The document describes a paper battery, which produces electricity through a chemical reaction between carbon nanotubes embedded in paper and an electrolyte. Paper batteries could provide an alternative to conventional batteries by being lightweight, flexible, and able to be manufactured in various shapes and sizes. However, paper batteries currently only produce low voltages and currents and require further research and development before being commercially viable.

1. Shubham S Nagdeve
2nd year ECE
Kavikulguru Institute of Technology and Science,
Ramtek, Nagpur.

2. Table of Contents
 Introduction
 Problems with conventional batteries
 Principle
 Carbon nanotubes
 Fabrication
 Working
 Advantages
 Limitations
 Applications
 Conclusion
 Reference

3. Introduction
 August 2007
 RENSSELEAR POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
• Drs. Robert Linhardt
• John H.Broadbent
• Pulickel M.Ajayan
• Omkaram Nalamasu
Paper Battery also known as
 Nano Composite Paper

4. Problems with conventional
batteries
• Weight and size
• High charging time
• Explosion, corrosion, leakage
• High cost

5. Principle
 The battery produces electricity in the same way as the
conventional lithium-ion batteries,
 but all the components have been incorporated into a
lightweight,
 flexible sheet of paper.
 The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an
infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes.
 The electrolyte and the ions that carry the charge can be varied
depending the use of the battery.
 A conventional Li-ion battery can be incorporated in cellulose-
nanotube composite as shown in the next slide.

6. Fabrication
 The materials required for the preparation of paper battery
are:
 Copier paper and Carbon nano ink
 1: Carbon nano ink which is black in colour is a
solution of nano rods, surface adhesive agent and
ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on
one side of the paper.
 2: The paper is kept in the oven at 150 degree
Celsius. This evaporates the water content on the
paper.
 The battery is ready and would provide a terminal voltage
enough to power an LED

7. Working
 The battery produces electricity in the same way as the conventional
lithium-ion

 batteries that power so many of today's gadgets, but all the components
have been

 incorporated into a lightweight, flexible sheet of paper.

 The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of
aligned carbon

 nanotubes. The carbon is what gives the batteries their black color.


8. Advantages
 Light, rugged, flexible, can be rolled, crunched, cut, made into any
shape.
 If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500 times the voltage.
If we rip the paper in half we cut power by 50%. So we can control the
power and voltage issue.
 Non toxic and hence ca be used to power pacemakers and RF tags.
 It is very useful where burst of energy is required for operation like
mostly electric vehicles.
 The electrolyte contains no water, thus there’s nothing in the batteries
to freeze or evaporate, potentially allowing operation in extreme
temperatures.
 Environment friendly.
 It could charge 10-20 times faster than conventional Li-ion batteries.

9. Limitations
 Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and
they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size
to make it commercially viable.
 Carbon nanotubes are expensive.
 The idea is still in the labs and a commercially viable
paper battery will take at least 40-60 years to become a
reality.
 Researches in nanotechnology to mass produce
nanotubes is promising.

10. Conclusion
 The range of possible applications for paper batteries
derives from their important advantages as compared to
conventional battery technologies.
 They can be made in virtually any shape and size to meet
the requirements of each application.
 The batteries are rechargeable, and have reduced cost and
weight which in itself may give birth to new applications.
 Paper battery could solve all the problems associated with
electrical energy storage.
 However the reality is still very far away, though the
researches are promising.

11. Applications
 Pace makers (uses blood as electrolyte)
 Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets.
 Devices in space shuttles
 Powered smart cards RF id tags, smart clothes.
 Disposable medical devices - Single-use delivery and diagnostic
devices could have Power Paper incorporated into their
construction to allow for sensors and smart labels.
 Paper battery is set in iontophoresis patch. It helps to deliver
functional drugs, local anesthesia, antichloristic, anodyne, etc
into skin.
 In iontophoresis patch for whitening and wrinkles
 Paper battery could one day power motor vehicles and aircrafts
and replace the conventional fossil fuel based engines with
electric motors.

12. • Electricity is the flow of electrical power or electrons
• Batteries produce electrons through a chemical reaction between
electrolyte and metal in the traditional battery.
• Chemical reaction in the paper battery is between electrolyte and
carbon nanotubes.
• Electrons collect on the negative terminal of the battery and flow
along a connected wire to the positive terminal.
• Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive terminal for
the chemical reaction to continue.

13. • The Nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as electrodes
and allow the storage devices to conduct electricity.
• The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super-
capacitor, which stores charge like a battery but has no liquid
electrolyte.
• The paper battery provides a long, steady power output as
against a conventional battery burst of high energy.
• The ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper is a
liquid salt and contains no water, so it won’t freeze or boil.
• Research is going on around the world to replace this ionic
electrolyte with body fluids, blood, sweat etc.

14. References
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_battery
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)
 http://www.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/papers/8
7%20paper%20battery.pdf

15. Thanks