Semiconductors currently provide the memory and processing capabilities of modern electronics, but existing memory technologies have limitations. Ovonic unified memory (OUM) uses a phase change material called chalcogenide that can rapidly and reversibly switch between amorphous and crystalline structural states to store data. OUM offers improvements over existing memory such as small cell size, simple manufacturing, low voltage operation, and high scalability. Testing of OUM integrated with CMOS transistors showed full functionality of memory arrays without degrading CMOS performance.
This document discusses emerging non-volatile memory technologies and focuses on Ovonic Unified Memory (OUM). It outlines the limitations of current memory technologies like DRAM, RAM, and FLASH. It then explains the fundamentals and operation of OUM, which uses a chalcogenide material that can be switched between amorphous and crystalline structural states by applying electric current to heat the material. The document notes several advantages of OUM, including its non-volatility, high density, simple structure, low cost and scalability. OUM offers improved memory that addresses many of the limitations of present technologies.
This document presents an overview of Ovonic Unified Memory (OUM) as an emerging non-volatile memory technology. It discusses the limitations of current memory technologies like DRAM, RAM, and flash memory. It then provides details on the fundamentals and operation of OUM, which uses electric current to reversibly switch between amorphous and crystalline phases in chalcogenide materials for data storage. Key advantages of OUM include non-volatility, high density, low cost, and highly scalable properties. The document concludes that optimized OUM has potential for low power operation and radiation tolerance.
2016 Project.
A finger wore device helpful for blind people.
Used to know the color and currency and etc.,
Prepared by Ch.Durga Rao, Naidu.S.Piyadarshini.
This document discusses synchronous and asynchronous circuits. Synchronous circuits use a global clock signal to coordinate timing, but this limits speed and wastes power. Asynchronous circuits coordinate activity through local handshaking signals instead of a clock. They can run at each component's natural speed without wasted idle time. Asynchronous circuits have advantages like higher speed, lower power usage, and less electromagnetic interference compared to synchronous circuits. However, asynchronous design is more complex and lacks mature design tools.
3D-DOCTOR is an advanced 3D imaging software developed by Able Software Corp. that uses object-oriented technologies to extract information from medical imaging files like CT, MRI, PET scans to create 3D models for analysis. It supports various file formats and can process large 3D volumes. The software allows 3D visualization, measurements, and shape analysis of image data over time. However, 3D-DOCTOR is an expensive software that requires frequent upgrades to maintain.
Neuromorphic computing is an emerging interdisciplinary field that takes inspiration from biology to design hardware models of neural systems. Specifically, it uses very-large-scale integrated circuits containing analog electronic circuits to mimic the neurobiological architectures in the nervous system, as conceived by Carver Mead in the late 1980s. Two examples are Neurogrid, a mixed-analog-digital multichip system emulating a million neurons and billion connections using subthreshold analog logic, and IBM's TrueNorth, which contains 16 neuromorphic cores and is completely digital. Both aim to achieve the scale and low power operation of the biological brain through novel computing architectures.
The document discusses the Blue Brain project, which aims to create a virtual brain through detailed computer modeling and simulation. It describes how the Blue Brain project uses a supercomputer to simulate 10,000 neurons in order to build a basic brain microcircuit. Researchers ultimately hope to apply tremendous computer power to fully simulate the human brain within 30 years. The Blue Brain produced flashes of activity on its first day that scientists recognized from natural brain behavior, showing it was functioning similarly to a real brain.
This document discusses emerging non-volatile memory technologies and focuses on Ovonic Unified Memory (OUM). It outlines the limitations of current memory technologies like DRAM, RAM, and FLASH. It then explains the fundamentals and operation of OUM, which uses a chalcogenide material that can be switched between amorphous and crystalline structural states by applying electric current to heat the material. The document notes several advantages of OUM, including its non-volatility, high density, simple structure, low cost and scalability. OUM offers improved memory that addresses many of the limitations of present technologies.
This document presents an overview of Ovonic Unified Memory (OUM) as an emerging non-volatile memory technology. It discusses the limitations of current memory technologies like DRAM, RAM, and flash memory. It then provides details on the fundamentals and operation of OUM, which uses electric current to reversibly switch between amorphous and crystalline phases in chalcogenide materials for data storage. Key advantages of OUM include non-volatility, high density, low cost, and highly scalable properties. The document concludes that optimized OUM has potential for low power operation and radiation tolerance.
2016 Project.
A finger wore device helpful for blind people.
Used to know the color and currency and etc.,
Prepared by Ch.Durga Rao, Naidu.S.Piyadarshini.
This document discusses synchronous and asynchronous circuits. Synchronous circuits use a global clock signal to coordinate timing, but this limits speed and wastes power. Asynchronous circuits coordinate activity through local handshaking signals instead of a clock. They can run at each component's natural speed without wasted idle time. Asynchronous circuits have advantages like higher speed, lower power usage, and less electromagnetic interference compared to synchronous circuits. However, asynchronous design is more complex and lacks mature design tools.
3D-DOCTOR is an advanced 3D imaging software developed by Able Software Corp. that uses object-oriented technologies to extract information from medical imaging files like CT, MRI, PET scans to create 3D models for analysis. It supports various file formats and can process large 3D volumes. The software allows 3D visualization, measurements, and shape analysis of image data over time. However, 3D-DOCTOR is an expensive software that requires frequent upgrades to maintain.
Neuromorphic computing is an emerging interdisciplinary field that takes inspiration from biology to design hardware models of neural systems. Specifically, it uses very-large-scale integrated circuits containing analog electronic circuits to mimic the neurobiological architectures in the nervous system, as conceived by Carver Mead in the late 1980s. Two examples are Neurogrid, a mixed-analog-digital multichip system emulating a million neurons and billion connections using subthreshold analog logic, and IBM's TrueNorth, which contains 16 neuromorphic cores and is completely digital. Both aim to achieve the scale and low power operation of the biological brain through novel computing architectures.
The document discusses the Blue Brain project, which aims to create a virtual brain through detailed computer modeling and simulation. It describes how the Blue Brain project uses a supercomputer to simulate 10,000 neurons in order to build a basic brain microcircuit. Researchers ultimately hope to apply tremendous computer power to fully simulate the human brain within 30 years. The Blue Brain produced flashes of activity on its first day that scientists recognized from natural brain behavior, showing it was functioning similarly to a real brain.
