The trigeminal nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. It has both sensory and motor components. The sensory component supplies sensation to the face while the motor component innervates the muscles of mastication. It exists the skull through three divisions - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. Each division further branches to supply specific regions of the face. The trigeminal ganglion contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers and is located in the posterior cranial fossa.

1. TRIGEMINAL NERVE
MODERATOR : Dr Gaurav
PRESENTED BY: Dr Md Mahbubul Hoda

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• TRIGEMINAL NERVE
• EMBRYOLOGY
• TRIGEMINAL GANGLION
• DIVISIONS
• BRANCHES
• GANGLIONS ASSOCIATED
• APPLIED ANATOMY
• REFERENCES

3. TRIGEMINAL NERVE
• The name TRIGEMINAL was given by “WINSLOW”
• It is the fifth cranial nerve.
• It is the largest and one of the most complex cranial nerves.
• It consists of two roots : a) sensory b) motor

4. • The sensory component supplies the skin of the entire face and the
mucous membrane of the cranial viscera, except for the pharynx and
the base of the tongue
• The motor component supplies the muscles of mastication (masseter,
temporalis, lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid), muscle of ear
(tensor tympani), muscle of soft palate (tensor veli palatini), mylohoid
muscle and anterior belly of digastric.

5. EMBRYOLOGY
• The Trigeminal nerve arises from nuclei located in the brain stem.
• The sensory nucleus arises from metencephalon and myelencephalon
but are later displaced partially in mesencephalon.
• The motor nucleus arise from metencephalon and stays there.

7. • The Trigeminal nerve is related to four nucleus:
1.Mesencephalic nucleus
2.Main Sensory nucleus
3.Spinal nucleus
4.Motor nucleus

8. • The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial
nerve nuclei and extend through whole of the brainstem.
• The nucleus is divided in three parts:
a) Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
b) Principal pontine nucleus
c) Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve

10. • The mesencephalic nucleus is involved with proprioception. Neurons of this
nucleus cells receiving proprioceptive information from the jaw and send
projections to the trigeminal nucleus to mediate jaw reflexes.
• The principal pontine nucleus receives information about discriminative
sensation and light touch of the face.
• The spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve receives information about touch,
pain, temperature and vibration.

11. PATHWAY
• The sensory root of trigeminal root enters into the trigeminal nuclei
• The trigeminal tract enter into the ventral posterior medial nucleus of
thalamus.
• These fibres which go upward and enter into the thalamus is known
as TRIGEMINAL LEMINISCUS or TRIGEMINO THALAMIC TRACT.

13. TRIGEMINAL GANGLION
• Trigeminal ganglion is also known as semilunar ganglion or gasserian
ganglion and is cresentric in shape.
• It is convex anterolaterally and concave posteromedially.
• It lies in posterior most part of middle cranial fossa (Meckel’s cave or
cavum trigeminale).
• It lies in a bony fossa at the apex of petrous part of temporal bone on
the floor of middle cranial fossa just lateral to posterior part of lateral
wall of cavernous sinus

15. DIVISION
• It has three division :-
a) V1 - Ophthalmic division
b) V2 - Maxillary division
c) V3 - Mandibular division
• The ophthalmic division enters orbital cavity through superior orbital
fissure.
• The maxillary division exits from cranial cavity through foramen rotundum.
• The mandibular division passes through foramen ovale.

16. • The trigeminal ganglion arises from sensory root which is connected
to lateral part of mid pons of brain
• The motor root also comes from lateral part of mid pons of brain and
leaves cranial cavity with mandibular division through foramen ovale.

18. BRANCHES

19. OPHTHALMIC NERVE
• The ophthalmic nerve or first division of the trigeminal is a sensory
nerve.
• It is the smallest of the 3 divisions of trigeminal nerve.
• It arises from the anteromedial part of trigeminal ganglion.
• Its about 2.5cm in length and passes forward along the lateral wall of
cavernous sinus, below the occulomotor and trochlear nerve

20. • Finally it enters the orbit through superior orbital fissure and divides
into three branches
1. Lacrimal
2. Frontal
3. Nasociliary

21. I) LACRIMAL NERVE
II) FRONTAL NERVE
A. Supraorbital nerve.
B. Supratrochlear nerve.
III) NASOCILIARY NERVE
A. Branches in the orbit
1. Short ciliary nerves.
2. Long ciliary nerves.
3. Posterior ethmoid nerve.
4. Anterior ethmoid nerve.
a) Internal nasal branches
b) External nasal branches
B. Branches arising in the nasal cavity
C. Terminal branches of the ophthalmic division on the face

23. LACRIMAL NERVE
• It is the smallest branch of ophthalmic division.
• Enter the orbit through lateral part of superior orbital fissure.
• Runs in anterior direction with the lacrimal artery.
• Enters the lacrimal gland, supplying it and the adjoining conjunctiva
and then pierces the orbital septum and end in the upper eyelid.

