Pakistan relations with india: 1947-199
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This document outlines major events in India-Pakistan relations from 1947 to 1999. It covers the partition of British India, the Kashmir dispute and wars over Kashmir in 1948 and 1965. It also notes both countries' development of nuclear weapons, with India conducting its first nuclear test in 1974 and both countries testing in 1988. The document ends by mentioning Kashmiri guerilla incursions in 1999 and Pakistani withdrawal from the Line of Control that same year.
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The document summarizes the causes and key events of the 1965 India-Pakistan War. The main causes of the war included the Kashmir issue, hostility between Hindus and Muslims following the partition of India, and India's recent defeat by China in 1962. The war began in August 1965 when Indian forces crossed into Pakistan administered Kashmir. Initially India had success in Kashmir but Pakistan counterattacked successfully in Punjab. As air forces from both sides entered the conflict, the war escalated. The war ended in January 1966 with the Tashkent Agreement between India and Pakistan. The agreement was unpopular in Pakistan and weakened the political standing of Ayub Khan. In its aftermath, both countries increased defense spending and India strengthened ties
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The document discusses the foreign policy of Pakistan. It outlines the principles of Pakistan's foreign policy as peaceful coexistence, non-alignment, support for the UN Charter, unity of the Islamic world, and international cooperation. The objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy are national security, economic development, and ideology. Determinants include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, intelligence agencies, political parties, and parliament. The document also notes Pakistan has good relations with countries like China and Gulf states, complicated relations with the US, improving relations with India and Russia.
Pakistan's relations with Muslim world
The document discusses Pakistan's role and relations within the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). It notes that Pakistan was a founding member of the OIC in 1969 and has since played an important leadership role, currently chairing several OIC committees. The document also outlines Pakistan's support for Palestinian rights and opposition to recognition of Israel. It discusses Pakistan's close economic and strategic relations with Saudi Arabia and Iran, though relations with Iran have been complicated by disagreements over Afghanistan and sectarian tensions.
Pakistan-US relations
These reports have been made by me and my classmates at IBA Karachi. The sole purpose of putting these reports here is to help the free flow of knowledge to everyone.
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The document discusses three examples of international conflicts:
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3) The ongoing conflict between North and South Korea since their division after World War 2, involving invasion and war in the 1950s, as North Korea sought to spread communism while South Korea and UN allies defended South Korea's democratic system. This conflict has ideological differences at its core.
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The document discusses the top 10 reasons for the long-standing conflict between India and Pakistan since their formation as independent states in 1947. The key reasons include the partition which displaced millions, the disputed territory of Kashmir, and the wars fought between the two countries over Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999. The conflict has been exacerbated by both countries developing nuclear weapons capability. The issue of Kashmir remains unresolved and is the fundamental cause of tensions between India and Pakistan.
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The document provides background information on the Sino-Indian War of 1962. It describes the political tensions surrounding the disputed border. It outlines key battles that took place in the Northeast Frontier Agency (NEFA) and Ladakh sectors from October to November 1962. It also analyzes lessons learned from the war, including the need to modernize armed forces and maintain adequate force levels, improve military intelligence capabilities, and reduce political interference in military matters.
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The document provides an overview of India-Pakistan relations from partition in 1947 through the 1990s. Some key points:
1. Relations have been tense since partition due to the refugee crisis, disputes over assets and borders, and the accession of Kashmir.
2. Major conflicts and wars occurred in 1947, 1965, and 1971. Agreements like Tashkent (1966) and Shimla (1972) aimed to reduce tensions but did not resolve core issues.
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The 1962 Sino-Indian War was fought between China and India along their disputed border. China defeated India's ill-prepared forces in the high altitude terrain of Ladakh. This war had significant consequences for regional geopolitics. It weakened India's non-alignment policy and led it to seek allies among foreign powers. Pakistan supported China in the conflict and their alliance strengthened. The war also impacted the India-Pakistan relationship over Kashmir. Long term, China's influence in South Asia rose as it gained an important ally in Pakistan.
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India and China have had a complex relationship since independence in 1947. While Nehru envisioned friendship between the two countries, tensions arose over their conflicting territorial claims in Tibet. They signed the Panchsheel Agreement in 1954 to establish principles of peaceful coexistence, but a brief border war in 1962 resulted in defeat for India. Relations improved gradually in later decades through high-level diplomatic visits and agreements, but territorial disputes over Arunachal Pradesh continued to strain ties intermittently.
