONDARY BATTERIES
• SOME IMPORTANT TYPE OF
BATTERIES
 1. LEAD ACID BATTERY
• 2. LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
• 3. NICKEL METAL HYDRIDE

7. PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL
BATTERIES
 Limited Life.
 Weight and size
 Leakage.(Cd, Hg, Pb, Li, Zn)
 High charging time
 Environmental hazards
 Explosion, corrosion.
 High cost
 Terminal voltage constraints

8. LIMITATIONS OF FUEL CELLS AND SOLAR
CELLS
• FUEL CELL
• 1. COST : IT USES HYDROGEN WHICH IS MADE BY LIQUID
HYDROGEN AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE WHICH ARE VERY
COSTLY MATERIALS AND THIS IS WHY THESE ARE ONLY
USED IN ROCKET LAUNCH PADS.
• 2. PORTABILITY AND SIZE : FUELS CELLS ARE STILL NOT
PORTABLE AND CANNOT BE USED IN A ELECTRONIC
GADGET.
• SOLAR CELLS
• 1. VERSATILITY : LIKE SOLAR CELLS CANNOT BE USED
UNDER ALL CONDITIONS.
• 2. ADAPTABILITY : THESE CAN NOT ALWAYS BE USED IN
BATTERY POWERED DEVICES.

9. PAPER BATTERY
 A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage
and production device formed by combining carbon
nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based
paper.
 The nano materials are a one-dimensional structure with
very small diameters.
 It can be bent and twisted, trimmed with scissors or
molded into any needed shape.
 A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and
super capacitor. This combination allows the batteryto
provide both long-term, steady power production and
bursts of energy.
 It is non toxic, environment friendly and is everything
that a conventional battery is not.

10. PRINCIPLE
 The battery produces electricity in the same way as the
conventional lithium-ion batteries, but all the
components have been incorporated into a lightweight,
flexible sheet of paper.
 The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an
infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes.
 The electrolyte and the ions that carry the charge can be
varied depending the use of the battery.
 A conventional Li-ion battery can be incorporated in
cellulose-nanotube composite as shown in the next slide.

11. LI-ION PAPER
BATTERY

12.  The Nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as
electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct
electricity.
 The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a
super-capacitor, which stores charge like a battery but
has no liquid electrolyte.
 The paper battery provides a long, steady power output
as against a conventional battery burst of high energy.
 The ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper
is a liquid salt and contains no water, so it won’t freeze
or boil.
 Researches have been done on around the world to
replace this ionic electrolyte with body fluids, blood,
sweat etc.

13. PROPERTIES OF PAPER BATTERIES
• IF WE TALK ABOUT THE PROPERTIES OF THE PAPER BATTERIES WE
WILL MAINLY FOCUS ON THE MATERIALS USED IN THE
MANUFACTURING OF PAPER BATTERY
• 1. CELLULOSE
• 2. CARBON NANO-TUBES
• CELLULOSE : CELLULOSE IS A LONG LINKED CHAIN OF SUGAR
MOLECULES THAT GIVES WOOD ITS REMARKABLE STRENGTH. IT IS
THE MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL WALLS, AND A BUILDING BLOCK
FOR MANY TEXTILES AND PAPERS. THE PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE
ARE:
• 1. HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH.
• 2. BIODEGRADABILITY.
• 3. LOW SHEAR STRENGTH.
• 4. BIOCOMPATIBILITY.
• 5. NON-TOXIC, REUSABILITY, RECYCLABILITY.
• 6. GOOD ABSORPTION CAPACITY AND EXCELLENT POROSITY.

14. WHAT ARE CARBON NANOTUBES?
• CARBON NANOTUBE IS THE MAIN CONCEPT BEHIND PAPER
BATTERY
• CARBON NANOTUBES (CNTS; ALSO KNOWN AS BUCKYTUBES)
ARE ALLOTROPES OF CARBON WITH A CYLINDRICAL
NANOSTRUCTURE. ALLOTROPES ARE DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL
MODIFICATIONS OF AN ELEMENT.
• CNTS EXHIBIT EXTRAORDINARY STRENGTH AND UNIQUE
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, AND ARE EFFICIENT THERMAL
CONDUCTORS.
• NANOTUBES ARE MEMBERS OF THE FULLERENE STRUCTURAL
FAMILY. THE DIAMETER OF A NANOTUBE IS ON THE ORDER OF A
FEW NANOMETERS THEIR NAME IS DERIVED FROM THEIR LONG,
HOLLOW STRUCTURE WITH THE WALLS FORMED BY ONE-ATOM-
THICK SHEETS OF CARBON, CALLED GRAPHENE. THESE SHEETS
ARE ROLLED AT SPECIFIC AND DISCRETE ANGLES, AND THE
COMBINATION OF THE ROLLING ANGLE AND RADIUS DECIDES
THE NANOTUBE PROPERTIES.

15. PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES
USED IN PAPER BATTERY
• 1. A SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBES CAN WITHSTAND A PRESSURE
OF 24 GPA WITHOUT GETTING DEFORMED.
• 2. UNIQUE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES AND THERMAL PROPERTIES.
• HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH(GREATER THAN STEEL).
• VERY LIGHT AND VERY FLEXIBLE.
• VERY GOOD ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY(BETTER THAN SILICON).
• NO SAFETY ISSUES REGARDING HEATING, TRANSPORTATION,
DAMAGE, DISPOSAL.
• NO HEAVY METAL(CADMIUM, MERCURY, LEAD).
• TEMPERATURE RANGE (-75 TO 150 DEGREE CENTIGRATE).
• THICKNESS OF .5 - .7 MILLIMETRE .

16. CARBON NANOTUBES
• SINGLE WALLED
NANOTUBES (SWNT)
• MULTI WALLED
NANOTUBES (MWNT)
be categorized by their structures:

17. FABRICATION OF A PAPER BATTERY
• CNT THIN FILMS WERE COATED ONTO STAINLESS STEEL (SS)
SUBSTRATES WITH A SOLUTION BASED PROCESS.
• THE CONCENTRATION OF CNT IS 1.7 MG/ML.
• A DRIED FILM WITH A THICKNESS OF 2 MICROMETER WAS FORMED
AFTER DRYING THE CNT INK ON THE SS SUBSTRATE AT 80 °C FOR 5
MIN. THIS FILM IS THEN PEELED OFF FROM SUBSTRATE
• THESE FILMS ACT AS ELECTRODES OF PAPER BATTERY.
• ONE FILM IS PASTED TO ELECTROLYTE LTO (LI4TI5O12) AND THE
OTHER FILM IS PASTED TO ELECTROLYTE LCO (LICOO2).
• PAPER IS SANDWICHED BETWEEN TWO ELECTROLYTES LTO AND
LCO WITH PVDF(POLY VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) ACTING AS GLUE.
• CATHODE : CARBON NANOTUBES
• ANODE : LITHIUM METAL
• ELECTROLYTES : ALL ELECTROLYTES.
• SEPARATOR : PAPER (CELLULOSE).

18. CONSTRUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY

19. • ANOTHER SIMPLE METHOD TO CREATE PAPER
BATTERY INVOLVES SPREADING A SPECIALLY
FORMULATED INK OF CARBON NANOTUBES
OVER A RECTANGULAR SHEET OF PAPER
COATED WITH AN IONIC SOLUTION. A THIN FILM
OF LITHIUM IS THEN LAMINATED ON THE OTHER
SIDE OF THE PAPER. ALUMINIUM RODS ARE
THEN CONNECTED TO CARRY CURRENT
BETWEEN THE TWO ELECTRODES.
• .

24. WORKING
• THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE TILL NOW GENERATED IS 1.5 V .
• THE NANO TUBES ACTING AS ELECTRODES ALLOW THE STORAGE DEVICE
TO CONDUCT ELECTRICITY.
• CHEMICAL REACTION IN BATTERY OCCURS BETWEEN ELECTROLYTE AND
CARBON NANO TUBES.
• BATTERY PRODUCE ELECTRONS THROUGH A CHEMICAL REACTION
BETWEEN ELECTROLYTE AND METAL IN THE TRADITIONAL BATTERY.
• . ELECTRONS COLLECT ON THE NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF THE BATTERY
AND FLOW ALONG A CONNECTED WIRE TO THE POSITIVE TERMINAL
DURING DISCHARGING.
• ELECTRONS MUST FLOW FROM THE NEGATIVE TO THE POSITIVE
TERMINAL FOR THE CHEMICAL REACTION TO CONTINUE. IONIC LIQUID,
ESSENTIALLY A LIQUID SALT, IS USED AS THE BATTERY ELECTROLYTE.

