This document provides an overview of the history of Afghanistan and Pakistan-Afghanistan relations from 1947 to post-9/11. It discusses the phases of relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan over time, covering events like the Durand Line agreement, opposition to Pakistan's formation, and periods of cooperation and conflict, including Pakistan's support for the mujahideen against the Soviets and the Taliban government. After 9/11, the document notes Pakistan aligned with the US against al-Qaeda but tried to mediate for a peaceful solution, and continued supporting Afghanistan's government and elections.

2. Prepared by:
Name: Fakhar-e-Alam
University: National Textile University Faisalabad Campus
Department: Garments Manufacturing
Reg No: 13-NTU-0165

3. Pak Afghan Relations

4. Location of Afghanistan:

5. History of Afghanistan:
Afghanistan (Land of the Afghan) is a
mountainous country in Central Asia with a
history and culture that
goes back 5000 years
 In the ancient times, the land was called
Aryana by its inhabitants. In the
medieval era, it was called Khorasan, and in
modern times, its people have decided to
call it Afghanistan.

6. Geography of Afghanistan:
Afghanistan is located in Hearth/North of Asia,
Afghanistan has 34 provinces,
Afghanistan has 7 Neighboring Countries,
(India, China, Pakistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
& Turkmenistan)
 Afghanistan is a Mountain country,
The Second big Mountain of the World is located
in Afghanistan.

7. About Afghanistan:
 IS A LANDLOCKED COUNTRY
LOCATED IN CENTRAL ASIA
POPULATION 29 MILLON
AREA 647500 SQ KM.
42ND MOST POPULATED
41ST LARGEST

8. Pak Afghan relation:
 There are two parts of Pak Afghan relation
 Part (1):
 Pakistan Afghanistan Relations: 1947- 2001:
 Part (2):
 Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations since 9/11

9. Phases in Part 1:
1) Phase (1): 1947-1963
2) Phase (2): 1963-1973
3) Phase(3): 1973-1978
4) Phase (4): 1979-1992
5) Phase (5): 1992-9/11-2001

10. 1) Phase (1) : 1947-1963
i. Durand Line:
ii. Opposition in UNO:
iii. Reaction in 1947 War:
iv. Zahir Shah Speech:
v. Exchange and withdrawl of Ambassadors:
vi. Assassination of Liaqut Ali Khan:
vii. Attack on Pakistan Embassy:

11. Continued…..
viii. Pakistan joining of CEATO &CENTO:
ix. Rulers visits 1956:
x. U-2 Incident:
xi. Termination of Relations:

12. i. Durand Line:
 The Pakistan-Afghan boundary was drawn in 1893 by Sir
Mortimer Durand.
 The boundary was accepted by the king of Afghanistan
in a treaty the 1893.
 The definition of this boundary, called the Durand Line.
 When Pakistan became Afghanistan claimed on the
boundary of Pakistan.
 They demand some territory of NWFP and Baluchistan.

13. ii. Opposition in UNO:
 In initial era Pak-Afghan relations were in critical phase , Afghanistan was
first Muslim State in the World whose against the membership of Pakistan in
UNO.
 Afghanistan put forwarded the anti Pakistan resolution in UNO.
 Pakistan joined the United Nations on September 30 1947,
 Afghanistan didn’t consider Pakistan an independent state, He considered
Pakistan is a colony of British.

14. iii. Reaction in 1947 war:
 Actually the demand for Pakhtoonistan was
made in December 1947.
 when Indian army was poised for a quick
advance into Kashmir, on Pakistan’s
border.
 Since then raids from Afghanistan into Pakistani
territories have taken place from time to time.

15. iv. Zahir Shah Speech:
In 1950, the tension reached to its climax when
Afghan king Zahir Shah made an anti Pakistan
speech at a celebration in Kabul.
The Afghanistan’s flag was hoisted and anti
Pakistan leaflets were dropped by the Afghan
Air force.

16. v. Exchange and with drawl of
Ambassadors:
 Afghanistan’s withdrawal of its negative UN Vote and exchange of
ambassadors in 1948 from both sides could not pay much in
bringing both of the countries closer.
 Irregular forces from Afghanistan crossed Pakistan border to
fabricate Pakhtoon uprising in Pakistani tribal areas in 1950-51 were
even handedly dealt by Pakistan’s security forces.
 Afghanistan denied its covert involvement in the cross border
infiltration.
 Pakistan rejected Afghanistan’s claim of neutrality in the cross
border infiltration and both nations withdrew their ambassadors for
few months till those were repositioned.

17. vi. Assassination of Liaqut Ali Khan:
The assassination of Pakistani Prime minister
Liaqat Ali Khan by an Afghan national in 1951
further deteriorated the already fragile relations.