The document discusses brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, also known as brain chip technology. It begins with an introduction and overview of BCI, including block diagrams showing the translation of brain signals into device commands. The document then covers different types of BCI, such as invasive and non-invasive methods, as well as various BCI projects including BrainGate and using thought to control devices like robots and games. Potential advantages of BCI are discussed, such as helping paralyzed patients control prosthetics, as well as disadvantages like the crudeness of current technology and issues with electrodes. In conclusion, BCI technology allows communication based on neural activity and provides paralyzed individuals new ways to interact with their environments through a direct
for presenting students only:)
a clear concept and useful for 10 minute presentation.
images that helps you to discribe the slides.
have fun:) keep remember that this is basic concepts so i preffer it for MCA andCE students only. thank you.
The document discusses solid state drives (SSDs) and how they differ from traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). SSDs use solid state memory like NAND flash instead of spinning disks, so they have no moving parts. This makes SSDs faster, more durable, quieter, and more energy efficient than HDDs. However, SSDs currently have higher costs and lower storage capacities than HDDs. The document covers the history, components, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and performance comparisons of SSDs versus HDDs.
The document discusses voice recognition using MatLab. It introduces voice recognition as the process of converting acoustic signals to words. Voice recognition can be used for transcription, command and control, and information access. It discusses the principles and methods of voice recognition, including text-dependent and text-independent approaches. The document outlines the key components of a voice recognition system, including feature extraction using mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC), recognition models, and applications like device control and mobile phones. It also reviews the advantages, limitations, and future of voice recognition technology.
The document discusses the Blue Brain project which aims to create the first virtual brain through highly advanced computer simulation. The Blue Brain would function similar to a human brain, allowing it to think, learn, remember, and process information. It would be created using supercomputers and neural networking to accurately mimic the structures and activity of the natural human brain. The goal of the Blue Brain project is to upload a person's memories, skills, and intelligence into a virtual brain platform that could exist indefinitely even after death.
THIS SLIDE INCLUDES DEFINITION AND USE OF 4 COMPUTER MEMORY. THIS IS FOR ACADEMIC STUDY WHICH DESCRIBES ABOUT TYPES, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES OF MEMORY
The document describes a smart note taker product that allows users to take notes by writing in the air. The notes are sensed and stored digitally. Key features include allowing blind users to write freely, and enabling instructors to write notes during presentations that are broadcast to students. It works using sensors to detect 3D writing motions, which are processed, stored, and can be viewed on a display or sent to other devices. An applet program and database are used to recognize words written in the air and print them. The smart note taker offers advantages over digital pens like ease of use and time savings.
This presentation provides an overview of brain-computer interfaces (BCI). It describes the three main components of a BCI system: signal acquisition, processing, and output. For acquisition, both invasive (ECoG, SU) and non-invasive (EEG, fMRI, fNIRS) techniques are used to record brain signals. Signals are then processed before being used to control output devices. The presentation discusses the history and applications of BCI in medical, smart environments, marketing, education, gaming, and security. While BCI shows promise, challenges remain around technology limitations and ethical issues.
The document describes a finger-worn device called the FingerReader that assists visually impaired users in reading printed text. The FingerReader uses a small camera mounted on a 3D printed ring to scan and track text lines. It provides tactile and auditory feedback to help users smoothly track lines of text. The device aims to give visually impaired people more independence and access to printed materials than existing assistive technologies.
The document discusses brain-computer interfaces (BCI), including early work developing algorithms to reconstruct movements from brain activity in the 1970s. It describes different types of invasive and non-invasive BCI approaches and various applications, such as providing communication assistance to disabled individuals or controlling prosthetics. Current BCI projects aim to allow thought-based control of devices or restore sensory functions through electrical brain stimulation. However, challenges remain as BCI technology is still in early stages with crude capabilities and potential ethical concerns require further exploration.
Utility fog is a proposed system consisting of swarms of tiny robotic cells called foglets that can aggregate to form objects and simulate physical properties. Each foglet is the size of a human cell with 12 arms and is programmable. Foglets communicate and coordinate using optical waveguides to enable creation, levitation, manipulation, teleportation and shape shifting. Potential applications include more efficient machines, space exploration, safety systems, and reducing waste. However, utility fog also has limitations like inability to simulate very hard materials or chemical reactions.
Mind reading computers can infer a person's mental states through analyzing facial expressions and head gestures with video cameras. They work by storing representations of how different mental states like thinking, agreeing, or being happy are expressed physically. Another method uses a headband that measures blood oxygen levels near the brain using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. While this could help people with disabilities, it risks privacy breaches and extracting confidential information. The accuracy of inferring thoughts is currently around 86.4% but the complexity of the human mind poses challenges to fully realizing mind reading computers.
This document discusses brain-computer interfaces (BCI), including an introduction to BCI systems and how they use brain signals to control external devices. It describes the major parts of the human brain involved in BCI and the electroencephalography (EEG) concept. It outlines two main BCI approaches, the hardware and software required, and how a BCI system works in six stages from signal generation to device control. It also discusses feedback, drawbacks, innovators in the field, and applications of BCI technology.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on Internet of Things (IoT) technology taught by Dr. Syed Mustafa at HKBK College of Engineering, Bengaluru. It covers key modules including IoT physical devices and endpoints such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi. The Arduino section describes the Arduino microcontroller board and its components. It also covers Arduino programming basics like setup and loop functions, input/output functions, variables, conditional statements, and serial communication. The Raspberry Pi section provides an overview of the single-board computer and its hardware layout.
The document discusses the Chameleon Chip, a reconfigurable processor that can rewire itself dynamically to adapt to different software tasks. It contains reconfigurable processing fabric divided into slices that can be reconfigured independently. Algorithms are loaded sequentially onto the fabric for high performance. The chip architecture includes an ARC processor, memory controller, PCI controller, and programmable I/O. Its applications include wireless base stations, wireless local loops, and software-defined radio.
The Blue Brain Project aims to create a synthetic brain through detailed computer simulations of the mammalian brain. The project uses a supercomputer to simulate neurons and their interconnections in order to better understand brain function and dysfunction. The end goal is to simulate an entire human brain to gain insights into cognition and consciousness. Current research involves simulating smaller sections of the brain at the cellular level. Challenges include developing powerful enough computers and mapping the entire complexity of the human brain.
The document discusses the concept of a virtual brain called the "Blue Brain" project being developed by IBM. It aims to simulate the human brain by uploading its contents into a computer system. This would allow human intelligence and knowledge to persist even after death and be utilized by society. Current research involves using nanobots to scan and interface a physical brain with a computer that would mimic its structure and functions through vast memory, processing power and algorithms. Both advantages like eternal knowledge and disadvantages like dependency on computers are discussed.
