The document provides instructions for the paralleling technique for dental radiography. It describes how to position the patient and place intraoral films parallel to the long axis of the teeth using specialized positioning instruments. The paralleling technique aims to minimize distortion and standardize film positioning but can be less comfortable for patients compared to other techniques. Specific instructions are provided for commonly taken radiographs of different regions like maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, and premolars.
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IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
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FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
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DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
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Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
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Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
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Presented By Dr. MUSTAFA HADDAD
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Paralleling and bisecting radiographic techniquesDr. Ritu Gupta
this is the seminar for Undergraduate students consisting of initial paralellelig and bisecting radiographic techniques, history, types, size, extraoral films, technical errors, radiographic examination in special children
Radiology in Pediatric Dental Patient.pptxRockstarking1
benefits of using radiology in pediatric dentistry outweigh the risks. Radiographs are a valuable diagnostic tool that can help to improve the oral health of children.
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As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
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Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
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From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Create a Seamless Viewing Experience with Your Own Custom OTT Player.pdfGenny Knight
As the popularity of online streaming continues to rise, the significance of providing outstanding viewing experiences cannot be emphasized enough. Tailored OTT players present a robust solution for service providers aiming to enhance their offerings and engage audiences in a competitive market. Through embracing customization, companies can craft immersive, individualized experiences that effectively hold viewers' attention, entertain them, and encourage repeat usage.
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
240529_Teleprotection Global Market Report 2024.pdfMadhura TBRC
The teleprotection market size has grown
exponentially in recent years. It will grow from
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compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.2%. The
teleprotection market size is expected to see
exponential growth in the next few years. It will grow
to $70.77 billion in 2028 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 26.0%.
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Reimagining Classics - What Makes a Remake a Success
Paralleling technique
1. Paralleling Technique
The following slides describe the
Paralleling Technique.
In navigating through the slides, you should click
on the left mouse button when you see the
mouse holding an x-ray tubehead or you are
done reading a slide. Hitting “Enter” or “Page
Down” will also work. To go back to the previous
slide, hit “backspace” or “page up”.
2. Patient Preparation
Prior to starting to take films, the patient must
be positioned properly. Seat the patient and ask
them to remove their glasses and any removable
appliances. Adjust the headrest to support the
head while taking films. Raise or lower the chair
to a comfortable height for the operator. Place
the lead apron and thyroid collar on the patient.
You are now ready to begin taking films.
It is a good idea to inform the patient about the
number of films you will be taking so they know
what to expect.
3. In the paralleling technique, the film is placed in the
mouth so that the long axis of the film is parallel with
the long axis of the teeth being radiographed. A
paralleling instrument with an aiming ring is normally
used to orient the film, teeth and ring in a parallel
relationship. When the x-ray beam is aligned with the
ring, the x-ray beam will be perpendicular (right
angle) to the teeth and the film.
y
- ra
X
eam
b
Film/tooth/ring all parallel
X-ray beam perpendicular to tooth/film
4. Paralleling Technique (Advantages)
There are two techniques for taking periapical films, the
paralleling and the bisecting angle techniques. When
comparing the two techniques, the advantages of the
paralleling technique are:
1. Better dimensional accuracy: the paralleling
technique results in less distortion of the image of
the teeth. (The shape of the teeth and the
relationship of the teeth to surrounding structures
is more accurate).
2. When using the paralleling instrument with the
aiming ring, the alignment of the x-ray beam is
simplified.
(continued next slide)
5. Paralleling Technique (Advantages)
3. It is easier to standardize films. Because you are
using the positioning instrument, it is easier to
position the film in approximately the same
position at different appointments. This can be
helpful if you are trying to compare the
appearance of a periapical lesion from one visit
to the next.
4. Head position is not as critical. Because of the
paralleling instrument, with its aiming ring, it is
easy to properly align the x-ray beam no matter
how the head is positioned.
6. When the long axis of the film is parallel with the
long axis of the tooth, the image of the tooth on
the film looks the same as the tooth itself (no
distortion). The image will be slightly larger than
the actual tooth (magnification), but the shape is
the same.
7. Paralleling Technique (Disadvantages)
When comparing the paralleling and bisecting
angle techniques, the paralleling technique is:
1. Less comfortable. Because the film is
usually more upright when using the
paralleling technique, it impinges more on
the palate or floor of the mouth, thus making
it more uncomfortable.
