peripheral interfacing
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Peripheral It means various components or devices those are connected to CPU. Actually these are input output devices. Thus, it sometimes calls as I/O devices. Interface An interface is a concept that refers to a point of interaction between objects or components and is applicable at the level of both hardware and software. Thus PHERIPHERAL INTERFACING is a kind of interaction between processor and external or peripheral devices. To interface physically, a component or mediator between I/O device and processor is used which is called I/O module.
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The document discusses input/output (I/O) organization in computer systems. It describes three common methods for synchronizing data transfers between processors and I/O devices: program-controlled I/O where the processor polls device status, interrupts where devices signal readiness to the processor, and direct memory access where devices transfer data directly to memory. Interrupts allow the processor to perform other tasks while waiting for I/O, and involve saving state before servicing requests. Processors provide interrupt enabling and disabling to control when requests can be accepted.
EXTERNAL DEVICE
This document discusses input/output (I/O) devices and how they connect to computers. It explains that peripheral devices connect to an I/O module, which acts as an interface between the computer and external devices. It also describes different types of I/O, including programmed I/O where the CPU requests operations, interrupt-driven I/O which notifies the CPU when an operation is done, and direct memory access (DMA) where a DMA controller handles I/O instead of the CPU. Finally, it discusses channel I/O which uses special instructions to perform asynchronous I/O through a channel.
input output ports
I/O ports allow connection between computers and peripheral devices like keyboards, mice and monitors. There are two main types of ports: serial ports which transmit data one bit at a time, and parallel ports which allow simultaneous transmission of multiple bits of data. Common ports include VGA, DVI, HDMI and USB. Device drivers act as an interface between the operating system and device controllers to allow communication between I/O devices and the CPU. There are three main I/O mechanisms: programmed I/O where the CPU directly controls I/O, interrupts where devices signal the CPU when ready, and DMA which allows hardware subsystems to access memory independently of the CPU.
Architecture
This document contains the solutions to multiple choice questions about converting binary numbers to octal numbers. It also discusses computer organization and architecture topics like CPU modules, types of transfers between modules, functional units of a computer with a diagram, data transfer and arithmetic operations, external devices and classification of external devices, and DMA function and configurations.
Input - Output Organization and I/O Interface
I/O interfaces are the mediums in which data are sent from internal logic to external sources and from which data are received from external sources. The interface signals can be unidirectional or bidirectional, single-ended or differential and could follow one of the different I/O standards.
Chp 04 - Hardware PTI - (Shared).pdf
Hardware - is the most visible part of any information system: the equipment such as computers, scanners and printers that is used to capture data, transform it and present it to the user as output. Although we will focus mainly on the personal computer (PC) and the peripheral devices that are commonly used with it, the same principles apply to the complete range of computers:
Chapter 5 IO Unit.pptx we are electrical
The document discusses input/output (I/O) modules in a computer system. I/O modules interface between peripheral devices and the system bus. They contain logic to communicate with different types of peripherals using various techniques, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). DMA allows large blocks of data to be transferred directly between memory and peripherals without using the processor's bandwidth, improving transfer speeds.
Input-Output Modules
The document discusses input-output (I/O) modules in computers. It explains that I/O modules play a crucial role in allowing communication between a computer's central processing unit (CPU) and external devices. I/O modules connect devices to the computer's system bus and control the exchange of data between devices and main memory or the CPU. They help address issues like differing data formats and speeds between devices and the CPU. The document outlines various I/O techniques like programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA) that use I/O modules to facilitate input and output.
Metaphors In It(2003)
The document discusses metaphors used in information technology. It defines imaginization as understanding things through innovative ideas and different angles. Metaphors are words used to convey a different meaning, like "biting the bullet" meaning to face something unpleasant. Common IT metaphors include representing computer systems as having hardware and software components organized to accept input, store/process data, and produce output. The internet is metaphorized as a network of networks connecting over 50,000 computer systems globally using standardized domain names and protocols like TCP/IP. Web browsers allow accessing websites via URLs.
IOhardware_operting_systems_2022_libya.pdf
The document discusses I/O hardware and operating system I/O subsystems. It covers principal of I/O hardware including device controllers and ports. It describes polling, I/O devices categories, direct memory access, and device controllers. The summary outlines the basic hardware elements for I/O, methods for moving data via programmed I/O or DMA, device drivers, system call interfaces, and kernel I/O subsystem services.
