The document is a technical seminar report submitted by Giridhar Singh G to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It discusses a seminar conducted on paper batteries. Paper batteries integrate carbon nanotubes and conventional paper to act as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor. Being biodegradable, lightweight and non-toxic, paper batteries have potential applications in powering electronics, medical devices, and vehicles. The report provides an abstract, introduction, literature review, and discusses the basics, materials, construction, working, and production of paper batteries.

1. VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangam, Belgaum-590014
A Technical seminar report on
“PAPER BATTERY”
Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
GIRIDHAR SINGH G [1ST10EC032]
Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering
SAMBHRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
M.S Palya, Bengaluru-560097

2. SAMBHRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
M.S Playa, Bengalore-560097
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Seminar work entitled SOLAR TRACKER carried out by Mr./Ms.
GIRIDHAR SINGH G USN 1ST10EC058 a bonafide student in partial fulfillment for
the award of Bachelor of Engineering / Bachelor of Technology in ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNNICATIONS of the Visveswaraiah Technological University,
Belgaum during the year 2013-14 It is certified that all corrections/suggestions
indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the
departmental library. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of Seminar work prescribed for the said Degree.
Seminar Co-ordinater
ECE
(Prof.RAVATAPPA.A.B)
C.V.RAVISHANKAR
HOD,
Prof

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely grateful to Mr C.V RAVI SHANKAR.., Head Of
the Department Electronics and Communications for providing me
with best facilities and encouragement .
I would like to thank my coordinator Mr. RAVATAPPA ..,Asst
Professor Electronics and communications for creative work
guidance and encouragement.
I would also take this opportunity to express my gratitude and
sincere thanks to Mrs.VISALAKSHI lect. Electronics and
Communications, for her valuable support.
(Giridhar Singh G)

4. ABSTRACT
This paper gives a thorough insight on this relatively revolutionizing and satisfying
solution of energy storage through Paper Batteries and provides an in-depth analysis
of the same. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production
device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of
cellulose-based paper. A paper battery can function both as a high-energy battery
and super capacitor , combining two discrete components that are separate in
traditional electronics . This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term
steady power production as well as bursts of energy. Being Biodegradable, Lightweight and Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have potential adaptability to power the
next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for
radical new designs and medical technologies. The paper is aimed at understanding
& analyzing the properties and characteristics of Paper Batteries; to study its
advantages, potential applications, limitations and disadvantages. This paper also
aims at highlighting the construction and various methods of production of Paper
Battery and look for alternative means of mass-production.

5. SL NO
NAME OF THE TITLE
PAGE NO
ABSTRACT
4
INTRODUCTION
6
[1]
6
[2]
LITERATURE REVIEW
8
[3]
NEED FOR SOLAR TRACKER
10
[4]
TYPES OF SOLAR TRACKER
11
[5]
DESIGN OF SOLAR TRACKER
13
[5.1]MATHEMATICAL MODEL
14
[5.2]SYSTEM DESIGN
17
[6]
DC MOTOR AND MOTOR DRIVER THEORY
19
[7]
MICROCONTROLLER
20
[8]
REFERENCE
23

6. 1. INTRODUCTION
The basic problems associated with the present Electro-Chemical batteries are: (1)
Limited Life- Time: Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality)
transform chemical energy to electrical energy. Secondary batteries can be
recharged; that is, they can have their chemical reactions reversed by supplying
electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original composition. But, Rechargeable
batteries are still costlier than Primary Batteries in the markets of developing
countries like India. (2) Leakage: If leakage occurs, either spontaneously or through
accident, the chemicals released may be dangerous. For example, disposable
batteries often use zinc "can" as both a reactant and as the container to hold the
other reagents. If this kind of battery is run all the way down, or if it is recharged after
running down too far, the reagents can emerge through the cardboard and plastic
that forms the remainder of the container. The active chemical leakage can then
damage the equipment that the batteries were inserted into. (3)Environmental
Concerns: The widespread use of batteries has created many environmental
concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. Metals such as Cadmium, Mercury, Lead,
Lithium and Zinc have been identified as highly toxic metals. Also, batteries may be
harmful or fatal if swallowed. Small button/disk batteries can be swallowed by young
children. While in the digestive tract the battery's electrical discharge can burn the
tissues and can be serious enough to lead to death.