Smart Note Taker is a advanced version of PC Note Taker.
The Block diagram and list of the hardwares used is added in this ppt.
I think all of you wil get a clear idea about SNT via this ppt.
The document describes a smart note taker product that can instantly convert handwritten notes into editable text. It discusses the introduction and features of the note taker, including how it allows blind people to write freely and is useful for instructors giving presentations. It provides an overview of how the note taker works using a database and sensor to recognize words and transfer information to a display. The document also discusses opportunities in the market, advantages like being helpful and reliable, disadvantages like cost, and the future scope of the product.
The document introduces OUM (Ovonic Unified Memory) technology, which uses reversible phase change between amorphous and crystalline phases in chalcogenide materials as small programmable resistors for memory cells. It describes the OUM technology concept, cell element characteristics including I-V curves, array operation for read, set and reset, advantages over DRAM and flash such as cost reduction and scalability. Potential risk factors are also discussed such as reset current control and cycle life endurance. The conclusion states that OUM offers near ideal memory qualities and broad applications if risk factors can be addressed.
The document discusses brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, also known as brain chip technology. It begins with an introduction and overview of BCI, including block diagrams showing the translation of brain signals into device commands. The document then covers different types of BCI, such as invasive and non-invasive methods, as well as various BCI projects including BrainGate and using thought to control devices like robots and games. Potential advantages of BCI are discussed, such as helping paralyzed patients control prosthetics, as well as disadvantages like the crudeness of current technology and issues with electrodes. In conclusion, BCI technology allows communication based on neural activity and provides paralyzed individuals new ways to interact with their environments through a direct
for presenting students only:)
a clear concept and useful for 10 minute presentation.
images that helps you to discribe the slides.
have fun:) keep remember that this is basic concepts so i preffer it for MCA andCE students only. thank you.
The document discusses solid state drives (SSDs) and how they differ from traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). SSDs use solid state memory like NAND flash instead of spinning disks, so they have no moving parts. This makes SSDs faster, more durable, quieter, and more energy efficient than HDDs. However, SSDs currently have higher costs and lower storage capacities than HDDs. The document covers the history, components, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and performance comparisons of SSDs versus HDDs.
The document discusses voice recognition using MatLab. It introduces voice recognition as the process of converting acoustic signals to words. Voice recognition can be used for transcription, command and control, and information access. It discusses the principles and methods of voice recognition, including text-dependent and text-independent approaches. The document outlines the key components of a voice recognition system, including feature extraction using mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC), recognition models, and applications like device control and mobile phones. It also reviews the advantages, limitations, and future of voice recognition technology.
The document discusses the Blue Brain project which aims to create the first virtual brain through highly advanced computer simulation. The Blue Brain would function similar to a human brain, allowing it to think, learn, remember, and process information. It would be created using supercomputers and neural networking to accurately mimic the structures and activity of the natural human brain. The goal of the Blue Brain project is to upload a person's memories, skills, and intelligence into a virtual brain platform that could exist indefinitely even after death.
THIS SLIDE INCLUDES DEFINITION AND USE OF 4 COMPUTER MEMORY. THIS IS FOR ACADEMIC STUDY WHICH DESCRIBES ABOUT TYPES, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES OF MEMORY
The document describes a smart note taker product that allows users to take notes by writing in the air. The notes are sensed and stored digitally. Key features include allowing blind users to write freely, and enabling instructors to write notes during presentations that are broadcast to students. It works using sensors to detect 3D writing motions, which are processed, stored, and can be viewed on a display or sent to other devices. An applet program and database are used to recognize words written in the air and print them. The smart note taker offers advantages over digital pens like ease of use and time savings.
This presentation provides an overview of brain-computer interfaces (BCI). It describes the three main components of a BCI system: signal acquisition, processing, and output. For acquisition, both invasive (ECoG, SU) and non-invasive (EEG, fMRI, fNIRS) techniques are used to record brain signals. Signals are then processed before being used to control output devices. The presentation discusses the history and applications of BCI in medical, smart environments, marketing, education, gaming, and security. While BCI shows promise, challenges remain around technology limitations and ethical issues.
The document describes a finger-worn device called the FingerReader that assists visually impaired users in reading printed text. The FingerReader uses a small camera mounted on a 3D printed ring to scan and track text lines. It provides tactile and auditory feedback to help users smoothly track lines of text. The device aims to give visually impaired people more independence and access to printed materials than existing assistive technologies.
The document discusses brain-computer interfaces (BCI), including early work developing algorithms to reconstruct movements from brain activity in the 1970s. It describes different types of invasive and non-invasive BCI approaches and various applications, such as providing communication assistance to disabled individuals or controlling prosthetics. Current BCI projects aim to allow thought-based control of devices or restore sensory functions through electrical brain stimulation. However, challenges remain as BCI technology is still in early stages with crude capabilities and potential ethical concerns require further exploration.
Utility fog is a proposed system consisting of swarms of tiny robotic cells called foglets that can aggregate to form objects and simulate physical properties. Each foglet is the size of a human cell with 12 arms and is programmable. Foglets communicate and coordinate using optical waveguides to enable creation, levitation, manipulation, teleportation and shape shifting. Potential applications include more efficient machines, space exploration, safety systems, and reducing waste. However, utility fog also has limitations like inability to simulate very hard materials or chemical reactions.
Mind reading computers can infer a person's mental states through analyzing facial expressions and head gestures with video cameras. They work by storing representations of how different mental states like thinking, agreeing, or being happy are expressed physically. Another method uses a headband that measures blood oxygen levels near the brain using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. While this could help people with disabilities, it risks privacy breaches and extracting confidential information. The accuracy of inferring thoughts is currently around 86.4% but the complexity of the human mind poses challenges to fully realizing mind reading computers.
This document discusses brain-computer interfaces (BCI), including an introduction to BCI systems and how they use brain signals to control external devices. It describes the major parts of the human brain involved in BCI and the electroencephalography (EEG) concept. It outlines two main BCI approaches, the hardware and software required, and how a BCI system works in six stages from signal generation to device control. It also discusses feedback, drawbacks, innovators in the field, and applications of BCI technology.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on Internet of Things (IoT) technology taught by Dr. Syed Mustafa at HKBK College of Engineering, Bengaluru. It covers key modules including IoT physical devices and endpoints such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi. The Arduino section describes the Arduino microcontroller board and its components. It also covers Arduino programming basics like setup and loop functions, input/output functions, variables, conditional statements, and serial communication. The Raspberry Pi section provides an overview of the single-board computer and its hardware layout.
