Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947-1953 (Phase I) focused on non-alignment and developing relations with other newly independent states and the US. From 1954-1962 (Phase II), Pakistan shifted from non-alignment to aligning with Western countries against the threat of communism by joining security pacts like SEATO and CENTO. However, this alignment compromised Pakistan's independent foreign policy and alienated countries like the Soviet Union, Egypt and excluded it from the Non-Aligned Movement.

1. PAKISTAN FOREIGN
POLICY
PHASE I: (1947-1953)
PHASE II: (1954-1962)

2. Foreign Policy
• Association or connections amongst sovereign
states.
• Close association between sovereign states
covering their view points and outlooks on the
international affairs.
• Is a product of ideological, historical, economic,
national interests and geo-political locations.

3. Foreign Policy of Pakistan
• Five FACTORS:
• Ideological Obligation
• Historical Legacy
• Geographical Location
• The Indian Threat
• Economic Compulsions

4. Phases of Foreign Policy of Pakistan
• Phase I: 1947-53: Non Aliened years
• Phase II: 1953-62: Alliance with the West
• Phase III: 1962-71: Transition
• Phase IV: 1972-79: Bilateralism and nonalignment
• Phase V: 1980-90: Afghan-Crisis and US Ally
• Phase VI:1990-2001: Post-Cold War Era and Pakistan's
Dilemmas
• Phase VII: 2001-Date: Pakistan and Counter Terrorism

5. Phase I: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Joined UN in Sep 30th, 1948
• Relations with India (aftermath of partition)
• Killing of people on both sides
• Kashmir and other princely states (War 1948)
• Water Dispute
• Division of Funds
• Division of Assets, etc.

6. Phase I: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Relations with Afghanistan
• Cordial representation in May 1948
• Irredentist claim over Pakistan territory
• Soviet Union backup in mid-1950
• Reorganization of armed force
• Due to Soviet backed Indo-Afghan military pressure
• Modernization of three Services of Armed Forces

7. Phase I: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Relation with US
• Cordial relations resumed in Feb 1948
• US ‘Marshal Plan-1950’ towards Asia
• Liaqat Ali Khan visit to US in May 1950
• Assistance in Economic Development
• Become a prey to the US dictates

8. Phase I: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Relation with USSR
• Indifferent attitude towards Pakistan
• Dec 1949, Pak Ambassador at Moscow
• Invitation to Pakistan P.M. in June 1949
• Accepted but did not accomplished
• Anger of Soviet of Liaqat A. K. visit to US

9. Phase I: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Relation with China
• 1st Muslim country to recognize China in Jan, 1950
• Exchange of credentials in Sept, Nov, 1951
• Backed China’s entry into UN as against US
• F.M. Manzoor Qadir criticized US to oppose China entry
• 1961, Ayub vote helped China to win a seat in UN

10. Phase I: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Relation with Muslim Countries
• Importance to Muslim relationship
• Sponsored unofficial conferences for cultivating a broad-base setting
for Muslim organization.
• Muslim states did not show any response
• Indonesia and Egypt strong reservation on Pak
• Cordial relations with Iran, Turkey and S. Arabia

11. PHASE II: (1953-1962)
ALIENED YEARS

12. Phase II: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Reasons:
• Shift from Independent Policy to Alliance
• Multifaceted alignments with the West
• Security arrangements with US for economic and military assistance
• Adverse effects of decrease in Jute and Cotton prices in international
market, 1952
• Shortage of Wheat 1952-53
• US wheat gift in 1953 to overcome shortage

13. Phase II: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Continue…
• Sense of ISOLATION in the world
• Futile efforts to promote Muslims UNITY
• UN and commonwealth FAILURE in solving Pak-India conflicts,
especially Kashmir Dispute
• Containment of DANGERs of Communism
• Distrust of Soviet Union for a pro-Soviet “Rawalpindi Conspiracy” –
Maj. G. Akbar Khan
• Military willingness for advanced technology and economic support

14. Phase II: Foreign Policy of
PakistanPak Turkey Agreement for political,
• April 1954,
economic and cultural development
• May 1954, Pak US Mutual Defense Assistance
Agreement , US shall provide equipment, trainings
and other services
• Sep 1954, SEATO/ Manila Pact, alliance with US,
Australia, GB, NZ, Philippine, and Thailand)
• To resist attacks and counter subversive
measures, promote economic and social welfare
•
Only for communist aggression and not all
• Pakistan’s plea to include ALL was not accepted

15. Phase II: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Sep 1955, Baghdad Pact (CENTO after Iraq withdrawal)
• Attached greater importance because of 3
Muslim countries, Iraq, Turkey and Iran.
• GB was a member whereas US back up
• For strengthening defensive capabilities
• For the menace of communism ONLY

16. Phase II: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• March 1959, Bilateral Agreement between Pak &
US
•
Defense and economic assistance from US
•
US national interest and Pak preservation of
independence and integrity
•
Provision of Air Base to US by Pakistan for 1959-69
•
800 million USD as assistance and loan
•
Ammunition, Artillery, Aircrafts, sea warships, etc.
•
US Military Assistance Advisory Group
•
Training of Military Officers in US

17. Phase II: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Cost of Alignment with WEST
•
Independent Foreign Policy was compromised
•
Relations with Soviet Union
•
Threatening Pakistan for supporting US
•
Supporting India in Kashmir dispute
•
Support to Afghan irredentist claims
•
Pakistan exclusion from NAM in 1961 (due to defense pact)
•
Alienated Egypt, vague policy towards SUEZ crisis 1956
•
No support from US regarding Pak-India problems
•
Questions raised in US, Pak as defender of interests vs
USSR

18. Phase II: Foreign Policy of
Pakistan
• Pak China relations:
•
China avoid open condemnation of Pakistan
participation in the PACTs
•
Showed remarkable understanding of Pakistan position
•
Backed Up China in getting UN membership
•
Indo-Sino relationships helped Pakistan
• Pak India relations:
•
Kashmir Dispute, Canal Water dispute
•
Indus Basin Water Treaty 1960