7. LITERATURE REVIEW
There has to be a compromise between the charge producing device (Battery) and a
charge storing device(Capacitor). Batteries (whether primary or secondary) cannot
possess indefinite recyclability. Same is the case with capacitors. So, if a balance be
sought between them in such a way so as to utilize the properties of both, the results
would be more rewarding. Owing to this fact and to the miraculous properties of the
Carbon nanotubes, there has been a steady and progressive interest in the global
scientific community aimed at its utilization in the production of Paper Batteries.
Significant works have been carried out independently, notable among which are by
Pushparaj et al.[2007] and Yi Cui et al.[2010] in the field of preparing the first
prototypes. Previous designs of flexible energy-storage devices have been based on
separated thin-electrode and spacer layers, proving less-than-optimum in
performance and handling because of the existence of multiple interfaces between
the layers. Pushparaj et al. demonstrated the fabrication of ‘electrodespacerelectrolyte’ integrated nanocomposite units to build a variety of thin flexible
energy-storage devices. The robust integrated thin-film structure allows not only
good electrochemical performance but also the ability to function over large ranges
of mechanical deformation, record temperatures and with a wide variety of
electrolytes. The attempt to integrate the components on to a single unit was revived
by Yi Cui et al. with a much simpler and more promising approach. In this paper,
they integrated all of the components of a Li-ion battery into a single sheet of paper
with a simple lamination process. Although a paper-like membrane has been used
as the separator for other energy storage systems including super capacitors, it was
the first demonstration of the use of commercial paper in Li-ion batteries, where
paper is used as both separator and mechanical support. Another significant attempt
to exploit the properties of Paper batteries was made by Dr. Mangilal Agrawal,
Louisiana Tech University. Having done much work with biosensors and biocapacitors, he successfully demonstrated how the relative proportion of CNT and
Paper could be used to customize the voltage output of the Paper Battery. Since the
field is so promising and potent, there has been a huge amount of work done over
CNTs and Paper Batteries. However, the entire work in literature is neither lucidly
arranged nor easily accessible. This paper is solely aimed at analyzing and
accumulating the available works on Paper

8. Batteries and then evaluating their properties, applications, advantages and
disadvantages in depth.The paper also throws some light on the production methods
of CNTs and on the work that is being carried out in Indian scenario

9. PAPER BATTERIES-BASICS
Definition
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed
by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose based paper.
A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining
two discrete components that are separate in traditional electronics.
Paper Battery=Paper (Cellulose) + Carbon Nanotubes
Cellulose is a complex organic substance found in paper and pulp; not digestible by
humans. A Carbon NanoTubes (CNT) is a very tiny cylinder formed from a single
sheet of carbon atoms rolled into a tiny cylinder. These are stronger than steel and
more conducting than the best semiconductors. They can be Single-walled or Multiwalled.
MATERIALS AND DESCRIPTION
This energy storage device is based on two basic, materials: carbon nanotubes and
cellulose. Also an ionic liquid provides the third component: electrolyte. Engineered
together, they form nano composite paper. It is as thin and flexible as a piece of
paper- Paper as a medium is well designed structure of millions of interconnected
fibers in it, which can hold CNT easily. The paper battery can also be stacked to
boost the total power output.
CARBON NANOTUBES
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical
nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of
up to 132,000,000:1,significantly larger than for any other material. Nanotubes are
members of the Fullerene structural family. Their name is derived from their long,
hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called
Graphene. Nanotubes are categorized as Single wall nanotubes (SWNTs) and
Multiwalled nanotubes (MWNTs). The O.C.V. of Paper Batteries is directly
proportional to CNT concentration. Stacking the Paper and CNT layers multiplies
the Output Voltage; Slicing the Paper and CNT layers divides the Output Voltage
The Nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as electrodes and allow the
storage devices to conduct electricity.

