Paging System
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A pager is a communicating device that transmits messages quickly using a strong network of high-powered transmitters. It silently notifies the user with a beep and instantly transmits information, helping to increase productivity and guest satisfaction through faster service. While limited in message capability and unable to verify receipt, pagers remain useful for essential services and in situations where mobile phones are unreliable.
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Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download
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Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download
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The document provides an overview of GSM architecture including:
1. GSM uses a cellular network architecture with base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, and databases to manage subscriber identity and location.
2. The network allows for voice calls and data services including SMS, and provides security through subscriber authentication and encryption.
3. GSM is a global standard that enabled international roaming and continues to evolve to support higher data rates through technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and WCDMA.
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1. Reflection occurs when signals bounce off surfaces like buildings and earth.
2. Diffraction is when signals bend around obstacles like hills and buildings.
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1) AMPS was the first analog cellular system developed in the 1970s and deployed commercially in the 1980s. It used analog frequency modulation in the 800-900 MHz band.
2) AMPS introduced cellular communications to North America, using frequency division multiple access with 832 30 kHz channels. It enabled roaming between systems.
3) While AMPS provided wider coverage at a lower cost than initial digital systems, it has been replaced by digital technologies like CDMA that support higher user densities with less spectrum usage.
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Guided media uses physical cabling to guide transmission signals along a specific path and includes twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair cable consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together, and can be unshielded or shielded. Coaxial cable contains two conductors separated by insulation. Fiber optic cable transmits information using pulses of light through glass cores. Unguided media uses electromagnetic waves to transmit without cabling through radio waves, microwaves, or infrared signals broadcast through free space. Radio waves can travel long distances, microwaves require line-of-sight and focused antennas, while infrared works for short-range indoor use.
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This document summarizes the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 4G. It describes the key technologies and standards for each generation including 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks with text messaging, 2.5G networks adding low-speed data, and 3G supporting broadband multimedia. It also discusses some of the technical challenges faced and different approaches taken in the US and Europe during this evolution.
GSM: Handovers
Handovers, also called handoffs, allow mobile users to maintain connectivity as they move between different cells. They involve transferring control of a call or data session from one cell to another. There are different types of handovers in GSM including intra-BTS, inter-BTS intra-BSC, inter-BSC, and inter-MSC handovers. Factors like transmitted power, received power, area and shape of cells, and user mobility affect the handover process.
Wireless Local Loop
Wireless local loop (WLL) provides wireless connections for stationary users as an alternative to wired connections. It targets the "last mile" between a neighborhood access point and end users. Key advantages include lower installation costs than wiring due to reduced digging and infrastructure requirements, as well as rapid deployment. WLL systems face challenges around spectrum licensing, maintaining wireline-level service quality, and planning networks to achieve high penetration levels while supporting limited user mobility within coverage areas. Common WLL technologies include cellular, satellite, and fixed wireless access using licensed or unlicensed spectrum.
Cellular Telephone Systems
Today's cellular telephone systems operate by dividing geographic areas into cells served by base stations. Each cell is assigned certain radio frequencies that are reused in non-neighboring cells to increase coverage and capacity. When a mobile user moves between cells, the call is handed off from one base station to another through a mobile switching center to avoid disconnection. Modern cellular networks use digital technologies like CDMA, TDMA and FDMA to provide voice, text, and data services to users through cellular infrastructure.
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The document discusses various radio propagation models used for modeling wireless channels. It describes that propagation models are important for determining coverage areas and improving channel quality. It divides models into outdoor and indoor applications. For outdoor models, it provides details of the Okumura and Hata models, including path loss calculations. It explains the Okumura model is based on measurements and widely used. The Hata model represents Okumura data graphically. For indoor models, it discusses factors like building materials and layouts that influence propagation. Models for partition losses, log-distance path loss, and attenuation factors are covered.
Unguided media in Networks
Computers and devices use electromagnetic signals to transmit data through transmission media. Transmission media can be divided into guided and unguided categories. Unguided media, also called wireless communication, transports signals through the air without a physical conductor. Unguided signals can travel from source to destination in several ways, including ground propagation along the earth's surface, sky propagation reflecting signals off the ionosphere, and line-of-sight propagation transmitting signals directly between antennas.
Pstn (Public Switched Telephone Networks)
PSTN is the global collection of interconnects originally designed to support circuit switched voice communication.
The PSTN provides traditional Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), also known as “landline phone” service , to residences & many other establishments.
Parts of the PSTN are also utilized for DSL, voIP & other Internet based network technologies.
Tdm and fdm
Outline:-
TDM and FDM
Basics of TDM and FDM.
Block Diagram of TDM and FDM.
Working of TDM and FDM.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applications
cellular wireless networks
Cellular networks divide geographic areas into cells served by low-power base stations to reuse frequencies. Adjacent cells are assigned different frequencies to avoid interference. As capacity demands increase, networks employ techniques like frequency borrowing, cell splitting, cell sectoring, and microcells. Cellular standards like GSM use TDMA to allow multiple users per cell by dividing the air interface into time slots. CDMA spreads user data over a wide bandwidth using unique codes and allows soft handoff between cells. Third generation networks support high-speed data and multimedia services.
Mobile Computing (Part-1)
Mobile computing allows users to access network services and computational resources from anywhere using portable devices like laptops, smartphones, and tablets. It is defined as computing using portable devices that maintain network connectivity while on the move. Mobile computing faces challenges like low bandwidth, disconnection, and security risks compared to wired networks. Future advancements may include increased use of artificial intelligence and integrated circuits to develop more compact devices with faster processors. Mobile computing has transitioned through generations from 1G analog cellular to 2G digital cellular to 3G broadband cellular and beyond to 4G and 5G.
