Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
this presentation describes the detail anatomy of Temporo-mandibular joint with respect to its articulating surfaces, ligaments, muscles and blood and nerve supply.
Muscles of mastication are the group of muscles that help in movement of the mandible as during chewing and speech. We need to study these muscles as they control the opening & closing the mouth & their role in the equilibrium created within the mouth. They also play a role in the configuration of face.
this presentation describes the detail anatomy of Temporo-mandibular joint with respect to its articulating surfaces, ligaments, muscles and blood and nerve supply.
Central face begins to develop by 4th week, when olfactory placodes appear on both sides of the frontonasal process.
Gradually both placodes develop to form the median and lateral nasal process.
Upper lip is formed by 6th week by fusion of two median nasal processes in midline and the maxilllary process of the 1st branchial arch.
PRE-NATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PALATEFormation of primary and secondary palate
Elevation of palatal shelves
Fusion of palatal shelves
Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel. During amelogenesis, the ameloblast (enamel-forming cells) undergo various stages i.e the life cycle of ameloblast.
For more content check out my blog: www.rkharitha.wordpress.com "a little about everything dental"
Central face begins to develop by 4th week, when olfactory placodes appear on both sides of the frontonasal process.
Gradually both placodes develop to form the median and lateral nasal process.
Upper lip is formed by 6th week by fusion of two median nasal processes in midline and the maxilllary process of the 1st branchial arch.
PRE-NATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PALATEFormation of primary and secondary palate
Elevation of palatal shelves
Fusion of palatal shelves
Amelogenesis is the formation of enamel. During amelogenesis, the ameloblast (enamel-forming cells) undergo various stages i.e the life cycle of ameloblast.
For more content check out my blog: www.rkharitha.wordpress.com "a little about everything dental"
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MANDIBULAR ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS
PRESENTED BY
ROSHALMARIA THOMAS
IV/II
THE ANATOMY OF EDENTULOUS RIDGES IN THE MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE DESIGN OF THE COMPLETE DENTURE
THE TOTAL AREA OF SUPPORT FROM THE MANDIBLE IS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN FROM THE MAXILLA.
THE AVERAGE AVAILABLE DENTURE BEARING AREA FOR AN EDENTULOUS MANDIBLE IS 14cm2 , WHEREAS FOR EDENTULOS MAXILLA IT IS 24cm2. THEREFORE THE MANDIBLE IS LESS CAPABLE OF RESISTING OCCLUSAL FORCES THAN THE MAXILLA.
Labial frenum
Fibrous band
Muscles incisivus and orbicularis oris
Active
Labial vestibule
Space between residual alveolar ridge and lips
Length and thickness of labial flange-influences lip support and retention
Buccal frenum
Overlies depressor anguli oris
Fibers of buccinators attached
Buccal vestibule
Extends- posteriorly from buccal frenum to retromolar pad region
Residual alveolar ridge on one side and buccinators on other
Influenced by action of masseter
Lingual frenum
Should be relieved
High lingual frenum is called tongue tie –affects stability
Alveololingual sulcus
Extends from lingual frenum to retromylohyoid curtain
Divided into 3 parts- anterior, middle and posterior
Anterior region- from lingual frenum to premylohyoid fossa
Flange is shorter anteriorly and should touch the floorof the mouth whentip of tongue touches upper incisors
Middle- extends from premylohyoid fossa to distal end of mylohyoid ridge
Shallower due to prominence of mylohyoid ridge and action of mylohyoid muscle
Posterior- retromylohyoid fossa
Typical S form of lingual sulcus
Retromolar pad
Posterior seal of mandibular denture
Pear shaped
Triangular keratinized soft pad of tissue at distal end of ridge
Bounded posteriorly by tendons of temporalis, laterally by buccinators and medially by pterygomandibular raphe and superior constrictor
Denture should extend one half to two thirds of retromolar pad
Buccal shelf area
Area between buccal frenum and anterior border of masseter
Width increases as resorption continues
Lies at right angles to occlusal forces- primary stress bearing area
Residual alveolar ridge
Edentulous mandible may become flat with concave denture bearing surface
In such cases, structures attaching on lingual side of ridge attach over the ridge
Due to resorption mandible inclines outwards and becomes progressively wider
Mylohyoid ridge
Runs along lingual surface of mandible
Anteriorly lies close to inferior border of mandible, posteriorly lies flush along the ridge
Thin mucosa- easily traumatized- hence should be relieved
Undercut present under the ridge
Mental foramen
Between first and second premolar region
Relieved- as pressure may cause paresthesia
Genial tubercles
Pair of bony tubercles
Present anteriorly on lingual side of body of mandible
Due to resorption may become increasingly prominent- denture usage difficult
The mandible or lower jaw, is the largest & strongest bone of the face. The word “Mandible” is derived from Greek word
“mandere” – to masticate or chew. The Latin word “ mandibula” – lower jaw. It is horse-shoe shaped & the only movable bone of skull. Growth and development of an individual is divided into two periods Prenatal period and Post natal period. The first structure to develop in the primodium of the lower jaw is the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve that precedes the mesenchymal condensation forming the first [mandibular] arch. Endrocondral bone formation is seen in The condylar process, The coronoid process and The mental process. OUTER SURFACE OF MANDIBLE