25. •THE ORGANIC RADICAL MATERIALS INSIDE THE BATTERY
ARE IN AN “ELECTROLYTE-PERMEATED GEL STATE”,
WHICH IS ABOUT HALFWAY BETWEEN A SOLID AND A
LIQUID. THIS HELPS IONS TO SMOOTH MOVE, REDUCING
RESISTANCE, ALLOWING THE BATTERIES TO CHARGE
FASTER. THIS IS WHY THESE PAPER BATTERIES CAN BE
CHARGED IN 10 SECONDS.

26. ADVANTAGES
 Light, rugged, flexible, can be rolled, crunched, cut, made into
any shape.
 The nano composite paper is compatible with a number of
electrolyte, like blood, urine, sweat etc.
 If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500 times the
voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut power by 50%. So we
can control the power and voltage issue.
 Because the battery consists mainly of paper and carbon, it
could be used to power pacemakers within the body where
conventional batteries pose a toxic threat.
 It is very useful where burst of energy is required for operation
like in flash cameras and mostly electric vehicles.

27.  The electrolyte contains no water, thus there’s nothing in the
batteries to freeze or evaporate, potentially allowing operation in
extreme temperatures.
 Environment friendly.
 The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an
"electrolyte-permeated gel state,“ which helps ions make a smooth
move, allowing the batteries to charge at lightning speeds.
(It could charge 10-20 times faster than conventionalLi- ion
batteries.)

28. LIMITATIONS
 Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and
they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to
make it commercially viable.
 Paper batteries have low strength they can be ‘torn’
easily.
 Carbon nanotubes are expensive.
 The idea is still in the labs and a commercially viable
paper battery will take at least 10-20 years to become a
reality.
 When inhaled they damage lungs.

29. APPLICATIONS
 Pace makers (uses blood as electrolyte)
 Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets.
 Used for low power devices like calculators, wrist
watches and wireless communication devices like
mouse, Bluetooth headphones, keypads etc
 Powered smart cards, RFID tags etc.

31. PAPER BATTERY : INDIAN SCENARIO
• UNFORTUNATELY IF WE TALK ABOUT THE RESEARCHES IN THE
FIELD OF THIS TECHNOLOGY NOT MUCH HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT
IN INDIA EXCEPT ONLY FOR FEW CASES.
• 1. SOME OF THE WORK IS BEEN CARRIED AS A JOINT RESEARCH
PROJECT OF THE KALASALINGAM UNIVERSITY IN KRISHNANKOVIL,
INDIA.
• 2. SOME OF RESEARCHES ARE BEEN GOING ON IN INDIAN
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUMBAI (MAHARASHTRA).
• 3. IMRAM TOHOKU UNIVERSITY IN JAPAN AND INDIA’S
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ARE BOTH WORKING
TOGETHER TOWARDS THIS.

32. FUTURE SCOPE
• IT HOLDS GREAT POTENTIAL TO ADVANCE CAPABILITIES IN PORTABLE POWER
DESIGN FOR APPLICATIONS RANGING FROM BIO INSTRUMENTATION TO CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS AND EVEN LARGE POWER SYSTEMS SERVED BY CONVENTIONAL
BATTERIES.
• THE PAPER LIKE QUALITIES OF THE MATERIAL MAKE IT ESPECIALLY ATTRACTIVE
FOR ENERGY STORAGE IN MEDICALLY IMPLANTED DEVICES (FOR EXAMPLE, A
PACEMAKER, INSULIN PUMP OR THE IMPLANTABLE RADIO CHIP).
• THEY CAN BE MADE IN VIRTUALLY ANY SHAPE AND SIZE TO MEET THE
REQUIREMENTS OF EACH APPLICATION AS FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES WILL GET
UPDATED.
• PAPER BATTERY COULD SOLVE ALL THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRICAL
ENERGY STORAGE.

33. CONCLUSIONS
 The range of possible applications for paper batteries
derives from their important advantages as compared to
conventional battery technologies.
 The batteries are rechargeable, and have reduced cost
and weight which in itself may give birth to new
applications.
 As this technology is adapted it will prove to be extremely
useful and could even save not only cost but lives also.
However the reality is still very far away, though the
researches are promising.

34. REFERENCES
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_battery
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)
 http://www.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/papers/87%20paper%20
battery.pdf
o https://www.youtube.com
o https://www.seminarsonly.com/electronics/Paper_Battery.php
o https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/carbon_nanotube.htm
o https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8116860 ( published in 2017).
o IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics ( Volume: 33 , Issue: 11 , Nov.
2018 )
o https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7863439 (published in 2017)
o IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology ( Volume: 12 , Issue: 3 , May

35. THANK
YOU