The document discusses the Chameleon Chip, a reconfigurable processor that can rewire itself dynamically to adapt to different software tasks. It contains reconfigurable processing fabric divided into slices that can be reconfigured independently. Algorithms are loaded sequentially onto the fabric for high performance. The chip architecture includes an ARC processor, memory controller, PCI controller, and programmable I/O. Its applications include wireless base stations, wireless local loops, and software-defined radio.
The Blue Brain Project aims to create a synthetic brain through detailed computer simulations of the mammalian brain. The project uses a supercomputer to simulate neurons and their interconnections in order to better understand brain function and dysfunction. The end goal is to simulate an entire human brain to gain insights into cognition and consciousness. Current research involves simulating smaller sections of the brain at the cellular level. Challenges include developing powerful enough computers and mapping the entire complexity of the human brain.
The document discusses the concept of a virtual brain called the "Blue Brain" project being developed by IBM. It aims to simulate the human brain by uploading its contents into a computer system. This would allow human intelligence and knowledge to persist even after death and be utilized by society. Current research involves using nanobots to scan and interface a physical brain with a computer that would mimic its structure and functions through vast memory, processing power and algorithms. Both advantages like eternal knowledge and disadvantages like dependency on computers are discussed.
Smart Note Taker is a advanced version of PC Note Taker.
The Block diagram and list of the hardwares used is added in this ppt.
I think all of you wil get a clear idea about SNT via this ppt.
The document describes a smart note taker product that can instantly convert handwritten notes into editable text. It discusses the introduction and features of the note taker, including how it allows blind people to write freely and is useful for instructors giving presentations. It provides an overview of how the note taker works using a database and sensor to recognize words and transfer information to a display. The document also discusses opportunities in the market, advantages like being helpful and reliable, disadvantages like cost, and the future scope of the product.
The document introduces OUM (Ovonic Unified Memory) technology, which uses reversible phase change between amorphous and crystalline phases in chalcogenide materials as small programmable resistors for memory cells. It describes the OUM technology concept, cell element characteristics including I-V curves, array operation for read, set and reset, advantages over DRAM and flash such as cost reduction and scalability. Potential risk factors are also discussed such as reset current control and cycle life endurance. The conclusion states that OUM offers near ideal memory qualities and broad applications if risk factors can be addressed.
This document provides tips and techniques for improving memory in different areas. It discusses how to remember names by making them interesting and paying attention when introduced. For presentations, it recommends listing key words to link ideas instead of memorizing verbatim. To remember vocabulary, it suggests finding related known words to form a picture or story for the new word. The document also previews additional topics like remembering tasks, phone numbers, using the link and peg memory methods, improving observation, remembering facts about people, and an advanced name and face memory technique.
This document provides 16 brain exercises to help build a stronger memory. Some of the exercises include moving the eyes from side to side, moving arms across the body, singing songs, doing simple math problems, imagining objects at varying levels of specificity, taking mental trips to different cities around the world, imagining oneself as non-human objects, asking curious questions, learning new skills, playing word association games, writing poetry, and telling jokes. Regular practice of these fun and varied exercises is recommended to keep the brain elastic and engaged.
Our corporate boxes for NBL games are located across two sections of the venue and provide exceptional service, food, drinks and networking opportunities. A corporate box costs $37,000 plus GST and includes an eight person box, VIP entrance, access to the Eastern Lounge before and after games for food and drinks, complimentary beer, wine and soft drinks during games, discounts on merchandise, parking, and a personalized singlet.
David Glasser in Chicago - Meteor: Past, Present, & Future yaliceme
David Glasser is a core developer at Meteor Development Group (see his bio at http://www.meteor.com/about/people).
On September 26, 2013, David was a guest at the Meteor Chicago meetup group (http://www.meetup.com/Meteor-Chicago). He spoke about how Meteor has changed in the year since he joined Meteor in September 2012 and showed us what's on the horizon for Meteor's future.
The document discusses the 1969 film The Andromeda Strain about a deadly extraterrestrial microorganism brought back by a satellite and the scientific theories explored in the film, including the one man hypothesis of contamination and experiments conducted to test decontamination and investigate an unknown disease, its symptoms and exceptions. It also briefly mentions biological warfare and anthrax.
Andromeda is a programmer productivity tool that aims to reduce labor and increase quality. Its primary feature is a powerful data dictionary that allows applying the DRY principle when creating applications. This data dictionary is not present in other frameworks. Andromeda also has features to speed up accurate development at the database, PHP, and browser levels while allowing programmers flexibility without a restrictive framework.
The document discusses principles for building academic background knowledge through indirect approaches. It outlines six principles: 1) Students store knowledge in "memory records" of events they are involved in. 2) Students need multiple exposures to new content spaced several days apart with elaborations. 3) Instruction must target content-specific information while allowing personalization. 4) Teachers must provide basic terminology and concepts before "more" knowledge. 5) Vocabulary acquisition builds background knowledge through labeling memories. 6) Virtual experiences like reading and conversation enhance background knowledge. The document also discusses effective vocabulary instruction, noting dictionary definitions should not be the first exposure and there must be multiple exposures and discussions of new words.
1. The document discusses several topics from the Islamic Golden Age including philosophy, astronomy, architecture, navigation/geography, physics, and arts.
2. In philosophy, Muslim philosophers debated issues using both reason and religious texts, with some emphasizing reason and others faith. Astronomers made advances including the first reference to the Andromeda Galaxy.
3. Architecture featured unique elements like calligraphy and advanced engineering tools. Navigation and geography were advanced by scholars like al-Idrisi and Ibn Battuta. Physics scholars like al-Haytham founded optics and explained natural phenomena. The arts, like manuscript illumination, ceramics, and calligraphy flourished.
En la mitología griega, Andrómeda era la hija de los reyes etíopes Cefeo y Casiopea. Casiopea provocó la ira de Poseidón al presumir de ser más bella que las Nereidas, por lo que Poseidón envió un monstruo marino para castigarlos. Para salvar su reino, los padres de Andrómeda tuvieron que encadenarla a una roca como sacrificio para el monstruo. Perseo mató al monstruo y rescató a Andrómeda, con quien se casó. La galax
The document discusses research into developing an app called Andromeda to help artists find spaces to showcase and sell their work. The app would function as a social network connecting artists and curators. Key findings from interviews with artists and curators revealed that personal connections are important for artists to get opportunities, and the app should focus on facilitating direct communication between users. The document outlines considerations for designing an interface that allows artists and curators to interact, view each other's profiles tailored to their interests, and hopefully form ongoing relationships.