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The document discusses several territorial and non-territorial disputes involving India and its neighboring countries. It outlines India's long-standing disputes which include: (1) territorial disputes with China over Aksai Chin, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh, and (2) territorial and non-territorial disputes with Pakistan over Kashmir, Siachen, and Sir Creek. It also mentions disputes with Bangladesh over border enclaves and rivers, disputes with Sri Lanka over Khachatheevu Island, and a dispute with Nepal over Kalapani.
kashmir issue.pptx
kashmir issue from 1948 uncp resolutions how it was profitable for Pakistan and india 9 resolution discussed indian negation to UNO ,1947 war,dexon plan was discussed ,1st ,2nd and 3rd war,india independence act in 1947,conflict between india and kashmir
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The document provides a historical overview of Sino-Indian relations from ancient times through the modern era. It details cultural and economic exchanges along the Silk Road in ancient times. From the medieval period it discusses the spread of Buddhism between India and China and travel between the regions. It then outlines territorial disputes that have occurred at different points in history, including the 1962 Sino-Indian War and ongoing border disputes. The document concludes with discussion of recent efforts to improve economic cooperation between the two countries.
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The document provides a historical overview of Sino-Indian relations from ancient times through the modern era. It discusses cultural and economic exchanges along the Silk Road in ancient times. It then covers the transmission of Buddhism from India to China, visits by scholars between the two countries in the Middle Ages. It outlines territorial disputes that have occurred at different points, including the Sino-Sikh War, 1962 war, and ongoing border disputes. It also summarizes efforts to improve relations through agreements like the Panchsheel and recent investments and dialogue between the two countries' leaders.
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The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to 1997. It details how Kashmir's ruler initially opted for independence but then signed onto accession with India, leading Pakistan to send forces and sparking the first war over Kashmir in 1947. The conflict has since involved UN resolutions and mediation attempts, as well as additional wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Insurgencies also began in Indian-administered Kashmir in 1989, straining relations further and raising nuclear tensions between the neighbors.
2chapter 4
The document discusses India's foreign policy challenges after independence. It notes India grappled with problems of reconstruction while also dealing with issues like the partition. Non-alignment was a key principle of Nehru's foreign policy to avoid alignment with major powers and promote peace. However, conflicts with China and Pakistan over borders and Kashmir challenged this approach and India's global standing.
AYUB_KHAN_ERA.pptx
Ayub Khan became Pakistan's first native Commander-in-Chief in 1951 and seized power in a 1958 military coup. As President, he introduced reforms but faced increasing opposition. In 1965, war broke out with India over Kashmir, and both sides claimed victory before agreeing to a ceasefire. Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Declaration in 1966 but criticism of his authoritarian rule and family's corruption grew. He stepped down in 1969.
Quit India Movement
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2016KashmirPowerPointSTUDENTVERSION.ppt
The Kashmir conflict began in 1947 when the region's ruler decided to join India despite the majority Muslim population, leading Pakistan to invade. This sparked the first of four wars between India and Pakistan over the territory. Currently, Kashmir is divided along a ceasefire line known as the Line of Control, with India controlling 45% and Pakistan 35%, while China holds the remaining 20%. Both countries claim the entire region and have fought numerous battles over it since partition, with an ongoing separatist insurgency complicating matters further.
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This document provides a historical overview of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to the present. It discusses how the partition of British India led to disputes over the princely state of Kashmir, which both countries claimed. India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir and attempted negotiations, but they have failed to resolve the conflict. The UN intervened in 1948 and called for a plebiscite in Kashmir after withdrawal of troops, but demilitarization plans were rejected by both sides. The conflict has remained unresolved despite several attempts at mediation and negotiations over the decades.
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Pakistan relations with india: 1947-199
- 2. 1 1947- Partition. 1947- Refugees problem. 1947-Division of assets. 1948- Cut of water supply/river rani. 1948- Kashmir divided into two parts. 1949- Ceasefire line through Kashmir-UN. 1950- Liaquat Ali khan and Nehru's minorities pact.(picture reffered to pg 5) 1954- Friendship pact between china and India. 1954-1955 – India add Indian occupied areas into Kashmir/ protests from Pakistan. 1957- Kashmir was stated disputed. 1960- Indus water treaty. 1962- India and china border issue. (picture reffered to page 6) 1965- War over Rann of Kutch.(Picture referred to page 4) 1971- Bangladesh war. 1972- Indira and Bhutto met to sign a piece treaty. 1971- Indira sign a treaty with USSR. 1972- Karachi nuclear plant. 1974- First nuclear test in rajistan-india. 1976- Engineering research laboratory in khata. 1977- Zia came into power. 1980- Sikh separatist movement.
- 3. 1984- New York times- claimed Indira- attack- Pakistan- turn down. 1984- MRs Gandhi assassinated. 1987- Pakistan and India close to war. 1988- Carried nuclear test both by Pakistan and India. 1988- Pakistan announced its stopping its nuclear tests. 1989- Bhutto attempt to improve relations. 1999- Kashmiri guerillas crossed the line of control. 1999- Sharif persuaded by clinton- us president to withdraw Pakistan forces from line of control and Indian territories.
- 4. 4 Map Of Rann Of Kutch.