2. More limited by the anatomy of the patient’s
mouth. A shallow palate or floor of the mouth
makes it harder to position the film using the
paralleling technique.
8. Paralleling Film Placement
As mentioned previously, the film is placed in the
mouth so that the long axis of the film is parallel with
the long axis of the teeth. Since all teeth are inclined
toward the middle of the head (not straight up and
down), the film will be slightly angled in the mouth
(see below left). If the film is maintained in an upright
position (below right), the patient will not be able to
close on the biteblock and the film will not be parallel.
correct
incorrect
10. Paralleling Film Placement
Because the palate and
floor of the mouth are
shallower as you approach
the lingual of the teeth, the
film often cannot be
positioned properly close to
the teeth.
As a result, the film must be
positioned away from the
teeth (farther back in the
mouth) to achieve parallelism.
11. Because the film is farther from the teeth, there will
be increased magnification (larger size) and
decreased sharpness (less detail). To compensate
for this, the target-film distance should be
increased (the target is where the x-rays are
produced).
size of image at 8” target-film distance
Target
16”
Target
8”
size of image at 16” target-film distance
12. The target-film distance is increased by using a longer
PID, using a machine with a recessed target (opposite
side of the tubehead from the PID) or a combination.
The medium PID with a recessed target is a good
compromise. The disadvantage to increasing the PID
length is that the exposure time must be increased. If
you change from an 8” target-film distance to a 16”
target-film distance (double the distance) the
exposure time will be four times as much (see Inverse
Square Law).
Long PID
Short PID
Recessed target
Medium PID
Recessed target
13. Paralleling Technique
Head Position
As mentioned previously, head position is not as
important when using the paralleling technique.
However, in general it is best to position the head
in an upright position so that the maxillary arch is
parallel to the floor.
Best
OK
OK
14. Paralleling Technique
Film Selection for Adults
The # 1 size film is used for anterior periapical films
using the paralleling technique. The long axis of the
film is vertical. For posterior films, # 2 size film is
used with the long axis horizontal.
#1
anterior
#2
posterior
15. Paralleling Technique
Film Selection for Children
For children with small mouths, the # 0 size film is
used for both anterior and posterior periapical
films. However, if the child’s mouth is large
enough to reasonably accommodate the larger
size films (# 1 anterior, # 2 posterior), and the child
is cooperative, they should be used.
#0
anterior
#0
posterior
16. Rinn Paralleling Instruments
The Rinn paralleling instruments are used at the Ohio
State University College of Dentistry. They are colorcoded, with yellow being the posterior instrument and
blue being the anterior instrument. The metal bar
connects to the side of the biteblock and the ring
slides on the bar.
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
17. The film is placed in the biteblock so that the all-white
side of the film packet faces the teeth and, by
extension, the ring. (The colored portion of the film is
against the back support of the biteblock). When you
look down through the ring, you should see the allwhite side of the film packet centered in the opening.
opposite
side
toward tube
front
back
18. Anterior Periapical
For the anterior periapical, the # 1 size film is placed
vertically in the biteblock. The film is rotated so the
identifying black dot is down; this end of the film goes into
the slot of the biteblock (dot-in-the-slot). Push the film
back against the biteblock support and slide it down into
the slot.
dot
F E Speed
1-Film
Kodak
INSIGHT
Dental Film
colored side of film
white side of film
slot
long axis vertical
white side facing teeth/ring
19. Posterior Periapical
For the posterior periapical, the # 2 size film is placed
horizontally in the biteblock. The film is rotated so the
identifying dot (faint embossed circle) is down; this side of
the film goes into the slot of the biteblock (dot-in-the-slot).
Push the film back against the biteblock support and slide
it down into the slot.
dot
OPPOSITE
SIDE
TOWARD TUBE
KODAK
INSIGHT
1- FILM F E
colored side of film
long axis horizontal
white side
of film
slot
white side facing teeth/ring
20. General Technique Guidelines
For all periapical films, the teeth being radiographed
must be in contact with the biteblock to avoid not having
the apices of the teeth on the film (see errors section of
slide show). Make sure patient doesn’t just close lips
tight around biteblock; have them part their lips so you
can confirm the contact.
correct
incorrect
21. General Technique Guidelines
As shown above, cotton rolls may be used in any area
of the mouth to help support the biteblock, especially
if an edentulous region or uneven teeth oppose the
teeth being radiographed. Using a cotton roll also
makes it more comfortable for the patient to bite in
some situations. The cotton roll should be placed
against the arch opposite the one being radiographed.