Computer architecture presentation
This document summarizes input/output structures and interrupts in a computer system. It describes peripheral devices, interfaces for communication between the CPU and peripherals, and different modes of data transfer including programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O, and direct memory access. It also discusses I/O processors that handle input/output tasks, how interrupts work to signal the CPU when a device needs attention, different types of interrupts, and daisy chaining to determine interrupt priority when multiple devices request service simultaneously.
CS304PC:Computer Organization and Architecture Unit IV_merged.pdf
This document provides information about input-output interfaces in computer systems. It discusses how interface units connect peripheral devices to the CPU and resolve differences in data formats and transfer rates. Interface units include address decoders, registers for control, status, and transferring data. The document contrasts isolated I/O, where separate input/output instructions are used, versus memory-mapped I/O, where I/O devices use memory addresses. It provides an example of an interface unit with control, status and data registers that communicate with the CPU over a shared bus.
Input_Output_Organization.pptx
A peripheral device provides input/output functions for a computer as an auxiliary device without core computing functionality. Peripheral devices are classified into input devices, output devices, and storage devices. An input/output interface helps transfer information between internal storage and external peripheral devices. It resolves differences in data formats and speeds between the CPU and peripheral devices. The interface provides control signals and buffers data to synchronize operations. Computers can use separate I/O and memory buses or a common bus with separate control lines or common control lines to communicate with peripherals and memory.
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peripheral interfacing
- 1. Hello! I am Tahrimur Rahman My Roll: 12102907 Session: 2011-12 3rd year 2nd semester Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering J.K.K.N.I.U.
- 3. Outline: My process is easy & simple What? A intruduction Why? Necessary How? Mechanism
- 4. What? Peripheral It means various components or devices those are connected to CPU. Actually these are input output devices. Thus, it sometimes calls as I/O devices. Interface An interface is a concept that refers to a point of interaction between objects or components and is applicable at the level of both hardware and software. Thus PHERIPHERAL INTERFACING is a kind of interaction between processor and external or peripheral devices. To interface physically, a component or mediator between I/O device and processor is used which is called I/O module.
- 5. “ Now a question may arise. Can’t we connect / interface directly the I/O devices to processor ? No!
- 6. ◇ I/O devices are most of case usually electrical/ mechanical/ electronic devices where processor is an electronic device. Also the data transfer rates of I/O are often slower than the processor and memory. So it is significant that the speed and electrical characteristics of I/O are different from CPU. ◇ There are a variety of peripherals that exist and may need to be connected to the same system bus. But it may be difficult to incorporate all the peripheral device logic into CPU. This reduces flexibility and creates hinderance in new developments. ◇ Peripheral often use different data formats and word lengths that used by the CPU Incorporation of I/O module helps to overcome these problems. Why? There are several reasons which lead to use I/O module:
- 7. Thus, we can say that First An I/O module is a mediator between the processor and an I/O device/devices. Second It controls the data exchange between the external devices and main memory; or external devices and CPU registers. Fourth The I/O module should not only communicate the information from CPU to I/O device, but it should also coordinate these two. Fifth In addition since there are speed differences between CPU and I/O devices, the I/O module should have facilities like buffer (storage area) and error detection mechanism. Third An I/O module provide an interface internal to the computer which connects it to CPU and main memory and an interface external to the computer connecting it to external device or peripheral.
- 8. How? An I/O module at one end is connected to the system bus (information transmission cable) of processor and at the other end may be connected with a number of I/O devices. It conveys the information from I/O device (Sometimes called as peripheral or external device) to processor and vice versa.
- 9. A simplified block diagram of I/O module An I/O module is not simply a set of mechanical connectors that wire a device into the system bus. Rather, the I/O module contains logic for performing a communication function between the peripheral and the bus. Working functions: 1. CPU checks I/O module device status 2. I/O module returns status 3. If ready, CPU requests data transfer 4. I/O module gets data from device 5. I/O module transfers data to CPU
- 10. “ Same processor Various flexible structures of I/O devices New Era
- 11. Thanks! Any questions? You can find me at: ◇ www.facebook.com/tahrimur-rahman ◇ tahrimurrahman@gmail.com