24. FRONTAL NERVE
• Largest branch of ophthalmic.
• Enters the orbit - superior orbital fissure and runs forward between
the Levator palpebrae superioris and the periosteum.
• Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two
branches:
1. Supratrochlear Nerve
2. Supraorbital nerve

25. SUPRATROCHLEAR NERVE
• Smaller of the two - passes above the superior Oblique muscle and
gives off a descending filament to join the infratrochlear branch of the
nasociliary nerve.
• Escapes from the orbit between the superior oblique and the
supraorbital foramen.
• Supplies - skin of the lower part of the forehead close to the middle
line and sends filament to the conjunctiva and skin of the upper
eyelid.

26. SUPRAORBITAL NERVE
• Proceeds between the levator palpebral superioris and the orbital
roof and traverses the supra orbital foramen
• Then it ascends up to the forehead and ends in two branches : the
medial branch and the lateral branch.
• It supply the skin of the upper eyelid and lower medial portion of the
forehead.

29. NASOCILIARY NERVE
• It originates from ophthalmic nerve in the anterior part of cavernous
sinus.
• It enters the orbit through superior orbital fissure.
• Branches of the nasociliary nerve are divided into those:
1.Branches in the orbit.
2.Branches in the nasal cavity
3.Branches on the face

30. BRANCHES IN ORBIT
1.Short ciliary nerve.
- pass through the ganglion without synapsing.
- continue to the eyeball.
2.Long ciliary nerve.
-branches are 2-3 in Nos.
-iris and cornea.
3.Posterior ethmoid nerve.
- This nerve enters the posterior ethmoidal canal.
- Supply to ethmoidal & sphenoidal sinuses.
4.Anterior ethmoid nerve.
- supply the frontal sinus.
- divides into internal and external nasal branches.
- Internal nasal:-septal branch and lateral branch.
- External nasal:-ala of nose and tip of nose.

31. BRANCHES IN NASAL CAVITY
• Supplies the mucous membrane lining the cavity.
BRANCHES ON FACE
• Skin of medial parts of both eyelids, the lacrimal sac and lacrimal
caruncle and side of bridge of nose

34. APPLIED ANATOMY
• Superior orbital fissure syndrome
1. Ophthalmoplegia
2. Pupillary constriction
3. Enopthalmos
4. Ptosis of eyelid

36. MAXILLARY NERVE
• It is the second division of trigeminal nerve.
• It is a purely sensory nerve.
• It is intermediate both in position and size between the ophthalmic and
mandibular nerve.
• It originates from the middle of the semilunar ganglion and continues forward
in the lateral part of cavernous sinus, it then passes through the foramen
rotundum.

37. • Through which it takes the cranial fossa and enters the
pterygopalatine fossa.
• It enters the inferior orbital fissure to pass into the orbital cavity, here
it turns laterally in a groove on the orbital surface of the maxilla called
the infraorbital groove, continues forwards, the second division
emerges on the anterior surface of the maxilla through the
infraorbital where it divides.
• It then divides into branches which spread out upon the side of the
nose, lower eyelid and the upper lip.