22. General Technique Guidelines
If a patient has a partial denture or a complete
denture in one of the arches, the appliance can
be used to help support the biteblock when the
patient closes. This is normally preferable to
using cotton rolls. Make sure that the denture is
only used in the arch opposite to the one being
radiographed. Partial dentures can not be left in
the arch being radiographed because the metal
framework will be superimposed over the images
of the teeth (see “Errors”).
23. General Technique Guidelines
After the patient is biting on the biteblock, and before
aligning the PID, the ring needs to be moved closer to
the patient’s face. While supporting the bar with the
fingers of one hand, slide the ring down close to the
face with the other hand.
25. General Technique Guidelines
The PID should be aligned with the ring so that the end
of the PID is equidistant from the ring and within ¼” of
the ring. The PID doesn’t have to touch the ring and the
placement doesn’t have to be perfect. Don’t spend
excessive time making adjustments when aligning the
PID. (Remember: the paralleling technique is not very
comfortable and the patient won’t appreciate any delays
in exposing the film).
PID
Correct
PID
PID
Incorrect
Incorrect
(not equidistant)
(not close enough)
26. Maxillary Central-lateral
The film is centered on the contact between the central and
lateral incisors. Make sure the mesial edge of the film
crosses the midline slightly (into the opposite central
incisor), to insure getting all of the central incisor crown on
the film. The film should be placed well back in the mouth,
away from the teeth, where the palatal vault is the highest.
27. Maxillary Central-lateral
This is a typical maxillary central-lateral periapical
film. Both the crowns and roots of the central and
lateral incisors (#’s 9 and 10 in this film) are
completely visible.
28. Maxillary Central-lateral
Although we routinely use the # 1
size film in the anterior region
because it is easier to place in
the mouth due to its narrower
width, it is also possible to use
the # 2 size film (for all anterior
projections). However, when the
# 2 size film is used for the
maxillary incisors, it is usually
centered on the midline, allowing
you to image all four incisors on
one film (the film at right is
slightly cropped, cutting off the
distal of the laterals).
29. Maxillary Canine
The film is centered on the canine. The film should
be placed well back in the mouth, away from the
teeth, where the palatal vault is the highest.
30. Maxillary Canine
Make sure the long axis of the film stays in line
with the long axis of the tooth when the patient
closes. If the film tips, place a cotton roll between
the biteblock and the mandibular teeth to keep
the film aligned with the canine.
31. Maxillary Canine
This is a typical maxillary canine
film (tooth # 11). Note the
overlap* (red arrow) between
canine and first premolar. This is
usually not avoidable in the
maxillary canine region using the
paralleling technique.
*overlap refers to the superimposition
of part of one tooth over a part of the
adjacent tooth. In this film, the mesial
of tooth # 12 is “overlapping” the
distal of # 11.
32. All Posterior Films
The film should be equidistant from the teeth in an
anterior-posterior direction (the distance from the
front edge of the film to the lingual surface of the
teeth should be the same as the distance from the
back edge of the film to the lingual surface of the
teeth, indicated by red arrows below). The film
should be positioned in this manner for both the
premolar and molar radiographs. This helps to avoid
overlap (see errors).
correct molar
premolar
incorrect
(results in overlap)
33. Maxillary Premolar
The film is positioned so that the anterior edge
is at least in the middle of the canine, or more
anterior if possible. The film is approximately
centered on the 2nd premolar. The top edge of
film is approximately in the center of the palate
(side-to-side).
34. Maxillary Premolar
The premolar film below shows the first and
second premolars and the first molar completely;
a portion of the second molar is also seen.
35. Maxillary Molar
The film is centered on the second molar. The top
edge of the film is in the center of the palate (sideto-side). The film should be centered on the second
molar even if the third molars are not present in
order to identify impactions, root tips or other
pathology that might be present in the third molar
region.
36. Maxillary Molar
The molar film below shows the first and second
molars and the third molar region (the third
molar has been extracted). The maxillary
tuberosity (red arrow) is easily identifiable.
