This document discusses programmable logic devices including PLA, PAL, and ROM. It provides examples of implementing logic functions using a PLA and converting between BCD and gray code using a PLA. ROM is described as a programmable logic device that can also be viewed as a memory, with the inputs serving as addresses and the outputs as stored data. An example is given of designing a BCD to 7-segment display controller using a ROM.
This presentation by Andrey Lukin (Senior Software Engineer, Consultant, GlobalLogic, Kyiv) was delivered at GlobalLogic Kharkiv Embedded Conference 2019 on July 7, 2019.
Andrey demonstrated models of working with complex expressions in C that require perfect knowledge of the standard. Throughout the report, he has sorted out the best and worst examples of code.
Conference materials: https://www.globallogic.com/ua/events/kharkiv-embedded-conference-2019/
This presentation by Andrey Lukin (Senior Software Engineer, Consultant, GlobalLogic, Kyiv) was delivered at GlobalLogic Kharkiv Embedded Conference 2019 on July 7, 2019.
Andrey demonstrated models of working with complex expressions in C that require perfect knowledge of the standard. Throughout the report, he has sorted out the best and worst examples of code.
Conference materials: https://www.globallogic.com/ua/events/kharkiv-embedded-conference-2019/
This is a classroom presentation for the basic concepts of HDL, using Verilog as the programming language. Module 3 deals with programmable logic devices.
Introduces the core architecture of the Atari 2600 graphics chip (TIA), its 6502 CPU and showcases a "Hello, World!" application that can be executed on an emulator or on the real console. Includes reference links for those who want to learn more. Originally presented in Brazil at events such as Dev in Sampa and Campus Party.
This is a classroom presentation for the basic concepts of HDL, using Verilog as the programming language. Module 3 deals with programmable logic devices.
Introduces the core architecture of the Atari 2600 graphics chip (TIA), its 6502 CPU and showcases a "Hello, World!" application that can be executed on an emulator or on the real console. Includes reference links for those who want to learn more. Originally presented in Brazil at events such as Dev in Sampa and Campus Party.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
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My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
2. 2
ROM vs. PLA/PAL
(a) Programmable read-only memory (PROM)
Inputs
Fixed
AND array
(decoder)
Programmable
OR array
Outputs
Programmable
Connections
(b) Programmable array logic (PAL) device
Inputs Programmable
AND array
Fixed
OR array
Outputs
Programmable
Connections
(c) Programmable logic array (PLA) device
Inputs Programmable
OR array
Outputs
Programmable
Connections
Programmable
Connections
Programmable
AND array
3. 3
PLAs
Programmable Logic Array
Pre-fabricated building block of many
AND/OR gates (or NOR, NAND)
"Personalized" by making/ breaking
connections among the gates.
General purpose logic building blocks.
7. 7
Design for PLA:
Example
Implement the following functions using PLA
F0 = A + B' C'
F1 = A C' + A B
F2 = B' C' + A B
F3 = B' C + A
Personality Matrix
1 = asserted in term
0 = negated in term
- = does not participate
Input Side:
1 = term connected to output
0 = no connection to output
Output Side:
OutputsInputsProduct
term
Reuse
of
terms
A
1
-
1
-
1
B
1
0
-
0
-
C
-
1
0
0
-
F0
0
0
0
1
1
F1
1
0
1
0
0
F2
1
0
0
1
0
F3
0
1
0
0
1
A B
B C
A C
B C
A
8. 8
Example: Continued
F0 = A + B' C'
F1 = A C' + A B
F2 = B' C' + A B
F3 = B' C + A
Personality Matrix
OutputsInputsProduct
term
Reuse
of
terms
A
1
-
1
-
1
B
1
0
-
0
-
C
-
1
0
0
-
F0
0
0
0
1
1
F1
1
0
1
0
0
F2
1
0
0
1
0
F3
0
1
0
0
1
A B
B C
A C
B C
A
A B C
F0 F1 F2 F3
AB
B’C
AC’
B’C’
A
9. 9
Constants
Sometimes a PLA output
must be programmed to
be a constant 1 or a
constant 0.