18. vii. Attack on Pakistan Embassy:
 In 1955, Pakistan restructured its administrative units on one unit.
 Afghanistan government vehemently opposed the decision of
integrating the Pathan dominated Northwest Province.
 Afghan Pakistani embassy in Kabul was sacked, consulates in
Kandahar and Jalalabad were attacked and Pakistan flag was
molested.
 In September 1955, Pakistan’s flag was again raised at its embassy
and consulates.

19. viii. Pakistan joining of CEATO &SENTO:
When Pakistan joined CEATO and SENTO IN 1955
Mascow severly against Pakistan.
Russia supported India in Kashmir issue.
Russia paid 100$ economic and offered military
assistance to Afghanistan on the issue of
Pakhtonistan.

20. ix. Rulers visits:
 Pakistan’s president Iskandar Mirza visited Afghanistan in
August 1956.
 Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy Prime Minister of Pakistan
toured Afghanistan in 1957.
 These visits were reciprocated by Afghan ruler King
Zahir Shah in 1958 .
 Prime Minister Sardar Daud Khan in 1959.
 These visits helped in cultivating attitude of
reconciliation on both sides.

21. x. U-2 Incident:
 The 1960 U-2 incident was precipitated during
the cold war on 1 May 1960.
Since the happening of U-2 incident USSR
supported every Afghan move to isolate or
damage Pakistan in any aspect.

22. xi. Termination of Relations:
These incursions led to the termination of Pak-
Afghan relations and closure of Afghanistan’s
consulates and trade offices in Peshawar and
Quetta.
 In retaliation, Kabul broke off diplomatic
relations, closed the border and suspended
transit trade with Pakistan.

23. 2) Phase (2) 1963-1973:
i. Reinstatement of Relations:
ii. 1965 war:
iii. 1971 War:

24. i. Reinstatement of Relations:
Iran successful for the better relation Between
Pakistan and Afghanistan which resulted in the
1963 Tehran Accord.
 Afghanistan and Pakistan agreed to restore
diplomatic relations, re-open their closed
borders and resume trade and commercial ties.

25. ii. 1965 war:
The relations were improved to such an extent
that during the 1965 India Pakistan war,
Afghanistan sided with Pakistan which enabled
Islamabad to fully concentrate on its war with
India and worry less about the security of its
western border.

26. iii. 1971 war:
 King Zahir Shah, in his state visit of 1968, was given a
very warm welcome by Pakistan.
 Islamabad decision to disband one unit led to further
warmth in Pak-Afghan relations including increase in
economic cooperation and mutual understanding .
 Afghanistan maintained strict neutrality during the 1971
war between India and Pakistan and refrained from
taking advantage of Pakistan’s preoccupation in war.

27. 3) Phase (3) 1973-1978:
i. Deposition of Zahir Shah:
ii. Doud Support to Separatists in Pakistan:
iii. Pakistan Support to anti Doud forces:
iv. Doud visit to Pakistan:
v. Pact:
vi. Saur revolution:
vii. Communist Reforms in Afghanistan and its Effects on Pakistan:
viii. Elimination of Tarraki:

28. i. Deposition of Zahir Shah:
 In July 1973, Sardar Daud, an ardent champion of Pakhtoonistan
issue, deposed King Zahir Shah while he was on visit to Europe with
the help of leftist forces and in connivance with the Soviets.
ii. Doud Support to Separatists
in Pakistan:
 It was feared that the
Daoud comeback would once again arouse separatist movements
amongst Pakhtoon and Balochi living across Durand Line. And it did
happen in Balochistan when Afghanistan provided sanctuaries to
the Murree and Bugti insurgents in mid 70s.

29. iii. Pakistan Support to anti Doud
forces:
 Considering Daud a serious threat to Pakistan
integration, Pakistan government decided to support
anti Daud forces in destabilizing and bringing down
Daud regime.
 Resultantly , Pakistan welcomed Afghan Islamists with
anti communist and anti Doud feelings.
 These dissidents were provided training and other
supports for their incursions and uprisings inside
Afghanistan.

30. iv. Doud visit to Pakistan:
 Experiencing rise in Soviet influence in Afghanistan’s internal affairs
Daud observed that anti Pakistan policies were doing Afghanistan
more harm than good.
 Daud , succumbed by Pakistan retaliation, decided for
reconciliation with Islamabad and invited Pakistan’s Prime Minister
Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto for Kabul’s visit.
 Bhutto was given a warm welcome in Kabul in June 1976.
 Daud was given red carpet reception in his reciprocal visit to
Islamabad in August same year.