40. BRANCHES OF MAXILLARY NERVE
• It is divided into four groups, as they are given off:
1. Middle Cranial Fossa
2. Pterygopalatine Fossa
3. Infraorbital Canal and Groove
4. On the Face

41. MIDDLE CRANIUM FOSSA
MIDDLE MENINGEAL NERVE
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
ZYGOMATIC
SPHENOPLATINE
POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR
INFRAORBITAL CANAL ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR
MIDDLE SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR
ON THE FACE INFERIOR PALPERBAL
EXTERNAL NASAL
SUPERIOR LABIAL

42. 1) BRANCHES GIVEN OFF IN THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
1. Middle Meningeal nerve
2) BRANCHES IN THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
A. ZYGOMATIC NERVE
1. Zygomaticofacial nerve
2. Zygomaticotemporal nerve
B. PETERYGOPALATINE (SPHENOPALATINE) NERVES
1. Orbital Branches (from Inferior orbital fissure)
2. Nasal branches
a) Posterior superior lateral nasal branches
b) Medial or septal branches
3. Palatine branches
a) Greater or anterior palatine nerve
b) Middle palatine nerve.
c) Posterior palatine fibers.
4. Pharyngeal branch
C. POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR BRANCHES

43. 3) BRANCHES IN THE INFRAORBITAL GROOVE AND CANAL
1. Middle superior alveolar nerve.
2. Anterior superior alveolar nerve.
4) BRANCHES ON THE FACE
1. Inferior palpebral branches
2. Lateral nasal branches
3. Superior labial branches

45. A. Zygomaticotemporal
B. Zygomaticofacial
C. Post. Sup. Alveolar Branch
D. Nasopalatine
E. Greater Palatine
F. Lesser Palatine
G. Mid. & Ant. Alveolar Branch
H. Infraorbital

46. MIDDLE MENINGEAL NERVE:
• It is given off from the maxillary nerve directly after its origin from the
semilunar ganglion.
• It accompanies the middle meningeal artery and supplies the dura
mater.
ZYGOMATIC NERVE:
• It arises from pterygopalatine fossa.
• Enters the orbit through inferior orbital fissure and then divides into
two branches
1.Zygomaticotemporal
2.Zygomaticofacial

47. ZYGOMATICO-TEMPORAL BRANCH:
• It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic
bone.
• It receives communication from the lacrimal and passing through a
foramen in the Zygomatic bone it enters the temporal fossa.
• Ascends between the bone and substance of the Temporalis muscle
and pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm above the Zygomatic
arch and then get distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead
and communicates with the facial nerve

48. ZYGOMATICO-FACIAL BRANCH:
• Passes along the inferio-lateral angle of the orbit.
• Emerges from the face through a foramen in the Zygomatic bone.
• Perforating the Orbicularis oculi it supplies to the skin on the
prominence of the cheek.
SPHENOPALATINE BRANCHES:
• Two in number.
• Descend to the sphenopalatine ganglion.

49. • These nerves are then distributed into
1. Orbital branches
2. Nasal branches
posterior superior lateral nasal branch
medial or septal branch
3.Palatine branches
greater palatine nerve
middle palatine nerve
posterior palatine nerve
4.Pharyngeal branches

50. ORBITAL BRANCH:
• Two or three delicate filaments which enter the orbit by the inferior orbital
fissure and supply the periosteum
NASAL BRANCH
POSTERIOR SUPERIOR LATERAL NASAL BRANCHES:
• Distributed to the septum and lateral wall of the nasal fossa.
• It enters the posterior part of the nasal cavity by the sphenopalatine foramen
• It supply the mucous membrane covering the superior and middle nasal
conchae, the lining of the posterior ethmoidal cells and the posterior part of
the septum

51. MEDIAL OR SEPTAL BRANCH
• It supplies the posterior part of roof and septum.
• One of the nerve which is longer and larger than others is known as
NASOPALATINE NERVE
• It enters the nasal cavity through sphenopalatine foramen to reach
the septum and then descends to the roof of the mouth through the
incisive canal where it communicates with the corresponding nerve
of the opposite side and with the anterior palatine nerve.

52. PALATINE NERVES:
• Distributed to the roof of the mouth, soft palate, tonsil, and lining
membrane of the nasal cavity.
• Most of their fibers are derived from sphenopalatine branches of the
maxillary nerve.
• They are three in number : a) Greater palatine
b) Middle palatine
c) posterior palatine

53. GREATER PALATINE NERVE
• This nerve emerges on the hard palate by passing through greater
palatine foramen and courses in an anterior direction between the
osseous hard palate and mucoperiosteum to supply the major part of
hard palate and palatine gingiva
• It extends as far as forward as the premaxillary palatine mucosa
which is also supplied by terminal branches of nasopalatine nerve

54. MIDDLE PALATINE NERVE:
• Emerges through one of the minor palatine canals and distributes
branches to the uvula, tonsil, and soft palate
POSTERIOR PALATINE NERVES:
• Descends through pterygopalatine canal and emerges by a separate
opening behind the greater palatine foramen.
• It supplies to the soft palate, tonsil, and uvula.

