Mobile computing allows transmission of data, voice, and video through wireless devices without a fixed connection. It involves mobile communication infrastructure, mobile hardware devices like smartphones and tablets, and mobile software operating systems. The technology has advanced from 1G analog cellular to 2G digital cellular, 3G broadband cellular, 4G high-speed data, and upcoming 5G which will provide wireless internet speeds over 1 Gbps. Mobile computing provides benefits like location flexibility and enhanced productivity but also poses problems regarding security, authentication, health issues, and addiction.

1. Mobile Computing

2.  What are mobile phones?
Mobile phones are radio transceivers(=transmitters and receivers in
one) that are connected to each other via cell tower.
 Radio transmitter: Encodes audio to high frequency carrier waves.
 Radio receiver: Receives carrier waves and decode them into
hearable frequency range (20 to 20,000 Hz)
 SmartPhone: A cellular phone with built in applications and
internet. Eg: iphones, HTC, Samsung galaxy etc
 Tab: A wireless, portable personal computer with a touch screen
interface Eg:ipad, Samsung galaxy tab,Kindle fire, Google nexus.
 Mobile OS: The core software that operates a mobile device. The
OS provides a common way for applications to interface with
mobile device hardware.
 Mobile App: Software downloaded and installed directly on a
mobile device.

3.  Walkie-talkie communication
Walkie-talkies are communication devices developed
during the Second World War
 A walkie-talkie = radio transceiver (transmitter + receiver)
 Maximum range: around 15 kilometers
 A walkie-talkie is a simplex device, i.e., only one person
can talk at a time.
 By default it is in receive mode. When the button push-to-
talk is pressed, it changes to transmit mode.

4.  Car telephone system First mobile phones
 Introduced in 1946 in the USA developed in Bell
System
 A car phone is a mobile radio telephone specifically
designed for and fitted into an automobil.
 Also known as citizens band (CB) radioSimplex
device: one-way communication only (via push-to-talk
button)
 car phone uses a high-power transmitter and external
antenna
 Widely used up to and including the 1980s
 Decline started when mobile cell-phones became
popular in the 1990s.

6.  Mobile Phone generations
0GMobile radio telephone, used in car telephones.1940’s ’s
 1GMobile analog telecommunications.1981
 2GGlobal System for Mobile Telecommunications (GSM)
standard. Digital encryption used. Introduction of SMS and
MMS messages.1991
 3GUniversal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS)
and CDMA2000 standards. Introduction of mobile internet.
10 Mb/s2001
 4GMobile broadband data, including voice over data.
Enabling video conferencing. Download rates:- 100 Mb/s at
high mobility (cars/trains)- 1 Gb/s at low mobility
(pedestrians)2008
 5GHigh speed mobile internet. Probably around 10Gb/s.2020

7.  1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications which was first introduced in 1980s and completed in early
1990s.
 1G mobile communication system was introduced in Japan in 1979 by Nippon
Telegraph and Telephone (NTT).
 It's Speed was upto 2.4kbps.
 It allows the voice calls in country. 1G network use
Analog Signal.
 Frequency modulation techniques were used for voice
calls by base stations.
 AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G mobile
systems.
1G TECHNOLOGY

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DRAWBACKS OF 1G
• Poor Voice Quality
• Noisy
• Battery Life
• Large Phone Size
• No Security
• Limited Capacity

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2GTECHNOLOGY
• 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation which is
based on GSM(Global system for mobile
communication).
• It was launched in Finland in the year 1991.
• 2G network use digital signals.
• It’s data speed was upto 64kbps.
Features Includes:
• It enables services such as text messages,
picture messages and MMS (multi media message).
• Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at
least between the mobile phone and
the cellular base station
• It provides better quality and capacity .