10. Carbon nanotube structure
PROPERTIES OF NANOTUBES
• Ratio of Width: Length: 1:107
• High tensile Strength (Greater than Steel).
• Low Mass density & High Packing Density.
• Very Light and Very Flexible.
• Very Good Electrical Conductivity (better than Silicon).
• Low resistance (~33 ohm per sq. inch).
• Output Open Circuit Voltage(O.C.V): 1.5-2.5 V (For a postage stamp sized
Specimen)
• The O.C.V. of Paper Batteries is directly proportional to CNT concentration.

11. • Stacking the Paper and CNT layers multiplies the Output Voltage; Slicing the Paper
and CNT layers
divides the Output Voltage.
• Thickness: typically about 0.5-0.7mm.
• Nominal continuous current density: 0.1 mA/cm2/ active area.
• Nominal capacity: 2.5 to 5 mAh/cm2/ active area.
• Shelf life (RT): 3 years.
• Temperature operating range: -75°C to +150°C.
• No heavy metals (does not contain Hg, Pb, Cd, etc.)
• No safety events or over-heating in case of battery abuse or mechanical damage
• No safety limitations for shipment,

12. CONSTRUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY
As shown in Figure 1a, the double layer LCO/CNT or LTO/CNT film was lifted off by
immersing the SS in DI water followed by peeling with tweezers. Figure 1b shows a
LTO/CNT film with a size of 7.5 cm _12.5 cm on a SS substrate (left) being peeled off in
water (middle) and in a free-standing form (right). Previously,CNT thin films have been
coated mainly on plastic substrate for use as transparent electrodes in various device
applications, including solar cells and lightemittingdiodes.3,5,10,11 In this study, we found
that CNT shave weaker interaction with metal substrates when compared with plastic or
paper substrates, which allows us to fabricate free-standing films with integrated current
collector and battery electrodes. The double layer films obtained with this method are
lightweight, with _0.2 mg/cm2 CNT and _2 _10 mg/cm2 electrode material. The freestanding double layer film shows a low sheet resistance (_5 Ohm/sq) and excellent flexibility,
without any change in morphology or conductivity after bending down to 6 mm (Mandrel).
Due to the excellent mechanical integrity of the double layer film and the loose interaction
between the CNT film and SS, peeling off the double layer film from the SS is highly
reproducible.
After integrating the battery electrode materials on the lightweight CNT current collectors, a
lamination process was used to fabricate the Li-ion paper batteries on paper. A solution of
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer was Mayer-rod-coated on the paper substrate with
an effective thickness of 10 _m. The wet PVDF functions as a glue to stick the double layer
films on paper. The concentration of PVDF in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was 10% by
weight. As shown in Figure 1c, the double layer films were laminated on the paper while the
PVDF/NMP was still wet. During this process, a metal rod rolls over the films to remove air
bubbles trapped between films and the paper separator. After laminating LTO/CNT on one
side of the paper, the same process was used to put LCO/CNT on the opposite side of the
paper to complete the Li-ion battery fabrication. Figure1d,e shows the scheme and a final
device of the Li-ion paper battery prior to encapsulation and cell testing. Although a paperlike membrane has been used as the separator for other energy storage systems including
supercapacitors, it is the first demonstration of the use of commercial paper in Li-ion
batteries,12 where paper is used as both separator and mechanical support.

13. Figure 1. (a) Schematic of fabrication process for free-standing LCO/CNT or
LTO/CNT double layer thin films. The CNT film is doctor-bladed onto the SS
substrate and dried. An LTO or LTO slurry is then doctor-blade-coated on top
of CNT film and dried. The whole substrate is immersed into DI water, and the
double layer of LTO/CNT or LCO/ CNT can be easily peeled off due to the poor
adhesion of CNTs to the SS substrate. (b) (Left) 5 in. _ 5 in. LTO/CNT double
layer film coated on SS substrate; (middle) the double layer film can be easily
separated from the SS substrate in DI water; (right) the final free-standing film
after drying. (c) Schematic of the lamination process: the freestanding film is
laminated on paper with a rod and a thin layer of wet PVDF on paper. (d)
Schematic of the final paper Li-ion battery device structure, with both
LCO/CNT and LTO/CNT laminated on both sides of the paper substrate. The
paper is used as both the separator and the substrate. (e) Picture of the Li-ion
paper battery before encapsulation for measurement.