The Andromeda galaxy is a large spiral galaxy that is the nearest to the Milky Way. It is visible from Earth and part of the Local Group of Galaxies, which also includes the Triangulum and Milky Way galaxies. The Andromeda galaxy is predicted to collide with the Milky Way in about 1 million years and contains double the number of stars as the Milky Way. It may harbor life as well since it is very distant and little is known about what exists within the Andromeda galaxy.
The Milky Way galaxy is estimated to have a diameter of 220,000 light-years and began forming billions of years ago. It contains a halo, bulge, and disc, and layers of dark matter surround it. According to Greek mythology, the Milky Way was formed when Hera accidentally spilled her breast milk in the night sky while nursing the infant Heracles.
Andromeda is an Android framework that aims to simplify the development of sensor-based applications. It detects common motion gestures like shaking and provides an easier API for accessing sensor data than using the native Android sensors API. The framework handles complex sensor data and notifies clients when gestures are detected. Andromeda supports multiple Android SDK versions and aims to increase productivity for sensor app developers. Future plans include expanding gesture detection and integrating with testing frameworks.
The document discusses several techniques for improving memory:
1) Chunking involves grouping items into small, memorable chunks to make them easier to recall.
2) Rhyming uses natural tendencies to remember rhymes and rhythms to aid memorization.
3) Mediation connects items using a "bridge" of additional information.
4) Bed-time recital involves reviewing items to be remembered just before sleeping to allow the mind to organize the information overnight.
Analysis Andromeda Galaxy Data Using Spark: Spark Summit East Talk by Jose Na...Spark Summit
The Andromeda Galaxy, or M31, is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light years away from the Milky Way. As the nearest large external galaxy, it allows us to study galaxy features not visible in our own Milky Way due to our position within the galaxy. Recent studies have shown that the disc and halo of the Andromeda Galaxy extend further than previously thought. Rafiei Ravandi et al 2016 extended previous surveys of Andromeda at mid-infrared wvalengths to produce a catalog containing 426,529 objects. We have used the Apache Spark API for Python in order to cross correlate these objects with previous astronomical catalogs, such as SIMBAD, NED, and MAST (over 11 million objects). The aim is to know whether the objects from the new survey are all part of the M31 galaxy or are part of the background or foreground. The Spark-Python code makes full use of Spark RDDs in order to join multiple catalogs in a single table; this helps us to predict if a particular object is in fact part of Andromeda.
We used key-value pairs in order to reduce the data duplicate data from the MAST catalog, and using groupByKey, we can classify a particular astronomical object using previous catalogs. We can conclude that our new tool can help us to better understand multiple astronomical catalogs for the Andromeda galaxy, such as resolution between astronomical catalogs, and the region in the galaxy where the astronomical objects (such as X-ray binaries, or black holes) dwell.
Islamic architecture is characterized by several key elements. Mosques, tombs, and palaces are the three major building types. Mosques feature a central courtyard and are oriented towards Mecca. Geometric forms, arches, domes, and ornate decorations are commonly used. Interior space is highly valued over exterior appearance. The dome symbolizes power and can serve both religious and secular functions by covering important interior spaces. Overall, Islamic architecture is focused on the enclosed interior space and uses architectural elements to serve religious functions and express Islamic culture.
This document provides 15 tips for improving memory and exercising the brain: 1) Believe in your ability to improve your memory, 2) Keep your brain active by learning new skills, 3) Exercise daily to improve brain circulation and focus, 4) Reduce stress which can negatively impact memory, 5) Eat a healthy diet with brain-boosting foods, 6) Practice observational skills by remembering photo details, 7) Give yourself time to form memories without distractions, 8) Create vivid mental images to associate memories, 9) Repeat information to commit it to memory, 10) Group related items to remember lists easier, 11) Organize your life to free up mental energy, 12) Practice meditation to improve focus and memory, 13
1. Phase change memory (PCM) uses reversible phase changes in chalcogenide glass to store information as amorphous or crystalline states, allowing fast switching between high and low resistance states.
2. PCM provides attributes of RAM, NOR flash, and NAND flash by being byte-addressable, faster than flash, and non-volatile like flash. It is being developed as a replacement for flash memory.
3. A basic PCM cell consists of an access transistor and a programmable element made of chalcogenide glass that can be switched between amorphous and crystalline phases using electric pulses to change resistance and store data.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes dynamic RAM (DRAM) which must be refreshed to maintain data and static RAM (SRAM) which retains data permanently. It also discusses the "memory wall" where CPU speed increased much faster than memory speed. Flash memory is described as a type of non-volatile memory used in devices like USB drives. The document concludes by defining non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) and providing examples like FeRAM and PRAM.
This document provides an overview of memristors, including what they are, how they are modeled, applications, and the future potential of this emerging technology. A memristor is a two-terminal electronic component that can remember the amount of charge that previously flowed through it. It functions as a resistor whose resistance depends on the history of applied voltage or current. Memristors have applications in non-volatile memory, computational circuits, and neuromorphic systems that mimic the brain. They may eventually replace other components like transistors, capacitors, and flash memory.
ROM(Read Only Memory ) is computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read.
This document provides an overview of read-only memory (ROM) and its variations. It discusses that ROM is a type of memory that retains data permanently, even when power is removed. The document describes the basic components and functioning of ROM, including its input lines, output lines, and decoded minterms. It then explains different types of ROM such as PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory, focusing on their ability to be programmed and erased. The document provides details on how each type stores and retrieves data, and their typical access times.
ROM (read-only memory) is a type of non-volatile memory that can only be read and cannot be normally modified. Data is stored permanently, even when power is removed. Different types include PROM (programmable ROM), EPROM (erasable programmable ROM), and EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM). Flash memory, a newer type, allows data to be written and erased electronically and in blocks while still in the device. ROM holds programs and data permanently to start up a computer, while RAM is read-write memory used for active programs and data.
This document provides information about Subhromitan Chatterjee's academic details such as name, stream, roll number, paper name, and paper code. It then discusses different types of read-only memory (ROM) including their introduction, characteristics, differences between ROM and RAM, examples of ROM usage, and how ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory work.