− P1 is always 1
because its product
line is connected to
no inputs and is
therefore always
pulled HIGH;
− this constant-1 term
drives the O1 output.
No product term drives
the O2 output, which is
therefore always 0.
Another method of
obtaining a constant-0
output is shown for O3.
10. 10
BCD to Gray Code Converter
W = A + B D + B C
X = B C'
Y = B + C
Z = A'B'C'D + B C D + A D' + B' C D'
Minimized Functions:
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
C
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
D
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
W
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
Z
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10
D
B
C
A
0 0 X 1
0 1 X 1
0 1 X X
0 1 X X
K-map for W
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10
D
B
C
A
0 1 X 0
0 1 X 0
0 0 X X
0 0 X X
K-map for X
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10
D
B
C
A
0 1 X 0
0 1 X 0
1 1 X X
1 1 X X
K-map for Y
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00
01
11
10
D
B
C
A
0 0 X 1
1 0 X 0
0 1 X X
1 0 X X
K-map for Z
11. 11
4 product terms per each OR gate
A B C D
A
BD
BC
W X Y Z
BC’
B
C
BCD
AD’
BCD’
Product terms cannot be shared !
PLA achieves higher flexibility
at the cost of lower speed!
12. 12
PALs
• Programmable Array Logic
a fixed OR array.
Inputs
Dense array of
AND gates Product
terms
Dense array of
OR gates
Outputs
16. 16
Helper Terms
If an I/O pin’s output-
control gate produces
a constant 1, the
output is always
enabled, but the pin
may still be used as
an input too.
outputs can be
used to generate first-
pass “helper terms” for
logic functions that
cannot be performed
in a single pass with
the limited number of
AND terms available
for a single output.
20. 20
ROM vs. PLA/PAL
(a) Programmable read-only memory (PROM)
Inputs
Fixed
AND array
(decoder)
Programmable
OR array
Outputs
Programmable
Connections
(b) Programmable array logic (PAL) device
Inputs Programmable
AND array
Fixed
OR array
Outputs
Programmable
Connections
(c) Programmable logic array (PLA) device
Inputs Programmable
OR array
Outputs
Programmable
Connections
Programmable
Connections
Programmable
AND array
21. 22
Example
• Find a ROM-based circuit
implementation for:
f(a,b,c) = a’b’ + abc
g(a,b,c) = a’b’c’ + ab + bc
h(a,b,c) = a’b’ + c
• Solution:
Express f(), g(), and h() in m() format
(use truth tables)
Program the ROM based on the 3 m()’s
22. 23
Example
There are 3 inputs and 3 outputs,
thus we need a 8x3 ROM block.
− f = m(0, 1, 7)
− g = m(0, 3, 6, 7)
− h = m(0, 1, 3, 5, 7)
3-to-8
decoder
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
b
c
f g h
23. 24
ROM as a Memory
• Read Only Memories (ROM) or Programmable
Read Only Memories (PROM) have:
N input lines,
M output lines, and
2N decoded minterms.
• Can be viewed as a memory with the inputs as
addresses of data (output values),
hence ROM or PROM names!
24. 25
(Memories)
• Volatile:
Random Access Memory (RAM):
− SRAM "static"
− DRAM "dynamic"
• Non-Volatile:
Read Only Memory (ROM):
− Mask ROM "mask programmable"
− EPROM "electrically programmable"
− EEPROM “electrically erasable electrically
programmable"
− FLASH memory - similar to EEPROM with
programmer integrated on chip
25. 26
ROM as Memory
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0
2 1 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 0
4 0 0 0 0
5 1 0 0 0
6 0 0 1 1
7 0 1 0 0
Address
3 4
8x4 ROM
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
A2
A1
A0
A
B
C
F3F2F1F0
X XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•Read Example: For input (A2,A1,A0) = 011, output is (F0,F1,F2,F3 ) =
0010.
•What are functions F3, F2 , F1 and F0 in terms of (A2, A1, A0)?
A[2:0] F[3:0]
26. 27
Design by ROM: Example
• BCD to 7 Segment Display Controller
A B C D
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X