1. External oblique line - origin to buccinator, depressor inferioris, depressor anguli oris.
2. Incisive fossa - origin of mentalis, mental slips of orbicularis oris.
3. Lateral surface of ramus - insertion for masseter.
4. Lower border - deep cervical fascia and platysma.
5. Postero-superior lateral surface of ramus - parotid gland.
6. Lateral surface of neck - attachment to lateral ligament of temperomandibular joint , parotid gland.
INNER SURFACE OF MANDIBLE
1. Mylohyoid line - origin to mylohyoid muscle , attachment to superior constrictor of pharynx, pterygomandibular raphae.
2. Medial surface of ramus - medial pterygoid muscle attachment.
Superior genial tubercles – genioglossus.
3. Inferior genial tubercles – origin to geniohyoid.
4. Lingula - sphenomandibular ligament.
5. Apex of coronoid process - temporalis attachment.
6. Pterygoid fovea - lateral pterygoid muscle.
7. Diagastric fossa - anterior belly of diagastric.
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF MANDIBLE:
It is mainly divided into 2 categories :
1. Endosteal/ Central blood supply
2. Periosteal/ Peripheral blood supply
Central blood supply is via Inferior Alveolar Artery except the coronoid process which is supplied by Temporalis muscle vessels.
Inferior alveolar artery arises from maxillary artery which in turn is a branch of External carotid artery.
Inferior alveolar artery branches :
Lingual branch
Mylohyoid branch
Incisive branch
Mental branch
Peripheral blood supply is mainly via Periosteum via the nutrient vessels those penetrate the cortical bone and anastamose with the branches of Inferior alveolar artery.
VENOUS SUPPLY OF MANDIBLE
Drains into Internal Jugular vein and External Jugular vein through Maxillary vein, Facial vein and pterygoid plexus.
detailed ppt on mandible, covering aspects such as anatomy, development, age changes, growth, muscle attachment, nerve and arterial supply and anomalies.
1. Classification of Bones of the Head & Neck
2. Bones of the Viscerocranium
3. Bones of the Neurocranium
4. The Auditory Ossicles
5. The Hyoid Bone
6. The Cervical Vertebrae
osteology of head and neck is explained in complete detail.
It has two part. plz read both parts to get an complete overview about the osteology of head and neck region.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• OSTEOLOGY
• ATTACHMENTS AND RELATIONS OF THE MANDIBLE
• BLOOD SUPPLY ,NERVE SUPPLY AND LYMPHATIC
DRAINAGE
• AGE CHANGES
• APPLIED ANATOMY
• REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION :-
• The mandible(from Latin mandibula,
"jawbone") or inferior maxillary bone is the
largest, strongest and lowest bone in the face.
• It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower
teeth in place.
• It comprises of BODY,RAMUS,
ANGLE,CONDYLAR PROCESS AND CORONOID
PROCESS.
5. OSTEOLOGY
• Mandible is the second bone after clavicle to
ossify in the body.
• Parts that ossify in cartilage includes: incisive part
below the incisor teeth, coronal and condyloid
processes
• Upper half of ramus above the level of the
mandibular foramen
• Each half of mandible ossifies from one centre
which appears in the 6th week of intrauterine life
in mesenchymal shealth of Meckle’s cartilage.
6. • Meckel’s cartilage has a close, relationship to the
mandibular nerve.
• A single ossification centre for each half of the
mandible arises in the 6th week of I.U. life in the
region of bifurcation of inferior alveolar nerve
into mental and incisive branches.As the
ossification continues, the meckel’s cartilage
become surrounded and invaded by bone.
• Ossification stops at the site that will later become
the mandibular lingula from where the meckel’s
cartilage continues into the middle ear and
develops into the auditory ossicles i.e. malleus
and incus.
7.
8. THE ENDOCHONDRAL
OSSIFICATION
Endochondral ossification is seen in 3 areas of
mandible:
1. The condylar process:- Ossification starts by14th
week.
2. The coronoid process:- Ossification starts by about
the 10-14 week of IU life.
3. The mental region:- Ossification starts by the 7th
month of I.U. life.
The two halves of the mandibular body are united
by fibrous joint at the symphysis menti which is
replaced by the bone within 2nd year.
9.