Transparent electronics by kirti kansalTechnocratz
This document discusses the emerging field of transparent electronics. The key goals are to discover transparent, high-performance electronic materials and implement them in transistors, circuits and systems. This would enable applications like touchscreens, solar cells, displays, and smart windows that are transparent. Technologies like transparent thin-film transistors, resistors, capacitors and indutors are discussed. Recent advances include transparent memory devices that could replace flash memory and memristors that mimic the brain's neurons. Future applications may include electronic devices integrated into car windshields, windows, and other transparent surfaces.
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF RECOVERY BOOSTING TECHNIQUE TO ENHANCE NBTI RECOVERY I...Editor IJMTER
Negative Bias Temperature Instability is an important lifetime reliability problem in
microprocessors. SRAM-based structures within the processor are especially susceptible to NBTI
since one of the PMOS devices in the memory cell always has an input of ‘0’. Previously proposed
recovery techniques for SRAM cells aim to balance the degradation of the two PMOS devices by
attempting to keep their inputs at a logic ‘0’ exactly 50% of the time. However, one of the devices is
always in the negative bias condition at any given time. In this paper, we propose a technique called
Recovery Boosting that allows both PMOS devices in the memory cell to be put into the recovery
mode by slightly modifying the design of conventional SRAM cells to verify its functionality and
quantity area and power consumption.
This document provides an overview of the key topics and learning objectives covered in the chapter on computer hardware from the textbook "Introduction to Information Technology". The chapter outlines hardware components like the central processing unit, computer memory including primary and secondary storage, the evolution of computer hardware, the hierarchy of computer systems, and input/output technologies. It also discusses trends in hardware and strategic issues related to linking hardware design with business needs.
The document provides an overview of computer hardware components and concepts. It summarizes the central processing unit, computer memory including primary and secondary storage, input/output technologies, and trends in hardware evolution. The chapter outlines key hardware topics and learning objectives to understand the major components of computer systems and their design, functioning, and relationships between performance and technology.
This document provides a 3-part summary of the process for manufacturing a smart card:
1) It describes the key stages in manufacturing a smart card, from specifying the chip, card, and software to fabricating the chip and embedding it in the card.
2) It then discusses the chip specification process and considerations like the microcontroller, memory sizes, electrical parameters, and security requirements.
3) Finally, it covers the mask ROM and application software specifications, and the chip fabrication process which involves attaching the chip to a substrate and sealing it before embedding in the plastic card.
Nanoparticle based charge trapping memory device applying mos technology a ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Development of ‘data storage device’ using semiconductor based technology has always been gaining significant interests from the researchers engaged in this field. The scope of research in this field was further enhanced by the introduction of nano particle based techniques. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) structure provides the primary guidance in developing such devices. Design of a low cost nano particle based ‘Charge trapping memory’ device will be described which is expected to have superior characteristics than the conventional ones. The basic idea behind the proposed device is to find out a way to replace the continuous polysilicon floating gate of the flash cells with discrete nano crystal layer by using a Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) capped ZnO nano particles. The basic structure of the memory cell is analogous to the charge trapping MOS transistor except the charge trapping layer being replaced by discrete nano particles. This will allow reducing the thickness of the tunneling oxide without effecting the endurance, reliability and performance of the device. Index Terms — Data storage, Metal-oxide-Semiconductor, Zinc Oxide, Charge trapping
Nanoparticle based charge trapping memory device applying mos technology a co...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the development of a nanoparticle-based charge trapping memory device using a MOS structure. Specifically, it proposes replacing the continuous polysilicon floating gate of flash memory cells with a discrete layer of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-capped zinc oxide nanoparticles. This is expected to allow reducing the thickness of the tunneling oxide without affecting endurance, reliability or performance. The document summarizes the basic MOS structure and operation of charge trapping memory devices. It then discusses how using nanoparticles as discrete charge trapping sites could improve retention time, scalability, programming speed, endurance and reliability compared to conventional floating gate devices.
Nanoparticle based charge trapping memory device applying mos technology a co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses transparent electronics and the potential applications of this emerging technology. It notes that for electronic devices to be transparent, the materials used like semiconductors, contacts and dielectrics must also be transparent. Some potential applications mentioned include touch screens, solar cells, displays, and smart windows. The document outlines three goals for developing this technology: discovering transparent materials, implementing them in transistors and circuits, and achieving application-specific properties. It provides examples of passive and active transparent devices like resistors, capacitors, inductors and thin-film transistors. Recent advances in technologies like transparent memory and potential future applications like augmented reality are also discussed.
computer system embedded system volume1.pptmshanajoel6
This document discusses different types of semiconductor memory, including ROM, RAM, and their variations. It explains key concepts like memory capacity, organization, speed, and checksum bytes. Specific memory types covered include PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, SRAM, DRAM, and mask ROM. The document provides examples to illustrate memory specifications like number of address pins, data pins, and capacity calculations.
The document summarizes several older data storage technologies including magnetic tape, floppy disks, optical disks, and USB flash drives. It then discusses a new experimental atomic-scale magnetic memory that can store a bit using just 12 atoms, which is over 100 times denser than today's hard drives. The technology works by harnessing antiferromagnetism at the atomic scale. Potential applications include supercomputers, online databases, military databases, and satellites. However, issues remain around integrating the scanning tunneling microscope required to read and write bits as well as operating the memory above absolute zero.
This document describes an oblique memory array design method that improves upon traditional rectangular memory array layouts. The oblique method utilizes all layout space without wasting any, allowing it to reduce the overall area by 5-10% compared to common methods. The flow of the oblique method involves four steps: 1) specifying design parameters, 2) drawing the first column with alternating cell orientations, 3) copying the column to complete the array, and 4) connecting power nets. This efficient design is well-suited for low temperature polysilicon techniques used in thin film transistor displays.