14. MAKING OF PAPER BATTERY
The materials required for preparation of PAPER BATTERY are -:
•
copier paper
•
carbon nano ink
•
oven
The steps required in the preparation of paper battery are as follows-:
STEP 1: The copier paper is taken.
STEP 2: Carbon nano ink which is black in colour is taken. carbon nano ink is a solution of
nano rods ,surface adhesive agent and ionic salt solutions.
STEP 3:carbon nano ink is spread on one side of paper.
STEP 4:Paper is kept inside the oven at 150C temp .This evaporates the water content on
paper. Thus paper and the nano rods get attached to each other.
STEP 5: Now place the multi meter on the sides of the paper and we can see voltage drop is
generated.
After drying the paper becomes flexible, light weight in nature.The paper is scratched and
rolled to protect nano rods on paper

15. WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY
A very brief and concise explanation has been
provided.
• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
• Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)
• Electrolyte: All electrolytes (incl. bio
electrolytes like blood, sweat and urine)
• Separator: Paper (Cellulose)
Schematic of a Paper Battery
1.While a conventional battery contain number of separate components, the paper battery
integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.
2.Unlike traditional batteries, paper batteries have one electrode made of conductive carbon
nanotubes, the separator is made from plant cellulose (the main ingredient is paper), and the
second electrode is made by coating the opposite side of the paper separator with lithium
oxide
3.To provide the electrolyte, the paper is saturated with an ionic liquid – that is an organic
salt that is liquid at room temperature.
4. Since the ionic liquid does not contain water, the batteries do not contain anything that will
freeze or evaporate, enabling them to withstand extreme temperatures, ranging from -75°C to
150°C.
5.Electricity is the flow of electric power or electrons,ions flow from the positive electrode to
the negative one, while electrons travel through the external circuit, providing current.
6. Chemical reaction in the paper battery is between electrolyte and carbon nanotubes.
Electrons collect on the negative terminal of the battery and flow along a connected wire to
the positive terminal.

16. 7. Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to
continue.
ADVANTAGES
1. Biodegradable & Non Toxic: Since its major ingredients are of organic origin, it is a
biodegradable and non toxic product.
2. Biocompatible: They are not easily rejected by our body's immune system if
implanted into human body.
3. Easily Reusable & Recyclable: Being cellulose based product it is easily
recyclable and reusable, even with the existing paper recycling techniques.
4. Durable: It has a shelf life of three years (at room temperature). Under extreme
conditions it can operate within -75° to +150°C.
5. Rechargeable: It can be recharged upto 300 times using almost all electrolytes,
including bio-salts such as sweat, urine and blood.
6. No Leakage & Overheating: Owing to low resistance, it does not get overheated
even under extreme conditions. Since there are no leaky fluids, so even under
spontaneous or accidental damage, there is no leakage problem.
7. Very Light Weight & Flexible.
8. Easily Mouldable Into Desired Shapes & Sizes.
9. Customizable Output Voltage:
• By varying CNT concentration.
• By stacking & slicing.
DISADVANTAGES
It would not be logical only to ponder over the miraculous properties and applications
of Paper
Batteries .Things need to be discussed at the flip side as well. Following are some of
them:
• Have Low Shear strength: They can be ‘torn’ easily.
• The Techniques and the Set-ups used in the production of Carbon Nanotubes are
very Expensive and very less Efficient. These are:
(i)Arc discharge
(ii)Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
(iii) Laser Ablation

