brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
Bisecting angle vs paralleling technique /orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
Bisecting angle vs paralleling technique /orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
this slide briefs the correct positioning and some error in OPG and lateral cephalometric imaging. It also briefs the importance of correct positioning from the perspective of the maxillofacial surgeon.
Clinical Digital Photography in OrthodonticsMustafa Haddad
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
MSD , MCU 1st Year , 1st Semester
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. Teeth Too Anterior
If the teeth are positioned in front of the notches in the
bitestick (see diagram below left), the anterior teeth
will appear narrower and will be blurred (less sharp
than normal). If the teeth are in front of the notches,
they are closer to the film, resulting in less
magnification horizontally (narrowing). Being out of
the focal trough makes the images less sharp.
5. Teeth Too Posterior
If the teeth are positioned behind the notches in the
bitestick (see diagram below left), the anterior teeth
will appear wider and will be blurred (less sharp than
normal). If the teeth are behind the notches, they are
farther from the film, resulting in more magnification
horizontally (widening). Being out of the focal trough
makes the images less sharp.
8. Head Turned
If the head is turned slightly to the side (not
centered on the bitestick), the structures on
one side will be closer to the film and the
structures on the other side will be farther
from the film. In the diagram below, the head
was turned to the right and the teeth are
closer to the film on that side.
9. Head Turned
The teeth are smaller on the side to which the
head is turned. (When the teeth are closer to the
film, there is less magnification horizontally).
The teeth that are farther from the film are wider
because there is increased magnification
horizontally.
10. Head Turned
In this patient, the molars on the patient’s right side
are noticeably wider than the molars on the
patient’s left. Which way was the head turned?
To the left. Left side closer to film, less magnification.
R L
11. Head Turned
On this film, not only are the teeth wider on one side,
but the ramus is also wider on that side. (The black
arrows are the same length on both sides). Which side
was farthest from the film?
The patient’s right side; farther from the film, more
magnification.
R L
12. Head Turned
In this film, the patient’s head was turned to the
right, resulting in a widening of the teeth and
ramus on the patient’s left side.
R
13. Head Tipped Down
If the head is positioned so that the Frankfort Plane
is inclined downward (see diagram below left), the
mandibular incisors will appear shortened and the
mandible will be V-shaped (Exaggerated smile).
14. Head Tipped Down
Notice how short the mandibular incisors appear.
The rest of the teeth are relatively normal.
R L
16. Head Tipped Up
If the Frankfort Plane is angled upward, the mandible
will be “squared-off” (angle of the mandible
approximately 90 degrees) and the hard palate will be
superimposed over the roots of the maxillary teeth.
May have the appearance of a “reverse” smile.
17. Head Tipped Up
In the film below, the hard palate (red arrows) is
covering the roots of the maxillary teeth. Note
the reverse smile.
R L
18. Head Tipped Up
This film shows the reverse smile and it is
difficult to see the root areas of the maxillary
teeth.
19. Lead Apron
If the lead apron is improperly positioned so that it
is located high on the back of the patient’s neck, it
may block part of the beam and result in a clear
(appears white on the viewbox) area on the film.
Lead apron shadow
20. Lead Apron
The two completely radiopaque areas on the film
below were caused by the lead apron. You can’t
see any anatomy in these areas due to complete
blockage of the x-ray beam by the apron.
R L
21. Lead Apron
The film below shows an extensive white area
caused by the lead apron. Note the black dots
(arrows) that represent the stitching on the
apron. The thyroid collar should never be used
for panoramic radiography since it would
routinely cause this same problem.
R L
22. Cervical Vertebrae (Spine)
If the patient is not standing straight, the cervical
vertebrae may block the x-ray beam as the tubehead
travels behind the patient at an upward angle. This
results in a radiopaque area that extends up through
the middle of the film (arrows below). The teeth/bone
are faintly visible in the radiopaque area (not
completely blocked out as with the lead apron).
23. Cervical Vertebrae (Spine)
This film shows the radiopaque “shadow” caused by
the cervical vertebrae in a patient that is not standing
straight. Note that the edges of this radiopaque area
are not as sharp as those produced by the lead apron;
here the radiopacity blends in with the surrounding
bone.
24. Palatoglossal Air Space
The Palatoglossal Air Space (black area below) is
caused by failure to keep the tongue against the palate
during exposure. This makes it difficult to diagnose
periapical pathology, which also is dark, in the maxillary
area. Many patients have difficulty complying with the
instructions to keep the tongue against the palate
during exposure and this space is often seen. As long
as you instruct the patient, this would not be considered
an error.
25. Palatoglossal Air Space
The arrows in the film below identify the
palatoglossal air space.
R
26. Static Electricity
Static electricity appears as black lines or dots on
the film, often having a tree-branch appearance. It is
caused by removing the film from the box or
cassette too quickly, creating static discharge.
27. Static Electricity
This film shows two major errors, one of which is the
interesting aliigator-like static electricity at the top of
the film. The small black circles at the bottom of the
film are also caused by static. What is the other error
seen on this film?
The film is extremely underexposed. This was
probably caused by placing the film outside the
intensifying screens (not between them) in a flexible
cassette.
R L
28. Failure to Remove Appliances
As part of patient preparation, appliances should be
removed from the mouth. In this patient, the complete
upper denture was left in the mouth. This would not
require a retake, since the acrylic of the denture base
allows x-rays to pass through and the bone is clearly
visible.
R L
29. Failure to Remove Appliances
In this patient, both upper and lower removable partial
dentures were left in the mouth. In this case the metal
frameworks obscure large areas of the teeth and the
film should be retaken.
R L
30. Failure to Remove Tongue Ring
Anything removable in the mouth should be taken out
before exposing a panoramic film. In this patient, a
tongue “ring” was left in place and blocks a couple of
teeth. Does the tongue ring need to be removed for
periapical films?
No. The tongue ring would be behind the film and would
not cause a problem, assuming normal film placement.
R L
31. Glasses
Glasses should routinely be removed for panoramic
exposures. The bottom part of the frame/lenses may
obscure the periapical area of the maxillary anterior
teeth. What other error is evident on this film?
The head is tipped up too much. Notice the reverse
smile and the proximity of the hard palate to the roots
of the maxillary teeth.
R L
32. Patient Movement
It is important for the patient to remain still during
a panoramic exposure. This film shows excessive
patient movement (unknown cause) and must be
retaken.
R L
33. Patient Movement
This film shows much more subtle movement
(arrow), resulting in an uneven inferior border of
the mandible. This might be misinterpreted as
being the result of a fracture.
R
34. Double Exposure
It is preferable to process films immediately after
exposure. If cassettes are laid aside for later
processing, the operator may inadvertently pick up a
cassette that has already been exposed and use it
again. This results in a double exposure as seen below.
What other error is evident on this film?
Static electricity at the bottom of the film.
R
35. Incorrect Exposure Settings
If incorrect exposure factors are selected for a
patient (kVp, mA), a film that is too light
(underexposed) or too dark (over-exposed) may
result. The film would normally be retaken.
overexposure underexposure