2. Semiconductors form the fundamental building blocks of the modern electronic world providing the brains and the memory of products all around us from washing machines to super computers. Current memory technologies have a lot of limitations One of the fundamental approaches to manage challenge is using new materials to build the next generation transistors. The new memory technologies have got all the good attributes for an ideal memory. Introduction Introduction
4. Many new memory technologies were introduced when it is understood that semiconductor memory technology has to be replaced, or updated by its successor since scaling with semiconductor memory reached its material limit. So, next generation memories are trying tradeoffs between size and cost. These make them good possibilities for development. PRESENT MEMORY TECHNOLOGY SCENARIO
5. ‘Next Generation Memories” The fundamental idea of all these technologies is the bistable nature possible for of the selected material. Emerging memories Emerging memories
7. Most Promising One. Material Used is called CHALCOGENIED. The Group VI elements of the periodic table. Refers to alloys containing at least one of these elements such as the alloy of Germanium, Antimony, and Tellurium OUM – Ovonic unified memory OUM – Ovonic unified memory
8. Phase change technology uses a thermally Activated, Rapid, Reversible change in the structure of the alloy to store data. The two structural states are Amorphous State and Polycrystalline State. OUM – Ovonic unified memory
9. Resistive heating is used to change the phase of the chalcogenide material. Amorphous State - by taking temp above melting point.(Tm) Polycrystalline State - holding temp at a lower temp for slightly longer period of time.(Tx) The time needed to program either state is = 400ns OUM – Ovonic unified memory
11. Once programmed, the memory state of the cell is determined by reading its resistance. Expected to be impervious to ionizing radiation effects. One billion Write cycles between these two States were demonstrated. Reading the state of the device is nondestructive and has no impact on device wear out So it has Unlimited Read cycles. OUM – Ovonic unified memory
12.
13. Thermal insulators are also attached to the memorystructure in order toavoid data lose due to destruction of material at hightemperatures.
14. To write- heated past its melting point and then rapidly cooled to make it amorphous.OUM ARCHITECTURE
15. The initial goal of CMOS integration was to develop the processes necessary to connect the memory element to CMOS transistors and metal wiring, without degrading the operation of either memory elements or the transistors. Access Device Test Chip (ADTC) CMOS Integration CMOS Integration
16. We are placing the memory element above the CMOS transister and below 1st level metal. CMOS Integration CMOS Integration
20. The voltage is applied to one of the two terminals of the chalcogenide resistor, and the access transistor (biased on) is between the other resistor terminal and ground. V – I characteristics V-I Characteristics
22. Figure shows the operation of a 1T1R memory, again with the access transistor biased on.
23.
24. It contains memory with different architecture, circuit and layout variation.
25. Key goals of CTCV are 1. to make the read and write circuits robust wrt potential variations in cell electrical charecteristics. 2. to test the effect of the memory cell layout on performance. 3. to maximize the amount of useful data obtained that could later be used for product design Circuit demonstration Circuit demonstration
33. Companies working with Ovonic Unified memory have their ultimate goal to gather enough data to begin a product design targeting a 1–4 Mbit C-RAM device.Tests & Results Tests & Results
34. OUM uses a reversible structural phase change. · Small active storage medium. · Simple manufacturing process. · Simple planar device structure. · Low voltage single supply. · Reduced assembly and test costs. · Highly scalable- performance improves with scaling · Multistate are demonstrated. · High temperature resistance. · Easy integration with CMOS. · It makes no effect on measured CMOS transistor parametric. · Total dose response of the base technology is not affected advantages Advantages
0Nowadays, digital memories are used in each and every fields of day-to-day life. Semiconductors form the fundamental building blocks of the modern electronic world providing the brains and the memory of products all around us from washing machines to super computers. But now we are entering an era of material limited scaling. Continuous scaling has required the introduction of new materials. Current memory technologies have a lot of limitations. The new memory technologies have got all the good attributes for an ideal memory. Among them Ovonic Unified Memory (OUM) is the most promising one. OUM is a type of nonvolatile memory, which uses chalcogenide materials for storage of binary data. The term chalcogen refers to the Group VI elements of the periodic table. Chalcogenide refers to alloys containing at least one of these elements such as the alloy of germanium, antimony, and tellurium, which is used as the storage element in OUM. Electrical energy (heat) is used to convert the material between crystalline (conductive) and amorphous (resistive) phases and the resistive property of these phases is used torepresent 0s and 1s. To write data into the cell, the chalcogenide is heated past its melting point and then rapidly cooled to make it amorphous. To make it crystalline, it is heated to just below its melting point and held there for approximately 50ns, giving the atoms time to position themselves in their crystal locations. Once programmed, the memory state of the cell is determined by reading its resistance. INTRODUCTIONWe are now living in a world driven by various electronic equipments. Semiconductors form the fundamental building blocks of the modern electronic world providing the brains and the memory of products all around us from washing machines to super computers. Semi conductors consist of array of transistors with each transistor being a simple switch between electrical 0 and 1. Now often bundled together in there 10â„¢s of millions they form highly complex, intelligent, reliable semiconductor chips, which are small and cheap enough for proliferation into products all around us. Identification of new materials has been, and still is, the primary means in the development of next generation semiconductors. For the past 30 years, relentless scaling of CMOS IC technology to smaller dimensions has enabled the continual introduction of complex microelectronics system functions. However, this trend is not likely to continue indefinitely beyond the semiconductor technology roadmap. As silicon technology approaches its material limit, and as we reach the end of the roadmap, an understanding of emerging research devices will be of foremost importance in the identification of new materials to address the corresponding technological requirements. If scaling is to continue to and below the 65nm node, alternatives to CMOS designs will be needed to provide a path to device scaling beyond the end of the roadmap. However, these emerging research technologies will be faced with an uphill technology challenge. For digital applications, these challenges include exponentially increasing the leakage current (gate, channel, and source/drain junctions), short channel effects, etc. while for analogue or RF applications, among the challenges are sustained linearity, low noise figure, power added efficiency and transistor matching. One of the fundamental approaches to manage this challenge is using new materials to build the next generation transistors.
PRESENT MEMORY TECHNOLOGY SCENARIOAs stated, revising the memory technology fields ruled by silicon technology is of great importance. Digital Memory is and has been a close comrade of each and every technical advancement in Information Technology. The current memory technologies have a lot of limitations. DRAM is volatile and difficult to integrate. RAM is high cost and volatile. Flash has slower writes and lesser number of write/erase cycles compared to others. These memory technologies when needed to expand will allow expansion only two-dimensional space. Hence area required will be increased. They will not allow stacking of one memory chip over the other. Also the storage capacities are not enough to fulfill the exponentially increasing need. Hence industry is searching for Holy Grail future memory technologies that are efficient to provide a good solution. Next generation memories are trying tradeoffs between size and cost. These make them good possibilities for development.
Many new memory technologies were introduced when it isunderstood that semiconductor memory technology has to bereplaced, or updated by its successor since scaling withsemiconductor memory reached its material limit. These memorytechnologies are referred as ‘Next Generation Memories”. NextGeneration Memories satisfy all of the good attributes of memory.The most important one among them is their ability to supportexpansion in three-dimensional spaces. Intel, the biggest maker ofcomputer processors, is also the largest maker of flash-memorychips is trying to combine the processing features and spacerequirements feature and several next generation memories arebeing studied in this perspective. They include MRAM, FeRAM,Polymer Memory Ovonic Unified Memory, ETOX-4BPC, NRAM etc.One or two of them will become the mainstream.