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DRAWBACKS OF 2G
2G requires strong digital signals to
help mobile phones work. If there
is no network coverage in any specific
area , digital signals would weak.
These systems are unable to handle
complex data such as Videos
.
2G Wireless System

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2.5G TECHNOLOGY
2.5G is a technology between the second(2G)
and third (3G) generation of
mobile telephony.
2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular
Technology combined with GPRS.
Features Includes:
Phone Calls
Send/Receive E-mail Messages
Web Browsing
Speed : 64-144 kbps
Camera Phones
Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins.
Mp3 song

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3G TECHNOLOGY
3G technology refer to third generation which was
introduced in year 2000s.
Data Transmission speed increased from
144kbps- 2Mbps.
Typically called Smart Phones and
features increased its bandwidth
and data transfer rates to accommodate
web-based applications and audio
and video files.

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FEATURES OF 3G TECHNOLOGY
• Providing Faster Communication
• Send/Receive Large Email Messages
• High Speed Web / More Security
Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming
• TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
• Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities
• 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3
song.

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DRAWBACKS OF 3G
TECHNOLOGY
Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services
It was challenge to build the infrastructure
for 3G
High Bandwidth Requirement
Expensive 3G Phones.
Large Cell Phones

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4G TECHNOLOGY
(Anytime ,Anywhere)
• 4Gtechnology refer to or short name of fourth
Generation which was started from late 2000s.
• Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
• One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.
• Mobile Multimedia
• Anytime Anywhere
• Global Mobility Support
• Integrated Wireless Solution
• Customized Personal Services
• Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere.

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4G (Anytime,
Anywhere)
The next generations of wireless technology that promises
higher data rates and expanded multimedia services.
Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.
High QOS and High Security
Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements,
anywhere.
Features Include:
More Security
High Speed
High Capacity
Low Cost Per-bit etc.

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DRAWBACKS OF 4G
Battery usage is more
Hard to implement
Need complicated hardware
Expensive equipment required
to implement next generation
network.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G Vs 4G
Technology 3G 4G
Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec
Internet Services Broadband Ultra Broadband
Mobile - TV Resolution Low High
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz
Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-8 GHz
Download and upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps
The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data transfer and signal
quality.

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5G TECHNOLOGY
5G technology refer to short name of fifth Generation
which was started from late 2010s.
Complete wireless communication
with almost no limitations.
It is highly supportable to WWWW
(Wireless World Wide Web).

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BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY
High Speed, High Capacity
5G technology providing large broadcasting of data in
Gbps .
Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the
clarity
as to that of an HD Quality.
Faster data transmission that of the
previous generations.
Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed,
clarity in Audio/Video.
Support interactive multimedia , voice,
streaming video, Internet and other
5G is More Effective and More Attractive.

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EVOLUTION OF 1G TO 5G TECHNOLOGY
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22.  Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission
of data, voice and video via a computer or any other
wireless enabled device without having to be connected to
a fixed physical link.
 Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular
communication
 The main concept involves:
 Mobile communication
 Mobile hardware
 Mobile software

23.  The mobile communication in this case, refers to the
infrastructure put in place to ensure that seamless and
reliable communication goes on.
 These would include devices such as Protocols, Services,
Bandwidth, and Portals necessary to facilitate and support
of the stated services.
 The data format is also defined at this stage.
 This ensures that there is no collision with other existing
systems which offer the same service.
 Since the media is unguided/unbounded, the overlaying
infrastructure is more of radio wave oriented.
Mobile communication

24.  Mobile hardware
 Mobile hardware includes mobile devices or device
components that receive or access the service of mobility.
 They would range from Portable laptops, Smartphones,
Tablet Pc's, Personal Digital Assistants.
 These devices will have receptor medium that are capable
of sensing and receiving signals over wireless network.
 These devices are configured to operate in full- duplex,
whereby they are capable of sending and receiving signals
at the same time.
 They don't have to wait until one device has finished
communicating for the other device to initiate
communications.