55. PHARYNGEAL NERVE:
• It is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the ganglion.
• It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of
the internal maxillary artery and then get distributed to the mucous
membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube

56. POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE:
• It arises from the trunk of the nerve just before it enters the infraorbital
groove.
• Descends into the tuberosity of the maxilla and then give off several twigs
to the gums and mucous membrane of the cheek.
• Then it enters the posterior alveolar canals on the infratemporal surface of
the maxilla and communicate with the middle superior alveolar nerve and
give off branches to the lining membrane of the maxillary sinus and three
twigs to each molar tooth

57. MIDDLE SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE:
• It is given off from the nerve in the posterior part of the infraorbital canal.
• It runs and forward in a canal and enter the lateral wall of the maxillary
sinus to supply the two premolar teeth.
• It forms the superior dental plexus with the anterior and posterior superior
alveolar branches.
ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE:
• It is given off from the nerve just before its exits from the infraorbital
foramen.
• It descends in a canal in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and divides
into branches which supply the incisor and canine teeth.

58. • It then communicates with middle superior alveolar branch and gives off a
nasal branch which passes through a minute canal in the lateral wall of the
inferior meatus.
• It supplies the Mucous membrane of the anterior part of the inferior meatus
and floor of the nasal cavity.
INFERIOR PALPEBRAL BRANCH:
• It ascends behind the Orbicularis oculi.
• It supplies the skin and conjunctiva of the lower eyelid.
• Join at the lateral angle of the orbit with the facial and zygomaticofacial
nerves.

59. EXTERNAL NASAL BRANCHES:
• It supplies the skin of the side of the nose and join with the terminal twigs
of the nasociliary nerve.
SUPERIOR LABIAL BRANCHES:
• The largest and most numerous.
• It descends behind the Quadratus labii superioris.
• Distributed over the skin of the upper lip, the mucous membrane of the
mouth and labial glands.
• They are joined immediately beneath the orbit, by filaments from the facial
nerve forming with them the infraorbital plexus.

62. MANDIBULAR NERVE
• It is largest of all three divisions of trigeminal nerve.
• It is derived from 1st brachial arch.
• Mixed nerve
• Made of two roots : sensory and motor

63. • A large sensory root proceeding from the semilunar ganglion.
• A small motor root which passes beneath the ganglion and unites
with the sensory root just after its exit from foramen ovale.
• Immediately beneath the base of the skull it gives off a recurrent
branch (nervus spinosus) and the nerve to the Pterygoideus internus
and then divides into two trunks - an anterior and a posterior.

64. • Trunk remains undivided for 2-3mm.
• Then it divides into small anterior and large posterior division.
• Branches given off are:-
1. Undivided Nerve
2. Anterior division
3. Posterior division

65. BRANCHES
1.UNDIVIDED NERVE/TRUNK
Nervous spinosis
Nerve to medial Pterygoid
2. DIVIDED NERVE
a) Anterior Division
Masseteric Nerve
Deep temporal Nerve
Nerve to lateral Pterygoid
Buccal Nerve/Buccinator
b) Post. Division
Auriculotemporal
Lingual Nerve
Inferior Alveolar Nerve

69. NERVOUS SPINOSUM
• It’s also called as Meningeal nerve.
• It re-enters the cranium through the foramen spinosum along with the
middle meningeal artery to supply the dura mater and mastoid air cells.
• It divides into two branches, anterior and posterior branch.
• Posterior branch supplies the mucous lining of the mastoid cells.
• The anterior communicates with the meningeal branch of the maxillary
nerve

71. NERVE TO MEDIAL PTERYGIOD
• It supplies to medial pterygoid muscle.
• It also gives of small branches to tensor veli palatini and tensor
tympani through otic ganglion without interruption.

