Melalui MK ini mhs diharapkan mampu menguasai substansi bidang studi pendidikan kewarganegaraan
Pengalaman belajar yang mengintegrasikan penguasaan substansi bidang studi khususnya pengertian, tujuan, landasan dan pendekatan PKn serta berbagai substansiyang berkaitan dengan hak dan kewajiban warga negara, PPBN, Demokrasi, HAM, disamping itu disajikan pula wawasan nusantara,ketahanan nasional serta politik dan strategi nasional. Hal tersebut diwujudkan dalam bentuk mengkaji, berlatih yang memberi kesempatan kepada mahasiswa untuk melakukan eksplorasi, berdiskusi membiasakan diri secara individual dan kelompok.
Compaction of Concrete, concrete, removing air from fresh concrete, shape of concrete, Production of Concrete, Increasing strength of Concrete, Concrete Compaction, solidification of concrete, increasing density of concrete, avoiding honey combs in concrete, reducing porosity in concrete
Melalui MK ini mhs diharapkan mampu menguasai substansi bidang studi pendidikan kewarganegaraan
Pengalaman belajar yang mengintegrasikan penguasaan substansi bidang studi khususnya pengertian, tujuan, landasan dan pendekatan PKn serta berbagai substansiyang berkaitan dengan hak dan kewajiban warga negara, PPBN, Demokrasi, HAM, disamping itu disajikan pula wawasan nusantara,ketahanan nasional serta politik dan strategi nasional. Hal tersebut diwujudkan dalam bentuk mengkaji, berlatih yang memberi kesempatan kepada mahasiswa untuk melakukan eksplorasi, berdiskusi membiasakan diri secara individual dan kelompok.
Compaction of Concrete, concrete, removing air from fresh concrete, shape of concrete, Production of Concrete, Increasing strength of Concrete, Concrete Compaction, solidification of concrete, increasing density of concrete, avoiding honey combs in concrete, reducing porosity in concrete
Ground Penetration Radar as a Tool for Pavement Condition DiagnosticsDesh Sonyok
Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) is a reliable and high performance nondestructive testing tool for pavement management in a network level, which requires pavement condition assessment and deterioration modeling. GPR can determine the layer thickness, detect voids, and estimate moisture content of the in-situ soil underlying the pavement. Therefore, it is considered to be a promising tool for the assessment of pavement conditions. Pavement condition information obtained by GPR is very useful to predict the pavement structural capacity and performance. This will further help improve pavement maintenance and rehabilitation strategies and also provide rationalities in allocating available funds. However, the application of GPR in pavement is limited due to incomplete understanding of dielectric properties of pavement materials. This paper presents the state-of-the-art GPR applications in pavement condition assessment and its future development.
Ground Penetration Radar as a Tool for Pavement Condition DiagnosticsDesh Sonyok
Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) is a reliable and high performance nondestructive testing tool for pavement management in a network level, which requires pavement condition assessment and deterioration modeling. GPR can determine the layer thickness, detect voids, and estimate moisture content of the in-situ soil underlying the pavement. Therefore, it is considered to be a promising tool for the assessment of pavement conditions. Pavement condition information obtained by GPR is very useful to predict the pavement structural capacity and performance. This will further help improve pavement maintenance and rehabilitation strategies and also provide rationalities in allocating available funds. However, the application of GPR in pavement is limited due to incomplete understanding of dielectric properties of pavement materials. This paper presents the state-of-the-art GPR applications in pavement condition assessment and its future development.