37. Some patients may have a maxillary torus, which is a
bony growth in the center of the palate. If a palatal
torus is present, place the film so that the top edge is
on the opposite side of the torus (away from the teeth
being radiographed). The film should not rest on the
torus. (See diagram below).
palatal torus
38. Some patients, especially larger individuals, will have longer
than normal teeth. With the normal positioning of the film and
alignment of the beam, the apices of the teeth will be above
the edge of the film (not visible or “cut off”) as seen in the
film below. To compensate for this, increase the angle of the
beam and raise the PID slightly (illustration below right). You
are purposely foreshortening the image. You will not know
the teeth are longer from just looking at the patient, but if you
have taken previous films, or you get films from another
dentist, you can identify the need to alter your technique.
top edge of PID above ring
39. Mandibular Incisor
The film is centered on the contact between the central
incisors (midline). The film should be placed back in the
mouth, away from the teeth, as much as possible. The
bottom edge of the film is placed under the tongue and
as the film is uprighted into a parallel position, the
tongue is pushed back slightly.
40. For all mandibular
films, do not force
the film down into
the floor of the
mouth trying to get
the biteblock to
contact the occlusal
surface of the
mandibular teeth.
Position the film in a
parallel relationship
and let the patient
guide the film into
place as they close
their mouth. Have
the patient bite
slowly and gently.
41. Mandibular Incisor
The incisor film below shows all four mandibular
incisors. The distal aspects of the lateral incisors
are often cut off but you can see these areas on
the canine films. All four roots are clearly visible.
42. Mandibular Canine
The film is centered on the canine. The film should be
placed back in the mouth, away from the teeth, as much
as possible. The bottom edge of the film is placed under
the tongue and as the film is uprighted into a parallel
position, the tongue is pushed back slightly.
43. Mandibular Canine
This canine film shows the mandibular canine (#
22) and most of the lateral incisor and first
premolar.
44. Mandibular Premolar
The anterior edge of the film is positioned at least in the
middle of the canine, or more anterior if possible. The film
is approximately centered on the 2nd premolar. The film
should be placed more toward the middle of the mouth,
away from the teeth. This will be more comfortable for the
patient. However, this is usually the most uncomfortable
film taken on a patient using the paralleling technique.
45. Mandibular Premolar
This premolar film shows the mandibular first
and second premolars, the first molar and part of
the second molar.
46. Mandibular Molar
The film is centered on the 2nd molar. The film can be
placed closer to the teeth than in the premolar region.
This film is more comfortable than the premolar film
because the floor of the mouth is deeper in this region.
47. Mandibular Molar
This mandibular molar film shows the first and
second molars and the third molar region (the
third molar was extracted).
48. Some patients may have bilateral mandibular tori,
which are bony growths on the lingual of the mandible
in the premolar region. If tori are present, place the
film so that it is between the torus and the tongue.
Make sure the film doesn’t rest on top of the torus.
(See diagram below).
mandibular torus
49. Patients with longer teeth will also require an alteration in
technique in the mandibular arch. Increase the angle of the
beam (increase the negative vertical angulation, e.g., change
from - 20 degrees to - 35 degrees) and lower the PID slightly
(illustration below right). You are purposely foreshortening
the image.
50. Adult full-mouth series, Paralleling Technique
An adult full-mouth series of films consists of 15
periapical films; 7 anterior (from canine to canine,
4 maxillary and 3 mandibular) and 8 posterior
(premolar and molar films in each quadrant).
#2
R
#1
#2
L
51. Anterior First
When taking films on a patient, you should always
start with the anterior films. If you are doing a full
series, start with the maxillary canine film and
then finish all the anterior films, both maxillary
and mandibular. Then complete the posterior
films, starting with the premolar, then molar, in
each quadrant. When doing only a few films on a
patient, start with the most anterior film and work
your way back in the mouth. This sequence of
taking films allows the patient to get used to the
procedure with a minimum of discomfort and
helps to avoid stimulation of the gag reflex.
52. Paralleling Technique Errors
The following slides identify some of the most
common errors seen when using the paralleling
technique.
53. Film Placement
Poor film placement is the most common error seen
when using the paralleling technique. This usually
involves incorrect anterior-posterior positioning. The
premolar film is often not far enough forward and the
molar film is frequently not far enough back. The
premolar film below is placed properly. The molar film,
however, is too far forward, failing to image the third
molar region.
