Description and comparison of semiconductor memories and utilization process within booting.

1. Basics of Semiconductor Memories -Rahul Bandhe

5. Memory semiconductor-based integrated circuit

6. Computer Memory Hierarchy Small Size Small Capacity Medium Size Medium Capacity Small Size Large Capacity Large Size Very Large Capacity Large Size Very Large Capacity Processor Registers Very Fast, Very Expensive Processor Cache Very Fast, Expensive Random Access Memory Fast, affordable Flash/USB Slower, Cheap CDs, DVD’s and Tape Backup Very Slow, Affordable Power ON Immediate Term Power ON Very Short Term Power OFF Short Term Power OFF Mid Term Power OFF Long Term Hard Drives Slow, Very Cheap

7. Memory Structure Memory Non Volatile Volatile Hard-Disk, CD, DVD, Floppy Disk, Magnetic Tape, USB Flash memory, SD Card ROM FLASH PROM EPROM EEPROM NOR NAND RAM Static Dynamic

9. Evolution of Memory 2 2 2 1 1 1 NA NA Cycles per clock 800MHz 400MHz 266MHz 133MHz 400MHz 66MHz 50ns 50ns Speed Limit 1600 800 533 133 400 66 NA NA Bus Speed 12800 DDR3 2006 6400 DDR2 SDRAM 2004 4266 DDR SDRAM 2000 1066 PC133 SDRAM 1999/2000 1600 RDRAM 1999 533 PC66 SDRAM 1997 NA EDO 1995 NA FPM 1987 Transfer Rate (Mbps) Technology Year Introduced

12. CACHE MEMORY SRAM is often used only as a memory cache usually found in the CPU (L1, L2 and L3 Cache)

23. Recommended Memory 128-256 96-128 64-96 64-96 48-64 32-48 48-64 40-48 32-40 Windows XP - 128-256 96-256 Animation, complex photo-editing, real-time video, 3D CAD, solid modeling, finite element analysis, and network connectivity - 96-128 64-96 2D CAD, multimedia presentations, simple photo-editing, and web development - 64-96 48-64 Page layout, 2-4 color line drawings, simple image manipulation, and simple graphics - 64-96 48-64 Statistical applications, large databases, research/technical analysis, complex presentations, video conferencing, and network connectivity - 48-64 32-48 Complex presentations, sales/market analysis, project management, and Internet access - 32-48 24-32 Proposals, reports, spreadsheets, business graphics, databases, scheduling, and presentations - 32-48 32-48 Complex documents, accounting, business graphics, presentations, and network connectivity - 24-32 24-32 Fax/communications, database administration, spreadsheets, and more than 2 applications open at a time - 16-24 12-24 Word processing, E-mail, and data entry Windows Mobile Windows 98 Win 3.x User Type