25.  Mobile software is the actual program that run on the
mobile hardware.
 It deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile
applications.
 This is the engine of that mobile device.
 In other terms, it is the operating system of that appliance.
 It's the essential component that makes the mobile device
operate.
 Since portability is the main factor, this type of computing
ensures that users are not tied or pinned to a single physical
location, but are able to operate from anywhere.
 It will incorporate all aspects of wireless communications.
Mobile software

26.  Advantages of mobile computing
 Following are the clear advantages of Mobile Computing −
 Location flexibility
 Saves Time
 Enhanced Productivity
 Ease of research
 Entertainment
 Streamlining of Business Processes

27. Problems
 Due to their nomadic nature, it's not easy to monitor the proper
usage.
 User might have different intentions on how to utilize this
privilege.
 Improper and unethical practices such as hacking, industrial
espionage, pirating, online fraud and malicious destruction are
some but few of the problems experienced by mobile computing.
 Another big problem plaguing mobile computing is credential
verification.
 It's not possible to that the person using that person is the true
barrier.
 Health Issues
 Mobile addiction
 Poor social interaction

28.  A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is
an operating system that is specifically designed to
run on mobile devices such as mobile
phones, smartphones, PDAs, tablet computers and
other handheld devices. It is an interface between
user applications and mobile hardware.
 Trending Mobile Operating System
1. Android
2. BlackBerry OS
3. Bada
4. iOS
5. Windows Mobile and Phone

29.  The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system
developed by Research In Motion for use on the company’s
popular BlackBerry handheld devices.
 The BlackBerry platform is popular with corporate email, users
as it offers synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Lotus
Domino, Novell GroupWise email and other business software.
 BlackBerry devices have a reliable or a secure e-mail delivery
system. It integrates push email technology.
 Disadvantages:
 Because of the security check software BlackBerry take 5 to 10
minutes to turn on after unplugging the battery.
 BlackBerry has the most sluggish response time when it comes
to browsing the Internet.
 BlackBerry App World. With much hype, the app store lacked
decent amount of applications
 BlackBerry OS w
 as discontinued after the release of BlackBerry 10 and android
OS
BlackBerry OS

30.  Bada is a proprietary Samsung mobile OS that was first
launched in 2010.
 The Samsung Wave was the first smartphone to use this
mobile OS.
 Bada provides mobile features such as multipoint-touch,
3D graphics and multimedia ismuch better.
 Good Inter app Communication
 It doesnt have that much apps compared to android.
 lack of multitasking,it can run only one Bada app
 Due to security issue,Bada does not allow its applications
to access SMS and MMS
 Development on Android is faster compared to Bada
Bada (Samsung Electronics)

31.  Windows Phone (WP) is a discontinued family of mobile operating
systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones.
 Windows Phone is not an open source platform
 It keeps device safe from malware attacks and gives better battery
backup than Android and iOS devices.
 Windows Phone has many unique features such as Cortana, Offline Maps.
 Windows OS will not allow permission for 3rd party applications to gain
access to features like SMS, call log etc.
 Windows Phone comes with free Office in the OS itself
 Disadvantages
 Windows Phone devices are priced a bit more than Android devices.
 User can't change the looks and feel of Windows Phone appearance.
 lack of availability of applications, Windows Phone store does not allow
installing applications downloaded outside Store.
 Windows Phone works well with Microsoft products such as
Outlook.com, OneDrive Skype, Xbox, and OneNote.
Windows Phone (WP) OS

32. ios(formerly iPhone OS)
• mobile operating system developed by Apple.
• It is the world's second-most widely installed mobile operating
system, after Android.
• It is proprietary software, although some parts of it are open source
• compact UI for both Siri and phone calls, and the ability to change
both the default web browser and email apps.
• Generates less heat when compared to Android
• Suits for business and gaming
• Fingerprint scanning gives tough security.Excellent face
recognition security.
• Disadvantages
• Battery performance is very poor on 3G
• Repair costs are very piracy
• Not flexible only supports iOS devices
• costly Apps and no widget support.