Gsm architecture
The document provides an overview of GSM architecture including:
1. GSM uses a cellular network architecture with base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, and databases to manage subscriber identity and location.
2. The network allows for voice calls and data services including SMS, and provides security through subscriber authentication and encryption.
3. GSM is a global standard that enabled international roaming and continues to evolve to support higher data rates through technologies like GPRS, EDGE, and WCDMA.
Propagation mechanisms
There are 3 main propagation mechanisms in mobile communication systems:
1. Reflection occurs when signals bounce off surfaces like buildings and earth.
2. Diffraction is when signals bend around obstacles like hills and buildings.
3. Scattering is when signals are deflected in many directions by small obstacles like trees and signs. These 3 mechanisms impact the received power and must be considered in propagation models.
Amps
1) AMPS was the first analog cellular system developed in the 1970s and deployed commercially in the 1980s. It used analog frequency modulation in the 800-900 MHz band.
2) AMPS introduced cellular communications to North America, using frequency division multiple access with 832 30 kHz channels. It enabled roaming between systems.
3) While AMPS provided wider coverage at a lower cost than initial digital systems, it has been replaced by digital technologies like CDMA that support higher user densities with less spectrum usage.
First and second generation communication
1G mobile networks used analog signals and FDMA technology which resulted in inefficient spectrum usage. 2G introduced GSM, using digital TDMA technology for improved capacity and security. Key aspects of 2G included encryption, SMS messaging, and SIM cards which enabled roaming and secure authentication. The core network components of 2G like HLR, VLR, and MSC enabled location management and call routing.
It2402 mobile communication unit1
UNIT I
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Cellular systems- Frequency Management and Channel Assignment- types of handoff and their characteristics, dropped call rates & their evaluation -MAC – SDMA – FDMA –TDMA – CDMA – Cellular Wireless Networks
Unguided Media
This document discusses different types of unguided media used for wireless communication, including radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves. It provides information on the electromagnetic spectrum ranges, propagation modes, antenna types, common usages, advantages, disadvantages, and dangers of each type of unguided media. Presenters and their member IDs are listed at the beginning.
Spread spectrum
Spread spectrum communication uses wideband noise-like signals that are hard to detect, intercept, or jam. It spreads data over multiple frequencies. There are two main techniques: direct sequence spread spectrum multiplies a data signal by a pseudorandom code, and frequency hopping spread spectrum modulates a narrowband carrier that hops between frequencies. Spread spectrum provides benefits like resistance to interference and jamming, better signal quality, and inherent security. It finds applications in wireless networks, Bluetooth, and CDMA cellular systems.
Evolution of wireless generations
In the last few decades, Mobile Wireless Communication networks have experienced a remarkable change. The mobile wireless Generation (G) generally refers to a change in the nature of the system, speed, technology, frequency, data capacity, latency etc.
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
fdocuments.net_1-cellular-system-design-fundamentals-chapter-3-wireless-commu...
Cellular systems use multiple low-power transmitters (base stations) rather than a single, high-power transmitter to increase capacity and coverage. Frequency reuse is used to allocate channels to nearby base stations to minimize interference. Handoff strategies are employed to transfer calls between base stations as users move. Interference and power control techniques aim to equalize signal power levels and improve capacity. Traffic engineering principles including Erlang formulas are applied to determine the optimal number of channels needed based on expected call volumes.
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This document discusses how incentives can motivate employees. It defines incentives as additional remuneration or benefits given to employees for good work. Incentives can increase productivity, drive work performance, satisfy employees psychologically, and shape behavior. Management should offer both monetary incentives like rewards in money, as well as non-monetary incentives like job security, praise, opportunities for growth, and participative management to satisfy different employee needs. Positive incentives provide assurance for fulfilling needs, while negative incentives aim to correct mistakes through penalties or demotions.
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Motivation refers to the process by which a person's efforts are energized, directed, and sustained towards attaining a goal. There are three key elements: energy, direction, and persistence. Motivation theories include Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, McGregor's Theory X and Y, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and McClelland's three-needs theory. These theories provide different perspectives on understanding human motivation and what drives employee performance.
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This document summarizes several theories of motivation. It discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, Alderfer's ERG theory, Vroom's expectancy theory, Porter and Lawler's model, equity theory, attribution theory, and goal setting theory as ways to understand what motivates individual and workplace behavior. It also covers how motivation relates to job design and performance management in organizations.
Motivation (final ppt)
The document discusses several theories of motivation:
1. Frederick Taylor believed workers are motivated mainly by pay and breaking work into small repetitive tasks. However, this led to worker dissatisfaction.
2. Elton Mayo found workers are motivated by social factors like interaction and attention from managers.
3. Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory proposes workers must have lower level needs met like pay before pursuing higher needs like fulfillment.
4. Frederick Herzberg argued motivators like interesting work that provides responsibility are more effective than dissatisfiers like pay. Methods like job enrichment and empowerment can motivate.
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Paging System
- 1. Suman Subedi
- 2. Communicating device Helps to transmit the messages Has high power transmitters for strong network Is silent and notifies with a beep Instantly transmits the information
- 3. Transmits information faster Helps to increase productivity Increases guest’s satisfaction as the service is comparatively faster The receiver gets message anywhere because of its network strength Simple and affordable Is very small and easily fits in the pocket
- 4. Limited message capability No way to tell if recipient has received message If pager is off or out of range, the receiver will never get the message.
- 5. Mobile phones have replaced pagers for most users. However, because they are reliable in some situations where mobile phones are not, pagers are still widely used by essential services personnel, such as those in the medical and emergency-related professions. New uses for pagers have also arisen. For example, Hotel staffs often use pagers to transmit messages as fast as possible for the effective performance in the hotel operation.