Premolar - OK
Molar - too anterior
54. Film Placement
In the anterior region, failure to properly center the film
is a common error. In the film below, the mesial of the
central incisor is not visible because the film was
positioned too far back. For the central-lateral film, the
film must cross the midline slightly in order to insure
that all of the central incisor will be seen.
55. Film Placement
If the patient is not completely closed and biting on the
biteblock (photo below), the top of the film will not be
positioned to show the ends of the roots (below right).
Usually the patient will tighten their lips around the
biteblock when this occurs; ask the patient to part
his/her lips so that you can make sure they are biting
properly.
roots cut off
56. Cone Cutting
Cone cutting occurs when part of the film is not covered
by the x-ray beam. It results in a white (clear) area on
the film because no silver halide crystals were exposed
and were not converted to black metallic silver during
processing. Using the paralleling instrument, it is very
easy to align the beam with the film. However, if the
instrument is not assembled properly (ring upside
down; see diagram below), cone-cutting will result.
correct
incorrect
57. Reversed Film
If the film is placed in the biteblock so that the colored
portion of the film packet faces the ring/teeth, the lead
foil in the packet will be between the teeth and the
film. The pattern imprinted on the lead foil will be
visible on the film (right side of film below) and the
film will be lighter because the lead keeps some of the
x-rays from reaching the film.
58. Double exposure
When taking films, you should always place each film in a
container or paper bag immediately after it is exposed.
Exposed films should never be placed in the same area
where unexposed films are located. If you inadvertently
pick up an exposed film and use it for another exposure,
the result is a double exposure. Two different areas of
the mouth are superimposed, making the images
worthless. This is the worst error because two films have
to be retaken.
The film at left shows
images of mandibular
incisors and mandibular
molars. The film was
vertical for the incisors and
horizontal for the molars.
59. Patient Movement
If the patient moves slightly during the exposure
of the radiograph, the image will be blurred as in
the film below. Always advise the patient to
remain still for the very short time it takes to
complete the exposure.
60. Overlap
As mentioned previously, the film must be kept
equidistant from the teeth when taking posterior
radiographs. If the film is not placed properly, as in the
diagram below left, overlapping will result due to the
improper horizontal angulation. Overlap is the
superimposition of part of one tooth with part of the
adjacent tooth (dotted circles below right). The red
arrow represents the direction of the x-ray beam.
62. Incorrect Exposure Factors
The standard exposure settings on your x-ray machine
will be acceptable for the majority of your patients.
However, if you are taking radiographs on a child you
would need to decrease the settings. If your patient is
very large, you would need to increase the settings.
Underexposure results when the exposure factors are
set too low for the patient size. Overexposure results
when the exposure factors are set too high.
underexposure
correct exposure
overexposure
63. Glasses
It is recommended that glasses be removed before
taking radiographs, even if they are not expected to be
a problem (mandibular films or bitewing radiographs).
If the glasses are left on, they may be in the path of the
x-ray beam when taking maxillary films and produce
an image on the film (see below).
glasses
64. Failure to Remove Appliances
Removable partial dentures, as the name suggests,
should be removed prior to taking films. If the RPD is
left in place in the arch being radiographed, the image
of the RPD will obscure the necessary diagnostic
information. However, an RPD may be left in the mouth
in the arch opposite the one being radiographed in
order to support the biteblock. This is more effective
than using cotton rolls in the edentulous regions.
65. Film Bending
If you “soften” the film excessively by bending the
edges before placing the film in the biteblock, black
lines may be produced due to disruption of the
emulsion in the areas where the film was bent. These
black lines can also be caused by bending the film
when inserting it into the slot of the biteblock. If you
just push down on the film without pushing back on
the biteblock support, this bending may occur.
66. “Digit”al Image
Make sure the patient is biting firmly on the
biteblock before aligning the tubehead. Do not
allow the patient to hold the instrument in
position. If this happens, the patient’s finger may
appear on the film (red arrows on film below).
67. This concludes the section on Paralleling
Technique.
Additional self-study modules are available
at: http://dent.osu.edu/radiology/resources.htm
If you have any questions, you may e-mail
me at: jaynes.1@osu.edu
Robert M. Jaynes, DDS, MS
Director, Radiology Group
College of Dentistry
Ohio State University