33.  Android is an open-source operating system which is based on
Linux with a Java programminginterface for mobile devices like
Smartphones (Touch Screen Devices who supports Android
OS).Smart Notification Center
• Better Multi-tasking
• Security and Privacy
• Network Connectivity
• Memory Management System
 Use a Different Messaging App for SMS
 Easy access to the Android App Market
 Cost Effective
 Native integration with Google cloud storage, Apps available for
Amazon Photos, OneDrive and Dropbox.
 Android allows creating apps for a wider range of hardware
such as wearables, streaming devices, TVs, in-car systems
WHY ANDROID IS BETTER

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The Android Architecture
Built on top of
Linux kernel
Advantages:
 Security (e.g. secure
multi-process
environment)
 Power
Management
 Memory
management

35. • Android operating system is a stack of software components which is
roughly divided into five sections and four main layers
• Linux kernel
• Linux Kernel provides main functionality of operating system
functions for running an android application.
• The Linux Kernel will provide an abstraction layer between the device
hardware and the other components of android architecture.
• It contains all the essential hardware drivers like camera, keypad,
display etc. handles networking ,device drivers, interfacing to
peripheral hardware.
• The features of Linux kernel are:
• Security: The Linux kernel handles the security between the application
and the system.
• Memory Management: It efficiently handles the memory management
thereby providing the freedom to develop our apps.
• Process Management: It manages the process well, allocates resources
to processes whenever they need them.
• Network Stack: It effectively handles the network communication.

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The Android Architecture
Native Libraries
(C/C++ code)
Display
Subsystem (Surface
Manager)
Multimedia (Media
Framework)
2D & 3D (open GL)
Database DBMS
(SQLite)
Font Management
(FreeType)
 WebKit(web
browsing)
Security(SSL)

37. Platform libraries –
The Platform Libraries includes various C/C++ core libraries and Java based
libraries such as Media, Graphics, Surface Manager,OpenGL etc. to provide a
support for android development.
• Media library provides support to play and record an audio and video
formats.
• Surface manager responsible for managing access to the display
subsystem.
• OpenGL application program interface (API) are used for 2D and 3D
computer graphics.
• SQLite provides database support
• Web-Kit This open source web browser engine provides all the
functionality to display web content and to simplify page loading.
• SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is security technology to establish an
encrypted link between a web server and a web browser.

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The Android Architecture
Dalvik Virtual
Machine (VM)
Novel Java Virtual
Machine
implementation (not
using the Oracle
JVM)
Open License
Optimized for
memory-constrained
devices
Faster than Oracle
JVM
….

40. 40
Dalvik Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Java
Source
Code
Java Byte
Code
Java Virtual
Machine
(JVM)
Java
Source
Code
Java Byte
Code
Dalvik Byte
Code
Dalvik
Virtual
Machine
(VM)
Java
Compiler
Java
Compiler
Dex
Compiler
Stack-based
byte-code
Register-based
byte-code
Java Standard Edition

41.  Application runtime –
 Android Runtime environment is one of the most important
part of Android. It contains components like core libraries
and the Dalvik virtual machine(DVM).
 Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is a register-based virtual
machine and specially designed and optimized for android
to ensure that a device can run multiple instances
efficiently.
 It depends on the layer Linux kernel for threading and low-
level memory management.
 The core libraries enable us to implement android
applications using the standard JAVA
 Application framework –
 Application Framework provides several important classes
which are used to create an Android application.

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The Android Architecture
Application
Libraries
(Core Components of
Android)
Activity Manager-
life cycle of app
Packet Manager
Telephony
Manager(manages
calls)
Location Manager
Contents
Provider(publish and
share content)

43.  The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to
applications in the form of Java classes.
 it provides the services with the help of which we can create a particular
class and make that class helpful for the Applications creation.
 Application developers are allowed to make use of these services in
their applications.
 Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and
activity stack.
 Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and share data with
other applications.
 Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code embedded resources
such as strings, color settings and user interface layouts.
 Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display alerts and
notifications to the user.
 View System − An extensible set of views used to create application
user interfaces.
Application framework

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The Android Architecture
Applications
(Written in Java code)
Android Play
Store
Home
Camera
Gallery

45.  Applications is the top layer of android architecture.
 The pre-installed applications like home, contacts, camera,
gallery etc and third party applications downloaded from
the play store like chat applications, games etc. will be
installed on this layer only.
 It runs within the Android run time with the help of the
classes and services provided by the application
framework.
 Application components:
 Activity: The screen of application with which user
interacts. Ex: Media player
 Service: Working process of an activity which does not
require user interaction. Ex: Playing music
Applications

46. What Is the Android SDK?

47.  The Android SDK is a collection of software
development tools and libraries required to develop
Android application.
 The Android SDK comprises all the tools necessary to
code programs from scratch and even test them.
 These tools provide a smooth flow of the
development process from developing and
debugging, through to packaging.
 Need to install Android Studio, supports languages
like Java, Kotlin, and C++.
 Updates to the Android SDK are handled
automatically by Android Studio.