EMERGING MEMORY TECHNOLOGIES
FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS OF EMERGING MEMORIESThe fundamental idea of all these technologies is the bistablenature possible for of the selected material. FeRAM works on thebasis of the bistable nature of the centre atom of selected crystallinematerial. A voltage is applied upon the crystal, which in turnpolarizes the internal dipoles up or down. I.e. actually the differencebetween these states is the difference in conductivity. Non –LinearFeRAM read capacitor, i.e., the crystal unit placed in between twoelectrodes will remain in the direction polarized (state) by the appliedelectric field until another field capable of polarizing the crystal’scentral atom to another state is applied.In the case of Polymer memory data stored by changing thepolarization of the polymer between metal lines (electrodes). Toactivate this cell structure, a voltage is applied between the top andbottom electrodes, modifying the organic material. Different voltagepolarities are used to write and read the cells. Application of anelectric field to a cell lowers the polymer’s resistance, thus increasingits ability to conduct current; the polymer maintains its state until afield of opposite polarity is applied to raise its resistance back to itsoriginal level. The different conductivity States represent bits ofinformation.In the case of NROM memory ONO stacks are used to storecharges at specific locations. This requires a charge pump forproducing the charges required for writing into the memory cell.Here charge is stored at the ON junctions.Phase change memory also called Ovonic unifiedmemory (OUM), is based on rapid reversible phase change effect inmaterials under the influence of electric current pulses. The OUMuses the reversible structural phase-change in thin-film material(e.g., chalcogenides) as the data storage mechanism. The smallvolume of active media acts as a programmable resistor between ahigh and low resistance with > 40X dynamic range. Ones and zerosare represented by crystalline versus amorphous phase states ofactive material. Phase states are programmed by the application of acurrent pulse through aMOSFET, which drives the memory cell into a high or low resistancestate, depending on current magnitude. Measuring resistancechanges in the cell performs the function of reading data. OUM cellscan be programmed to intermediate resistance values; e.g., formultistate data storage.MRAMs are based on the magnetoresistive effects inmagnetic materials and structures that exhibit a resistance changewhen an external magnetic field is applied. In the MRAM, data arestored by applying magnetic fields that cause magnetic materials tobe magnetized into one of two possible magnetic states. Measuringresistance changes in the cell compared to a reference performsreading data. Passing currents nearby or through the magneticstructure creates the magnetic fields applied to each cell.
OVONIC UNIFIED MEMORYAmong the above-mentioned non-volatile Memories, OvonicUnified Memory is the most promising one. “Ovonic Unified Memory”is the registered name for the non-volatile memory based on thematerial called chalcogenide.The term “chalcogen” refers to the Group VI elements of theperiodic table. “Chalcogenide” refers to alloys containing at least oneof these elements such as the alloy of germanium, antimony, andtellurium discussed here. Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. has usedthis particular alloy to develop a phase-change memory technologyused in commercially available rewriteable CD and DVD disks. Thisphase change technology uses a thermally activated, rapid,reversible change in the structure of the alloy to store data. Since thebinary information is represented by two different phases of thematerial it is inherently non-volatile, requiring no energy to keep thematerial in either of its two stable structural states.
The two structural states of the chalcogenide alloy, as shownin Figure 1, are an amorphous state and a polycrystalline state.Relative to the amorphous state, the polycrystalline state shows adramatic increase in free electron density, similar to a metal. Thisdifference in free electron density gives rise to a difference inreflectivity and resistivity. In the case of the re-writeable CD andDVD disk technology, a laser is used to heat the material to changestates. Directing a low-power laser at the material and detecting the difference in reflectivity between the two phases read the state of thememory.
Ovonyx, Inc., under license from Energy Conversion Devices,Inc., is working with several commercial partners to develop a solidstatenonvolatile memory technology using the chalcogenide phasechange material. To implement a memory the device is incorporatedas a two terminal resistor element with standard CMOS processing.Resistive heating is used to change the phase of the chalcogenidematerial. Depending upon the temperature profile applied, thematerial is either melted by taking it above the melting temperature(Tm) to form the amorphous state, or crystallized by holding it at alower temperature (Tx) for a slightly longer period of time, as shownin Figure 2. The time needed to program either state is = 400ns.Multiple resistance states between these two extremes have beendemonstrated, enabling multi-bit storage per memory cell. However,current development activities are focused on single-bit applications.Once programmed, the memory state of the cell is determined byreading its resistance.
Since the data in a chalcogenide memory element is storedas a structural phase rather than an electrical charge or state, it isexpected to be impervious to ionizing radiation effects. This inherentradiation tolerance of the chalcogenide material and demonstratedwrite speeds more than 1000 times faster than commerciallyavailable nonvolatile memories make it attractive for space basedapplications. A radiation hardened semiconductor technologyincorporating chalcogenide based memory elements will addressboth critical and enabling space system needs, including standalonememory modules and embedded cores for microprocessors andASICs. Previously, BAE SYSTEMS and Ovonyx have reported on theresults of discrete memory elements fabricated in BAE SYSTEMS’Manassas, Virginia facility. These devices were manufactured usingstandard semiconductor process equipment to sputter and etch thechalcogenide material. While built in the same line used to fabricateradiation-hardened CMOS products, these memory elements werenot yet integrated with transistors. They were discrete two-terminalprogrammable resistors, requiring approximately 0.6 mA to set thedevice into a low resistance state, and 1.3 mA to reset it to the highresistance state. One billion (1E9) write cycles between these twostates were demonstrated. Reading the state of the device is nondestructiveand has no impact on device wear out (unlimited readcycles).
A memory cell consists of a top electrode, a layer of thechalcogenide, and a resistive heating element. The base of the heateris connected to a diode. As with MRAM, reading the micrometersizedcell is done by measuring its resistance. But unlike MRAM theresistance change is very large-more than a factor of 100. Thermalinsulators are also attached to the memory structure in order toavoid data lose due to destruction of material at high temperatures.To write data into the cell, the chalcogenide is heated past itsmelting point and then rapidly cooled to make it amorphous. Tomake it crystalline, it is heated to just below its melting point andheld there for approximately 50ns, giving the atoms time to positionthemselves in their crystal locations.