10.
11. THE BODY
• Consists of horseshoe-shaped
• Has two surfaces and two borders
• Surfaces:
External or Outer or Lateral
Internal or Inner or Medial
• Separated by two borders: Upper and Lower
12. FEATURES SEEN ON OUTER SURFACE
OF THE BODY
• Symphysis Menti
• Mental Protuberance
• Mental Tubercles
• Mental foramen
• Oblique line
• Incisive fossa
13.
14. FEATURES ON THE INNER SURFACE OF
THE BODY
• Genial tubercles
• Mylohyoid line
• Below the mylohyoid line, surface is slightly
hollowed out to form SUBMANDIBULAR FOSSA ,
which lodges submandibular gland.
• Above the mylohyoid line, there is SUBLINGUAL
FOSSA , which lodges sublingual gland.
15.
16. UPPER BORDER or ALVEOLAR PART
• Contains 16 alveoli for the roots of teeth,
varying in size and depth, some being
multiple.
LOWER BORDER OR BASE
Near the midline, the base shows an oval
depression called as DIGASTRIC FOSSA.
17. • Quadrilateral in shape
• Consists of two surfaces ,four borders & two processes
Two surfaces include:-
Lateral
Medial
• Four border include :
Upper
Lower
Anterior
posterior
• Two processes include :-
Coronoid
Condyloid
THE RAMUS
18. BORDERS
• UPPER BORDER: Thin and curved downwards
forming the mandibular notch.
• LOWER BORDER: Backward continuation of
base of mandible.
• ANTERIOR BORDER is thin while the
POSTERIOR BORDER is thick.
19. PROCESSES
• CORONOID PROCESS:
Flattened triangular upward projection from
the anterosuperior part of the ramus.
• CONDYLOID PROCESS:
Strong upward projection from posterosuperior
part of the ramus.
20. ON THE LATERAL SURFACE:
1. From The Oblique line :
buccinator and In front of this origin: depressor labii
inferioris and depressor anguli oris below the mental
foramen
2. Incisive fossa:
gives origin to MENTALIS and mental slips of
ORBICULARIS ORIS.
3. Whole of lateral surface of ramus except
posterosuperior part provides insertion to MASSETER.
4.Posterosuperior part : covered by PAROTID GLAND.
ATTACHMENTS AND RELATIONS OF
THE MANDIBLE
21. 5. Lateral surface of the neck provides insertion to the
LATERAL LIGAMENT OF TMJ.
6. Parts of both the inner and outer surfaces just
below the alveolar margins are covered by mucous
membrane of the mouth.
7. PLATYSMA is inserted into the lower border.
8. The deep cervical fascia ( investing layer) is attached
to the whole length of the lower border.
22.
23. 1. Digastric fossa: arises ANTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC
2. Genial tubercles: arises GENIOGLOSSUS and GENIOHYOID.
3. Mylohyoid line : arises MYLOHYOID MUSCLE.
4. From an area above the posterior end of mylohyoid line:
arises SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR OF PHARYNX.
5. PTERYGOMANDIBULAR RAPHE: Attached immediately
behind the third molar tooth in continuation with the
origin of superior constrictor .
ON THE MEDIAL SURFACE
24. 7.Below and behind the mylohyoid groove: insertion
of MEDIAL PTERYGOID muscle .
8.At the apex of coronoid process : TEMPORALIS is
inserted ;extend downwards on ant. Border of
ramus.
9.Into the pterygoid fovea: insertion of LATERAL
PTERYGOID.
10.Sphenomandibular ligament : is attached to the
lingula.
25.
26. FORAMINA AND RELATIONS TO
NERVES AND VESSELS
1. MENTAL FORAMEN: Transmits the mental nerve
and vessels.
2. MANDIBULAR FORAMEN: Inferior alveolar nerve
and vessels enter the mandibular canal via this
foramen.
3. Mylohyoid nerve and vessels lie in the mylohyoid
groove.
27. 4. The lingual nerve is related to the medial
surface of the ramus in front of the mylohyoid
groove.
5. The area above and behind the mandibular
foramen is related to the INFERIOR ALVEOLAR
NERVE and VESSELS ; and MAXILLARY ARTERY
respectively.
6. The masseteric nerve and vessels pass
through the mandibular notch.
7. The auricotemporal nerve is related to the
medial side of the neck of the mandible.
28. BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE MANDIBLE
1. Central blood supply via THE INFERIOR
ALVEOLAR ARTERY except the coronoid process ,
which is supplied by temporalis muscle vessels.
2. Peripheral blood supply via the PERIOSTEUM..
periosteal supply ,which generally runs parallel
to cortical surfaces of bone, giving off nutrient
vessels those penetrate cortical bone and
anastomose with the branches of inferior
alveolar artery.