48.  The Android SDK is composed of modular packages that you can
download, install, and update separately using the Android SDK
Manager.
 The SDK Manager helps to update new SDK releases and
updates whenever a new Android platform is released.
 The SDK manager can be found in the top-right corner of the
Android Studio screen, as shown below.
 All that is required to follow the instructions provided, and the
updates will be immediately downloaded to your environment.
 If you already have Android Studio open, the SDK Manager icon
is found on the top right corner, as shown below.
What Is the SDK Manager?

49. How to Install the Android SDK
To install the Android SDK from within Android Studio, first start Android
Studio.
From the Android Studio start page, select Configure > SDK Manager.

50.  The Android SDK consists of an emulator, development tools,
sample projects with source code, and the required libraries to
build Android applications. Let's look at the key components
one by one.
 Android SDK Tools
 Android SDK Tools is a component of the Android SDK.
 It includes a complete set of development and debugging
tools for Android, and is included with Android Studio.
 The SDK Tools also consist of testing tools and other utilities
required to develop an app.
 SDK Build Tools
 Build tools are required for building components for building
the actual binaries for your Android app.
Components of the Android SDK?

51.  SDK Platform-Tools
 These tools interface with the Android platform on the device
you use for testing. They include:
 Android Debug Bridge (adb): This is a handy command-line tool
that lets you communicate with a device. The adb command
allows you to perform device actions, such as installing and
debugging apps. It also provides access to a Unix shell that you
can use to run a variety of commands on a device.
 fastboot: This lets you flash a device with a new system image.
 systrace: This tool helps collect and inspect timing information
across all processes running on your device at the system level.
It's crucial for debugging app performance.
 SDK Platform-Tools are backward compatible, so you need only
one version of the SDK Platform-Tools.
 SDK Platform
 For each version of Android, there's one SDK Platform available.
These are numbered according to the Android version
(e.g. Android 7 Nougat) and an API version (e.g. API Level 24).
 Before you build an Android app, you must specify an SDK
Platform as your build target.

52.  Google APIs
 Google provides a number of exclusive Google APIs to make
developing your app easier.
 Android Emulator
 The Android Emulator is a QEMU-based device-emulation tool
that simulates Android devices on your computer, allowing
developers to test applications on different devices and Android
API levels, without needing to have physical devices for each.
 The emulator comes with configurations for various Android
phones, tablets, Wear OS, and Android TV devices.
 The Android emulator provides almost all of the capabilities of a
real Android device. You can perform the following activities:
 simulate phone calls and text messages
 simulate different network speeds
 specify the location of the device
 simulate hardware sensors such as rotation
 access Google Play Store and much more
 Often it is faster and easier to test your app with an emulator
instead of using a physical device.

53.  Each Android app lives in its own security sandbox, protected by the
following Android security features:
 The Android operating system is a multi-user Linux system in which each
app is a different user.
 By default, the system assigns each app a unique Linux user ID (the ID is
used only by the system and is unknown to the app). The system sets
permissions for all the files in an app so that only the user ID assigned to
that app can access them.
 Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so an app's code runs in
isolation from other apps.
 By default, every app runs in its own Linux process. The Android system
starts the process when any of the app's components need to be executed,
and then shuts down the process when it's no longer needed or when the
system must recover memory for other apps.
 That is, each app, by default, has access only to the components that it
requires to do its work and no more.
 This creates a very secure environment in which an app cannot access parts
of the system for which it is not given permission.
 However, there are ways for an app to share data with other apps and for
an app to access system services.
Android - Application Fundamentals