The paper battery, developed by researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and Stanford University, is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage device combining carbon nanotubes with cellulose paper, functioning as both a battery and super-capacitor. It offers advantages such as environmental friendliness, lightweight design, rapid charging, and potential for varied applications, including medical devices and electric vehicles. However, challenges remain in scaling production and cost, with commercialization projected to take several decades.

1. PAPER BATTERY
ADHIP SEBIN GEORGE
B090466EE
S8EE

2. INTRODUCTION
 The creation of the Paper Battery drew from a diverse
pool of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials
science, energy storage and chemistry.
 In August 2007, a research team at RENSSELEAR
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE led by Drs. Robert
Linhardt, John H.Broadbent, Pulickel M.Ajayan,
Omkaram Nalamasu with a joint appointment in
Material science and engineering developed the Paper
Battery, also known as Nano Composite Paper.
 In December 2009 Yi Cui and his team at STANFORD
UNIVERSITY successfully made an actual prototype
that gave a terminal voltage of 1.5V

3. BASIC BATTERY CHEMISTRY
A Voltaic Cell

4. NICD BATTERY
 Rechargeable battery using nickel
oxide hydroxide and
metallic Cadmium as electrodes.
 Terminal voltage of 1.2V
 Rugged, high specific
power(150W/kg), long life, light.
 Used in UPS, portable power tools,
photography equipment, flashlights,
emergency lighting, and portable
electronic devices.
 Disadvantages include Memory
effect, Environmental hazards, cost.

5. LI-ION BATTERY
 Constructed using graphite rod,
Lithium cobalt oxide(or Lithium
manganese oxide) as electrodes and
lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)
as electrolyte.
 Nominal cell voltage of 3.6-3.7V
 High specific power(300W/kg),
no memory effect, and only a
slow loss of charge when not in
use,possibility of a range of shape
and size.
 Used in laptops, mobiles, other
consumer electronics.
 However it is expensive, delicate,
has high internal resistance and
safety concerns.

6. PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL
BATTERIES
 Lower specific power compared to fuels
 Weight and size
 High charging time
 Environmental hazards
 Explosion, corrosion, leakage
 High cost
 Terminal voltage constraints

8. PAPER BATTERY
 A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage
and production device formed by combining carbon
nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based
paper.
 The nano materials are a one-dimensional structure with
very small diameters.
 It can be bent and twisted, trimmed with scissors or
molded into any needed shape.
 A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and
super capacitor. This combination allows the battery to
provide both long-term, steady power production and
bursts of energy.
 It is non toxic, environment friendly and is everything
that a conventional battery is not.

9. PRINCIPLE
 The battery produces electricity in the same way as the
conventional lithium-ion batteries, but all the
components have been incorporated into a lightweight,
flexible sheet of paper.
 The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an
infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes.
 The electrolyte and the ions that carry the charge can be
varied depending the use of the battery.
 A conventional Li-ion battery can be incorporated in
cellulose-nanotube composite as shown in the next slide.

10. LI-ION PAPER BATTERY

11.  The Nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as
electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct
electricity.
 The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a
super-capacitor, which stores charge like a battery but
has no liquid electrolyte.
 The paper battery provides a long, steady power output
as against a conventional battery burst of high energy.
 The ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper
is a liquid salt and contains no water, so it won’t freeze
or boil.
 Research is going on around the world to replace this
ionic electrolyte with body fluids, blood, sweat etc.

12. FABRICATION
The materials required for the preparation of paper
battery are:
Copier paper and Carbon nano ink
 1: Carbon nano ink which is black in colour is a
solution of nano rods, surface adhesive agent and
ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on one
side of the paper.
 2: The paper is kept in the oven at 150 degree Celsius.
This evaporates the water content on the paper.
The battery is ready and would provide a terminal
voltage enough to power an LED

17. ADVANTAGES
 Light, rugged, flexible, can be rolled, crunched, cut,
made into any shape.
 The nano composite paper is compatible with a number
of electrolyte, like blood, urine, sweat etc.
 If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500
times the voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut
power by 50%. So we can control the power and voltage
issue.
 Non toxic and hence ca be used to power pacemakers
and RF tags.
 It is very useful where burst of energy is required for
operation like mostly electric vehicles.

18.  The electrolyte contains no water, thus there’s nothing in
the batteries to freeze or evaporate, potentially allowing
operation in extreme temperatures.
 Environment friendly.
 The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an
"electrolyte-permeated gel state,“ which helps ions make
a smooth move, allowing the batteries to charge at
lightning speeds.
(It could charge 10-20 times faster than conventional Li-
ion batteries.)
“Paper Battery Would Be THE Answer To Electrical
Energy Storage Problems.”

19. LIMITATIONS
 Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and
they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to
make it commercially viable.
 Carbon nanotubes are expensive.
 The idea is still in the labs and a commercially viable
paper battery will take at least 40-60 years to become a
reality.
 Researches in nanotechnology to mass produce
nanotubes is promising.

21. APPLICATIONS
 Pace makers (uses blood as electrolyte)
 Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets.
 Devices in space shuttles
 Powered smart cards RF id tags, smart clothes.

22.  Disposable medical devices - Single-use delivery and
diagnostic devices could have Power Paper incorporated
into their construction to allow for sensors and smart
labels.
 Paper battery is set in iontophoresis patch. It helps to
deliver functional drugs, local anesthesia, antichloristic,
anodyne, etc into skin.
 In iontophoresis patch for whitening and wrinkles
 Paper battery could one day power motor vehicles and
aircrafts and replace the conventional fossil fuel based
engines with electric motors.

23. CONCLUSIONS
 The range of possible applications for paper batteries
derives from their important advantages as compared to
conventional battery technologies.
 They can be made in virtually any shape and size to meet
the requirements of each application.
 The batteries are rechargeable, and have reduced cost
and weight which in itself may give birth to new
applications.
 Paper battery could solve all the problems associated
with electrical energy storage.
 However the reality is still very far away, though the
researches are promising.

24. REFERENCES
 Highly Conductive Paper for Energy Storage Devices Yi Cui,
Liangbing Hu, JangWook Choi, Yuan Yang - Aug 2010
 Flexible Nanocomposite Thin Film Energy Storage Devices V. L
Pushparaj, S. M. Manikoth, A. Kumar, S. Murugesan, L. Ci, R. Vajtai,
R. J. Linhardt, O. Nalamasu, P. M. Ajayan. - Sept 2007
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_battery
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)
 http://www.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/papers/87%20paper%20
battery.pdf
 The youtube video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPTcQJPbGHw