The Kashmir issue is a territorial conflict involving India, Pakistan, and China, with India controlling approximately 55% of the region. The conflict began during the partition in 1947 when the Maharaja of Kashmir signed an instrument of accession to India, leading to multiple wars and ongoing disputes, including involvement from the United Nations. Perspectives from India, Pakistan, and the Kashmiri people reflect deep divisions, with many Kashmiris expressing a desire for independence from both nations.

1. Faisal Fida
Sap:-39941
BSCS II
Topic:- Kashmir issue

3. Introduction
• Kashmir is a territorial conflict between India and Pakistan.
• India controls 55%, Pakistan controls 30% and China controls 15% land of
Kashmir.
• India controls 70% Pakistan 28% and China 2% population approximately.
• According to census of 1941 there were 77% Muslims, 20% Hindus and 3% other
ethnicities.

5. Partition
• Jammu and Kashmir was a Princely State. At that time there were 565 official
Princely States.
• Indian Independence act 1947.
• Hari Singh wanted independence.
• Pakistani authorities approached Hari Singh but due to his indecision
Pakistan mobilized Pakhtons and locals named “Azad Forces.”

6. Accession
• When Mehr Chand visited Nehru and told him about the Maharaja's intention of
joining India, the Muslim mutiny starts
• Maharaja response.
• Mountbatten response (Governor General of India).
• 26 Oct 1947 Maharaja signed "instrument of accession" which governor general
accepted.
• People of Gilgit and Baltistan choose to join Pak by their choice.

7. Wars
• First War 1947
• 2nd War on 1965
• 3rd war 1999 (Kargal War).

8. United Nations
• 1947 war.
• Indian brought this matter to UN security council.
• United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan(UNCIP).
• 1 Jan 1949 signed Cease Fire.
• Pakistan proposal (Parity), UNO accepted but India rejected.
• View on India's rejection.
• Dixon Plan (Jamu+Ladakh-India),(Azak Kashmir+N.Areas-Pakistan).
• Common wealth programs (Pak accept, India Reject)

9. Pakistan view
• Jugular vein of Pakistan.
• Final status by the “Peoples of Kashmir”.
• Indian forces were in Kashmir before the Instrument of accession was signed.
• Popular insurgency in Kashmir show.
• Two nation theory.
• Indian negation to UNO.
• Indian Defense Minister Krishan Menon said.
• “Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible
for agreeing to plebiscite would survive”.

10. Indian view
• Integral part
• Signature of Maharaja are valid.
• UNO Resolution 1947 cant be implemented.
• Terrorism.

11. Kashmir view
• Almost all the independent polls shows that most of the Kashmiris wanted
Independence from both India and Pakistan. They want to remain independent.