17. (iv)Electrolysis
• When inhaled, their interaction with the Microphages present in the lungs is similar
to that with Asbestos fibers, hence may be seriously hazardous to human health.
APPLICATIONS
With the developing technologies and reducing cost of CNTs, the paper
batteries will find applications in the following fields:
In Electronics:
• in laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras: The weight of these
devices
can be significantly reduced by replacing the alkaline batteries with light-weight
Paper
Batteries, without compromising with the power requirement. Moreover, the electrical
hazards related to recharging will be greatly reduced.
• in calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices.
• in wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse, keyboard ,Bluetooth
headsets etc.
• in Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the sides of the PCB can be
used: one for the circuit and the other side (containing the components )would
contain a layer of customized Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-down
transformers and the need of separate power supply unit for most electronic circuits.
In Medical Sciences:
• in Pacemakers for the heart
• in Artificial tissues (using Carbonnanotubes)
• in Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems
• in Biosensors, such as Glucose meters,
Sugar meters, etc.
3. In Automobiles and Aircrafts:
• in Hybrid Car batteries
• in Long Air Flights reducing Refueling
• for Light weight guided missiles
• for powering electronic devices in Satellite
Programs

18. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
One of the major problems bugging the world now is Energy crisis. Every nation
needs energy and everyone needs power. And this problem which disturbs the
developed countries perturbs the developing countries like India to a much greater
extent. Standing at a point in the present where there can’t be a day without power,
Paper Batteries can provide an altogether path-breaking solution to the same. Being
Biodegradable, Light-weight and Nontoxic, flexible paper batteries have potential
adaptability to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid
vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies. But India still
has got a long way to go if it has to be self-dependant for its energy solution.
Literature reflects that Indian researchers have got the scientific astuteness needed
for such revolutionary work. But what hinders their path is the lack of facilities and
funding. Of course, the horizon of inquisitiveness is indefinitely vast and this paper is
just a single step towards this direction.
FUTURE ASPECTS
The black piece of paper can power a small light.
Flexible battery could meet the energy demand of next generation gadgets.
The ambition is to produce reams of paper that could one day power a car.
The paper battery was a glimpse into the future of power storage and it can one day
be used in IC cards, wearable computers .

19. PAPER BATTERY:INDIAN SCENARIO
Unfortunately, not much work has been carried out India, except for a few notable
ones.The work is carried out as a joint research project of the Kalasalingam
University in Krishnankovil, India; the Indian Institute of Technology ,Mumbai; and
IMRAM Tohoku University in Japan, assisted by India’s Department of Science and
Technology. Kalasalingam University’s G. Hirankumar brought optimized cathode
materials (CNT) to Tohoku University’s laboratories for three months of joint
development.Research is ongoing.
REFERENCES
• Pushparaj V. L, Manikoth S. M., Kumar A., Murugesan S., Ci L., Vajtai R., Linhardt
R. J., Nalamasu O., Ajayan P. M.."Flexible Nanocomposite Thin Film Energy Storage
Devices". Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 104, 13574-13577,
2007.. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
• Hu, L. C., J.; Yang, Y.; La Mantia, F.; Jeong, S.; Cui, Y. Highly Conductive Paper
for Energy Storage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.U.S.A. 2009, 106, 21490–21494.
• "Beyond Batteries: Storing Power in a Sheet of Paper". RPI. August 13, 2007.
Retrieved 2008-01-15.
• "Paper battery offers future power". BBC News. August 14, 2007. Retrieved 200801-15
• Katherine Noyes. "Nanotubes Power Paper-Thin Battery". TechNewsWorld.
Retrieved 2010-10
• Ng, S. H. W., J.; Guo, Z. P.; Chen, J.; Wang, G. X.; Liu, H. K. Single Wall Carbon
Nanotube Paper as Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery. Electrochim. Acta 2005, 51, 23–
28.
• Hu, L.; Hecht, D.; Gru¨ ner, G. Carbon Nanotube Thin Films: Fabrications,
Properties, and Applications. Chem. Rev.2010, doi: 10.1021/cr9002962.