72. ANTERIOR DIVISION
• The anterior division is smaller than the posterior division.
• It runs forward under lateral pterygoid muscle and give branches :-
Masseteric Nerve
Deep temporal Nerve
Nerve to lateral Pterygoid
Buccal Nerve/Buccinator

73. MASSETERIC NERVE
• It emerges at the upper border of the lateral pterygoid just infront of the
TMJ, passes laterally through the mandibular notch and enters the deep
surface of the masseter muscle.it also supplies the TMJ.
DEEP TEMPORAL NERVE
• It ascend deep to lateral pterygoid and supply temporalis muscle.
NERVE TO LATERAL PTERYGOID
• It enters the medial side of the lateral pterygoid muscle to provide its motor
nerve supply

74. BUCCAL NERVE
• It passes downward anteriorly & laterally between the two heads of
the external pterygoid muscle.
• At about the level of the occlusal plane of the mandibular 2nd & 3rd
molars, it divides into several branches that divide on the buccinator
muscle.
• It does not supply the buccinator muscle.
• It supplies the skin of cheek and buccal gingiva of mandibular molars
and mucobuccal fold

77. POSTERIOR DIVISION
• It is mainly sensory but also carries motor fibres.
• It descends downward and medially to lateral pterygoid muscle and branches
into
AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE
LINGUAL NERVE
INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE

79. AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE
• It arises from 2 roots which encircle the middle meningeal artery
• The trunk passes posterior to lateral pterygoid between the neck of mandible
and sphenomandibular ligament superior to 1st part of maxillary artery
• It lies behind the TMJ close to the parotid
• Ascends behind superficial temporal vessels and then in temporal region
divides into superficial temporal branches

80. COMMUNICATION
• 2 roots of the nerve:- both these roots receive communications from
the OTIC ganglion. And receive postganglionic secretomotor fibres for
the parotid gland they control the secretions from the gland.
• Communicating branches to the facial nerve: These are purely
sensory from the Auriculotemporal nerve.

82. BRANCHES
1. Parotid branches - sensory, secretomotor, vasomotor.
2. Articular branches - to the TMJ.
3. Auricular branches - to the skin of the auricle & tragus.
4. Meatal branches - Meatus of the tympanic membrane
5. Terminal branches - Scalp over the temporal region

83. LINGUAL NERVE
• It originates from the posterior trunk of mandibular nerve in the infratemporal
fossa.
• It is the smallest of the two terminal branches.
• It supplies mucous membrane of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, floor of
the mouth, tonsil and gum.

84. • It lies anterior to inferior alveolar and between lateral pterygoid and tensor
palatini which receives through chorda tympani
• It then emerges from inferior border of lateral pterygoid to lie between
ramus and medial pterygoid
• Between origins of superior constrictor and mylohyoid it reaches the side of
the tongue below and behind 3rd molar
• It lies just below mucous membrane in lateral lingual sulcus, proceeds
anteriorly looping downward and medial to submandibular duct to deep
surface of submandibular gland

85. COMMUNICATION
• As the lingual nerve passes medially to the lateral pterygoid, it is
joined from behind by the chorda tympani. This nerve conveys
secretory fibres from the facial nerve.
• The parasympathetic secretory fibres control the submandibular &
sublingual salivary glands.

86. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE
• It is the largest branch of the posterior division.
• It passes downward on the medial side of the external pterygoid muscle &
passes between sphenomandibular ligament and ramus of mandible upto
mandibular foramen
• It then enters the mandibular canal and runs below the teeth as for as mental
foramen and terminates by dividing into branches.

87. • Branches of the inferior alveolar nerve are the
1. Mylohyoid
2. Dental
3. Incisive
4. Mental.

88. MYLOHYOID NERVE:
• Derived - inferior alveolar just before it enters the mandibular foramen.
• It descends - groove on the deep surface of the ramus of the mandible -
reaching the under surface of the Mylohyoid - supplies this muscle and the
anterior belly of the Digastric.
DENTAL BRANCHES:
• Supply - molar and premolar teeth
• Above the alveolar nerve they form an inferior dental plexus.

89. INCISIVE BRANCH:
• Continued onward within the bone and supplies the canine and incisor
teeth.
MENTAL NERVE:
• Emerges at the mental foramen and divides beneath the Triangularis
muscle into three branches.
1.One descends to the skin of the chin.
2.Two ascend to the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip.