3. DDyynnaammiicc CCMMOOSS
N
logic
nnMMOOSS llooggiicc ssttrruuccttuurree wwiitthh pprreecchhaarrggeedd
ppuulllluupp
INPUTS
•Precharge to VDD when clock is low
•Evaluate when clock is high
CLK
9. Mp
O
CL
Me
IIssssuueess iinn DDyynnaammiicc DDeessiiggnn 11::
CChhaarrggee LLeeaakkaaggee
Clk
ut
A
Clk
Leakage sources
CLK
VOut
Precharge
Evaluate
Dominant component is subthreshold current
10. SSoolluuttiioonn ttoo CChhaarrggee LLeeaakkaaggee
Keeper
Clk
A
B
Clk
•Same approach as level restorer for pass-transistor logic
•Increase size of inverter to increase capacitance
CL
Out
Me
MkpMp
11. Mp
O
CL
CA
Me CB
IIssssuueess iinn DDyynnaammiicc DDeessiiggnn 22::
CChhaarrggee SShhaarriinngg
Clk
B=0
Clk
Charge stored originally on
CL is redistributed (shared)
ut over CL and CA leading to
reduced robustnessA
12. o i
DDyynnaammiicc CCMMOOSS
CChhaarrggee SShhaarriinngg
Co
Ci •Assume that the internal capacitances have beendischarged
•In the precharge phase, the output capacitance gets charged
C •During evaluation, if all the inputs are high exceptthe bottom
i
one, the output capacitance gets distributed to the internal
capacitance
C
•The output voltage will dropto
V
Co
DD
C 2C
CLK
i
•This could be low enough to trigger the inverter, causing a
wrong value on the output
Ci
14. DDyynnaammiicc CCMMOOSS
CCaassccaaddee pprroobblleemm
INPUTS N
logic
CLK
Since the evaluation from the first stage takes some time, the
second stage will start evaluating with the precharged input
rather than the evaluated input
N
logic
16. DDoommiinnoo LLooggiicc
SSoollvveess ccaassccaaddee pprroobblleemm
INPUTS N
logic
CLK
Since the precharged output from the first stage is 0, it will
never activate the pulldown network in the second stage until
the first stage evaluation has completed.
N
logic
17. NNPP DDoommiinnoo ((ZZiippppeerr)) CCMMOOSS
N
logic
INPUTS
CLK
Since the second stage is build from p-logic, the precharged
output from the first stage will not activate the inputs of the
second stage
CLK
P
logic
19. LLaattcchh vveerrssuuss RReeggiisstteerr
Latch
stores data when
clock is low
RReeggiisstteerr
ssttoorreess ddaattaa wwhheenn
cclloocckk rriisseess
Clk
D
Clk
D
Q Q
Clk
D Q
Clk
D Q
27. WWrriittiinngg iinnttoo aa SSttaattiicc LLaattcchh
Use the clock as a decouplingsignal,
that distinguishes between the transparent and opaque states
CLK
Q D D
CLK
D
CLK
Convertinginto a MUX
Forcing the state
(can implement as NMOS-only)
CLK
CLK
39. WWL
RWL
33--TTrraannssiissttoorr DDRRAAMM CCeellll
BL1 BL2
X
BL 1
BL 2
VDD
VDD 2 VT
VDD 2 VT
DV
No constraints on device ratios
Reads are non-destructive
Value stored at node X when writing a “1” = VWWL-VTn
WWL
RWL
M 3
M 1 X
M2
CS
41. DDRRAAMM CCeellll
Write 1 Read 1
WL
X GND VDD 2 VT
BL
VDD /2
VDD
V
sensing
Write: CS is charged or discharged by asserting WL and BL.
Read: Charge redistribution takes places between bit line and storage capacitance
CS
V = VBL – VPRE = VBIT – VPRE
------------
CS + CBL
Voltage swing is small; typically around 250 mV.
11--TTrraaBL nnssiissttoorr
WL
M1
CS
CBL
42. DDRRAAMM CCeellll OObbsseerrvvaattiioonnss
1T DRAM requires a sense amplifier for each bit line, due
to charge redistribution read-out.
DRAM memory cells are single ended in contrast to
SRAM cells.
The read-out of the 1T DRAM cell is destructive; read
and refresh operations are necessary for correct
operation.
Unlike 3T cell, 1T cell requires presence of an extra
capacitance that must be explicitly included in the design.
When writing a “1” into a DRAM cell, a threshold voltage
is lost. This charge loss can be circumvented by
bootstrapping the word lines to a higher value than VDD
44. DDRRAAMM CCeellll
Capacitor
Metal word line
n+ n+
Poly
Poly
Inversion layer
induced by
plate bias
SiO2
Field Oxide Diffused
bit line
Polysilicon
gate
M1 word
line
Polysilicon
plate
Cross-section Layout
Uses Polysilicon-Diffusion Capacitance
Expensive in Area