29. NERVE SUPPLY OF MANDIBLE
• It is basically derived from mandibular branch of trigeminal
nerve.
1. The long buccal nerve: The anterior division of the
mandibular nerve. It supplies mucosa opposite the last
three mandibular molars on their buccal aspect.
2. The inferior alveolar nerve: The posterior division of the
mandibular nerve. It supplies all lower jaw teeth, lower lip,
buccal mucosa from the incisors to the premolar & the skin
over the chin.
3. The lingual nerve: The posterior division of the mandibular
nerve. It gives sensory supply to the anterior 2/3rd of
tongue, the mucosa on the lingual aspect of the lower
teeth & the floor of mouth.
30. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
• Most of the mandible & lower teeth drain into the
submandibular group of lymph nodes .
• Except a small wedge in the symphysis region & the
lower incisors which drain into the submental group of
lymph nodes.
• From the submental group the lymph drains to the
submandibular group of nodes.
• Most of the submandibular nodes ultimately drain to the
jugulo-omohyoid group of deep cervical lymph nodes.
• Few extremely posterior submandibular nodes drain to
jugulo-digastric group of deep cervical lymph nodes.
31. AT BIRTH
The body of the bone is a mere shell, containing the
sockets of the two incisor, the canine, and the two
deciduous molar teeth, imperfectly partitioned off
from one another.
The mandibular canal is of large size, and runs near
the lower border of the bone; the mental foramen
opens beneath the socket of the first deciduous
molar tooth.
The angle is obtuse (175°), and the condyloid portion
is nearly in line with the body. The coronoid process
is of comparatively large size, and projects above the
level of the condyle
AGE CHANGES IN THE MANDIBLE
32.
33. CHILDHOOD
• The two segments of the bone become joined at the
symphysis, from below upward, in the first year; but
a trace of separation may be visible in the beginning
of the second year, near the alveolar margin.
• The body becomes elongated in its whole length,
but more especially behind the mental foramen, to
provide space for the three additional teeth
developed in this part.
• The depth of the body increases owing to increased
growth of the alveolar part, to afford room for the
roots of the teeth.
• The angle becomes less obtuse, owing to the
separation of the jaws by the teeth; about the fourth
year it is 140°.
34.
35. 1. After the eruption of permanent teeth the
mental foramen lies mid-way between the upper &
lower borders of the bone.
2. Growth of the rami takes place posteriorly &
vertically by the process of remodeling. Posterior
growth accommodates the eruption of permanent
molars & reduces the angle of mandible to almost
110º-115º. Vertical growth allows the condylar
process to lie higher than the coronoid process.
IN ADULTS
36.
37. 1. Teeth fall out and the alveolar border is
absorbed so that the height of the body is
markedly reduced.
2. The mental foramen and the mandibular canal
are close to the alveolar border.
3. The angle again becomes obtuse about 140
degrees because the ramus is oblique.
IN OLD AGE
38.
39. APPLIED ANATOMY OF MANDIBLE
1. Parasymphysis region lateral to the mental
prominence is a naturally weak area susceptible for
parasymphyseal fracture. This is because of the
presence of incisive fossa and mental foramen.
2. The body of the mandible is considerably thicker than
the ramus and the junction between these two
portions constitutes a line of structural weakness.
3. Strength of the lower jaw varies with the presence or
absence of teeth. The presence of impacted lower
third molars or excessive long roots of canines make
the area more vulnerable for fracture.
40. 4. With the advancing age, the loss of teeth and resorption
of alveolar bone leads to a decrease in the vertical height
of the mandible, making it prone to fracture.
5. The slender neck of the mandibular condyles renders it
particularly liable to fracture as a result of direct violence
applied to the chin.
This acts as a safety mechanism , as a fracture of neck of
the condyle prevents injury to the middle cranial fossa.
Direct blow to the chin region can lead towards fracture
of one or both condyles.
Sideways blow can bring about fracture of the opposite
condylar neck along with the parasymphysis fracture at
the same side of the blow.
41. 6. It is possible to split the ramus of the mandible
in sagittal plane bilaterally thereby correcting
micrognathia this procedure is called sagittal split
osteotomy.
7. Osteomyelitis of the mandible is more
commoner than the maxilla as the maxilla has
rich blood supply.
42. REFERENCES
• B.D CHAURASIA’S HUMAN ANATOMY – 6TH
EDITION
• TEXTBOOK OF ANATOMY BY INDERBIR SINGH- 5TH
EDITION
• GRAY’S ANATOMY – 2ND EDITION
• SICHER AND DuBRUL’S ORAL ANATOMY – 8TH
EDITION
• TEXTBOOK OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL
SURGERY , NEELIMA ANIL MALIK- 2ND EDITION
• INTERNET