92. GANGLIONS
CILIARY GANGLION:
• Parasympathetic Ganglion placed in a course of the occulomotor nerve.
• It lies in the apex of orbit between the optic nerve and tendon of the lateral
rectus muscle.
• It has sensory, motor, and sympathetic roots.
sensory - from nasociliary
motor - from occulomotor, preganglionic fibres from Edinger westphal nucleus
to supply sphincter pupillae and ciliaris muscle.
sympathetic - from post ganglionic fibres of superior cervical ganglion to
supply the blood vessels of eye ball and dilator pupillae

93. PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION:
• Largest parasympathetic ganglion
• Connected to maxillary nerve in infratemporal fossa
• Sensory to periosteum of the orbit, orbicularis and nasal
cavity,maxillary sinus , palate , nasopharynx.
• Topographically related to maxillary nerve, but functionally related
facial nerve
• The preganglionic fibres are from superior salivatory nucleus

94. OTIC GANGLION:
• Topographically related to mandibular nerve, but functionally is a part
of glossopharyngeal nerve
• Situated in infratemporal fossa below the foramen ovale and
surrounds the origin of nerve to medial pterygoid.
• Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres from inferior salivatory nucleus
to reach the ganglion

95. SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLION:
• Topographically related to lingual nerve, functionally it is connected
to the facial nerve
• It is a relay station for secretomotor fibres to the submandibular and
sublingual glands.
• The preganglionic fibres are from superior salivatory nucleus

96. APPLIED ANATOMY
• Trigeminal neuralgia or tic douloreux is described as the most excruciating
pain.
• This intense, stabbing, electric shock-like pain is caused by irritation of the
trigeminal nerve
• Anticonvulsive medications are normally the first treatment choice.
• Initially short, mild attacks, but trigeminal neuralgia can progress,causing
longer, more frequent bouts of searing pain.
• They may also be provoked by even mild stimulation of face

97. PRECIPITATING FACTORS:
• Shaving
• Stroking your face
• Eating
• Drinking
• Brushing your teeth
• Talking
• Putting on makeup
• Encountering a breeze
• Smiling

98. Treatment-
Medical: carbamazepine(Tegretol), phenytoin,
valproate.
SURGERY:
• Alcohol injection
• Glycerol injection OR Percutaneous Glycerol Rhizotomy (PGR)
• Balloon compression. Also called as percutaneous balloon compression of
the trigeminal nerve (PBCTN)
• Electric current. Also called as percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency
thermal rhizotomy (PSRTR)
• Microvascular Decompression (MVD )
• Severing the nerve. A procedure called Partial Sensory Rhizotomy (PSR)
• Radiation. GAMMA-KNIFE RADIOSURGERY (GKR)

99. SPHENOPALATINE NEURALGIA
• ETIOLOGY vasodilatation of the internal maxillary artery near the region of
Sphenopalatine region.
• Unilateral paroxysms of intersperse pain in the region of eyes,maxilla,
ear,mastoid base of the nose and beneath the zygoma
• There are no TRIGGER ZONES
• Seen in persons below 40 years
• Treatment
- Alcohol injection of the ganglion
- Resection of the ganglion

100. AURICULOTEMPORAL SYNDROME
ETIOLOGY
• It results from damage to the Auriculotemporal nerve. The usually
syndrome follows some surgical operation
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Flushing and sweating of the involved side of the face
TREATMENT
• Intracranial division of Auriculotemporal nerve

101. CROCODILE TEARS
• Exhibits profuse lacrimation during eating especially hot or spicy
food..It follows facial paralysis
• Or as a result of herpes zoster ,head injury or intra cranial operative
trauma
• TREATMENT- Intracranial division of Auriculotemporal nerve

102. COMPLEX REGION PAIN SYNDROME
• Is a burning pain and paresthesia associated with deformation of
nerves Seen after surgical tooth extraction
TREATMENT
• Injection of procaine ,alcohol
• Surgical curettage of bone or Resection of nerves

103. REFERENCES
• GRAY’S ANATOMY BY HENRY GRAY
• HUMAN ANATOMY BY BD CHAURASIA
• HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY BY I.B SINGH
• LOCAL ANESTHESIA BY STANLEY F. MALAMED
• LOCAL ANESTHESIA AND PAIN CONTROL IN DENTAL PRACTICE BY
MONHEIM’S

104. • CUNNIGHAM’S MANUAL OF PRACTICAL ANATOMY

105. THANK YOU