31. v. Pact:
 Bhutto agreed to release the National Awami Party (NAP) leaders
accused of supporting the Pukhtoonistan demand.
 while Daud agreed to recognize the Durand Line as the frontier
between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
vi. Saur revolution:
 Elimination of Daud by communist forces in April 1978 . Kabul was
taken over by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA).
 The country was renamed the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
(DRA).

32. vii. Communist Reforms in Afghanistan
and its Effects on Pakistan:
 Pakistan had no other option but either to surrender or to go for all
out support to the forces resisting against the communist regime.
 Besides, supporting and organizing resistance forces against the
Communist regime of Kabul, Pakistan had to host over 150,000
Afghan refugees into Pakistan immediately after the Saur Revolution
of April 1978.
viii. Elimination of Tarraki:
 On September 16th 1979, Hafizullah Amin staged another coup against own
government, killing Taraki, and took over as President of Afghanistan.

33. 4) Phase (4) 1979-1992:
i. Soviet invasion:
ii. American assistance to Pakistan:
iii. Pakistani assistance to Mujahadin:
iv. Geneva Pact:

34. i. Soviet invasion:
 The December, 27th 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,
which killed Hafizullah Amin and installed Babrak Karmal
as the country’s president.
 Which created a frightening situation for Pakistan as it
brought the Red Army dangerously close to the Khyber
Pass, the traditional gateway of invasions of South Asia
from the north.

35. ii. American assistance to Pakistan:
President Carter, on May 4, 1980, declared:
“We will provide military equipment, food and
other assistance to help Pakistan defend its
independence and national security against the
seriously increased threat from the north.”
The American’s supply of arms, ammunition and
equipment to the Mujahideen, was funneled
through Pakistan’s ISI.

36. iii. Pakistani assistance to Mujahidin:
 The leading recipient of Amerikan aid was Hezb-i-Islami that proved
to be the trust worthy and deserving resistance force.
 It was Pakistan’s skill-full use of intelligence and resources against
Soviet forces that made Afghanistan a ‘bleeding wound’ for
Moscow.
iv.Geneva Pact:
 Finally, the Peace Accord between Pakistan and
Afghanistan was signed in Geneva on April 14, 1988, with the two
superpowers as its co-guarantors.

37. 5) Phase (5) 1992-9/11-2001:
i. Peshawar accord:
ii. Tahreek e Taliban:
iii. Pakistani Support to Taliban :
iv. Deterioration in Pak Iran Relations:
v. US opposition:

38. i. Peshawar accord:
 The Peshawar accord was the agreement between different leaders
of Afghanistan about future government structure after soviet union
elimination at Peshawar.
ii. Tahreek e Taliban:
 Tehreek-i-Islami-i-Taliban Afghanistan emerged in and around
Kandhar in September 1994 and began as a new movement.
 With in three years Taliban were finally able to control 27 out of 32
provinces by the 3rd weak of May 1997.

39. iii. Pakistani Support to Taliban :
 Pakistan extended full diplomatic and economic support to the
Taliban Government.
 To reconstruct Chaman- Kandhar - Herat- Kushka highway Pakistan
provided financial and technical support to the Taliban as well.
iv.Deterioration in Pak Iran
Relations:
 The Pak-Iran ties were further deteriorated when Taliban asked
Iranian to close their Embassy and leave Kabul with in 48 hours.

40. v. US opposition:
 US policy towards Taliban started changing because of Taliban’s
oppressive behavior towards women and presence of Osama and
Taliban’s open support for him.
 On May 5th, 1999 the US Senate passed a resolution calling on
President Bush not to recognize any government that discriminated
against women. Taliban allowed Usama to live comfortably in
Afghanistan and in return he provided personnel, money and
hundreds of Arab fighters to participate in the Taliban military
campaigns in the north.

41. Part (2)
Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations
since 9/11

42. The horrific acts of September 11, 2001 changed
the world and Pakistan Found itself between the
devil and the deep sea.
 It marks a new phase of the Pakistan foreign
policy in general and Pakistan’s Afghanistan
policy in particular.

43. Phases in Part (2):
 American Reaction:
 Pakistan Reaction:
 Pakistan role For Peaceful solution
 Reaction of Al qaeda after attacks from US
 Reestablishment of government in Kabul
 Hamid Karzai visit to Pakistan
 Musharraf visits to Afghanistan
 Support in Election
 Foreign hand and particularly Indian Factors

44. Continued….
 Pak Afghan relation in Asif Ali Zardari Era:
 Signed agreement:
 Smuggling Products :
 Country agreement for the establishment of joint chamber of
commerce and industry
 Bilateral trade between Pakistan and Afghanistan

45. Musharraf visits to Afghanistan:
 President Musharraf’s visit to Afghanistan in April 2002 and
announcement of 100 million dollars aid for reconstruction of
Afghanistan.
 President Musharraf was the first head of state to visit Afghanistan
after the successful completion of presidential election.
Support in Election:
 Pakistan also provided full support for the peaceful conduct of
presidential and parliamentary polls in October 2004 and September
2005.
 The border Was sealed to guard against any invasions across the
border to disrupt election process.

46. American reaction:
 Pakistan was given a stark choice by America; ‘either to be with us or
against us’.
 “We will starve terrorists of funding, turn them one
against another drive them from place to place, until
there is no refuge or no rest. And we will pursue nations
that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism. Every nation,
in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you
are with us, or you are with the terrorists. From this day
forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support
terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a
hostile regime”

47. Pakistan reaction:
 Pakistan was to either stand with America in its war
against Al Qaida and Taliban or suffer U.S. retaliation if
continue with its pro Taliban stand.
 Pakistan opted to side the international coalition and
provide intelligence, flight corridor and bases for
logistic support and recovery to the U.S. led military
attack over Afghanistan on October 7, 2001.

48. Pakistan role For Peaceful solution:
 Pakistan, to avert likely war, did its best to mediate between U.S and the
Taliban.
 George Tenet, former head of C I A, in his book amply records Pakistan’s
efforts of bringing Taliban to the table and averting war.
 He claims that Pakistan helped in arranging meetings between Robert
Grenier, (CIA boss in Islamabad) and Mullah Akhter Mohammed Osmani,
Taliban leader to sort out any peaceful solution.
 Pakistan spy master Lt. Gen. Mahmood Ahmed (DG ISI) with a high
level delegation also visited Taliban leader Mullah Omar in Kandahar on
17th September 2001, and persuaded him to extradite bin Laden so as to
Avert drastic consequences from US attack.

49. Reaction of Al qaeda after attacks from US:
 The attack was effective in destroying the training camps.
 However, the large numbers of the Taliban and Al Qaeda dispersed and disappeared in
to the hinterland and some fled in to the neighboring Iran and Pakistan.
 Within 8-10 weeks the Taliban were over powered, routed, major cities including the
capital fell on November 13th, 2001.

50. Reestablishment of government in
Kabul:
After the disintegration of Taliban and surrender
of Kabul, UN arranged meeting of selected
Tribal chiefs in Bonn (Germany) to decide
upon Afghan interim government under
Hamid Karazi with six months mandate
commencing from 22 December 2001.

51. Hamid Karzai visit to Pakistan:
 Pakistan supported the interim set up and Hamid Karzai
paid an official visit to Pakistan in February 2002.
 And started again bilateral relations on friendly terms.
 Pakistan offered all sort of moral, political and
economic support to strengthen new government in
Kabul under the presidency of Karzai.

52. Foreign hand and particularly Indian
Factors:
On the contrary Afghanistan’s distant neighbor
like India was provided opportunity to further
its strategic interests against Pakistan.
Since then, India has found a vast platform
in Afghanistan to conduct its covert activities
in Baluchistan through Balochi dissidents and
FATA through TTP in order to destabilize
Pakistan.

53. Pak Afghan relation in Asif Ali Zardari
Era:
President Zardari made his first trip to
Afghanistan in January 2009,finishing to
terrorism.
In September 2010, Afghan President Hamid
Karzai traveled to Pakistan addressing new
tactics to fight militancy.

54. Signed agreement:
In order to enhance cooperation amongst the
two countries, in October 2010, the
President has signed a Pakistan-Afghanistan
Transit Trade Agreement.

55. Smuggling Products :
 Smuggling became a major business after the
establishment of the Durand Line in 1893, which is now
controlled by a large network of mafia groups on both
sides of the border.

56. Meat Smuggled:
 In Peshawar, Pakistan, local police and the food department
recovered the meat which was smuggled to Afghanistan from the
city Peshawar on September 13, 2012.

57. Minerals smuggled:
 Pakistan generates about USD 350mn revenue on
smuggling of these stones annually, while Afghanistan
only earns USD 300,000.The industry offered jobs to 5,000
Afghans and 6,000 Pakistanis, he added.

58. Country agreement for the establishment of joint
chamber of commerce and industry:
 The countries also agreed to establish a joint chamber of
commerce and industry.
 Pakistan has offered to host the inaugural session of the
proposed chamber, and display centers for industrial
exhibitions will be set up in Karachi and Kabul

59. Bilateral trade between Pakistan and
Afghanistan:
 Pakistan and Afghanistan have agreed to strengthen
trade ties and double annual bilateral trade by 2015,
after a two-day Joint Economic Commission (JEC)
meeting January 16-17 in Islamabad