This document provides information about Subhromitan Chatterjee's academic details such as name, stream, roll number, paper name, and paper code. It then discusses different types of read-only memory (ROM) including their introduction, characteristics, differences between ROM and RAM, examples of ROM usage, and how ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory work.
ROM(Read Only Memory ) is computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read.
ROM(Read Only Memory ) is computer memory on which data has been prerecorded. Once data has been written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be removed and can only be read.
Read-only memory (ROM), also known as firmware, is an integrated circuit programmed with specific data when it is manufactured. ROM chips are used not only in computers, but in most other electronic items as well. In this section, you will learn about the different types of ROM and how each works.
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM can only be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is mainly used to store firmware (software that is closely tied to specific hardware and unlikely to need frequent updates) or application software in plug-in cartridges.
Semiconductor memories and auxiliary memoriesAsif Iqbal
In these slides the concept of semiconductor memories have been explained in detail. With the clear dramatisation of CMOS logics. Auxiliary memories and its type have also been discussed.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Read-only memory (ROM), also known as firmware, is an integrated circuit programmed with specific data when it is manufactured. ROM chips are used not only in computers, but in most other electronic items as well. In this section, you will learn about the different types of ROM and how each works.
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM can only be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is mainly used to store firmware (software that is closely tied to specific hardware and unlikely to need frequent updates) or application software in plug-in cartridges.
Semiconductor memories and auxiliary memoriesAsif Iqbal
In these slides the concept of semiconductor memories have been explained in detail. With the clear dramatisation of CMOS logics. Auxiliary memories and its type have also been discussed.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZGlobus
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
3. Introduction
➢Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage
medium used in computers and other electronic
devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or
can be modified only slowly or with difficulty.
➢Read Only Memories (ROM) or Programmable
Read Only Memories (PROM) have:
N input lines,
M output lines, and
2N decoded minterms.
➢Fixed AND array with 2N outputs implementing all
N-literal minterms.
4. ➢Programmable OR Array with M outputs
lines to form up to M sum of minterm
expressions.
➢A program for a ROM or PROM is simply a
multiple-output truth table
➢If a 1 entry, a connection is made to the
corresponding minterm for the corresponding
output.
➢If a 0, no connection is made
Can be viewed as a memory with the inputs as
addresses of data (output values), hence
ROM or PROM names!
5. Read only memory (ROM)
✓ROM holds programs and data permanently even when
computer is switched off
✓Data can be read by the CPU in any order so ROM is also
direct access
✓The contents of ROM are fixed at the time of manufacture
✓Stores a program called the bootstrap loader that helps start up
the computer
✓Access time of between 10 and 50 nanoseconds
6. 5
There are some important differences between ROM and RAM.
ROMs are “non-volatile”—data is preserved even without
power. On the other hand, RAM contents disappear once
power is lost.
ROMs require special (and slower) techniques for writing, so
they’re considered to be “read-only” devices.
Some newer types of ROMs do allow for easier writing, although
the speeds still don’t compare with regular RAMs.
MP3 players, digital cameras and other toys use
CompactFlash, Secure Digital, or Memory Stick cards for
non-volatile storage.
Many devices allow you to upgrade programs stored in “flash
ROM.”
7. N input bits
2Nwords by M bits
Implement M arbitrary functions of N variables
Example 8 words by 5 bits:
3 Input
Lines
A
B
C
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4
5 Output Lines
ROM
8 words
x 5 bits
10. A B C F G H
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
Specify a truth table for a ROM which implements:
F = AB + A’BC’
G = A’B’C + C’
H = AB’C’ + ABC’ + A’B’C
11. A B C F G H
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
Specify a truth table for a ROM which implements:
F = AB + A’BC’
G = A’B’C + C’
H = AB’C’ + ABC’ + A’B’C
12. Specify a truth table for a ROM which implements:
F = AB + A’BC’
G = A’B’C + C’
H = AB’C’ + ABC’ + A’B’C A B C F G H
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
13. Types of ROM
1. Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
• Empty of data when manufactured
• May be permanently programmed by the user
2. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
• Can be programmed, erased and reprogrammed
• The EPROM chip has a small window on top allowing it to be
erased by shining ultra-violet light on it
• After reprogramming the window is covered to prevent new
contents being erased
• Access time is around 45 – 90 nanoseconds
14. Types of ROM
3. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
(EEPROM)
• Reprogrammed electrically without using ultraviolet light
• Must be removed from the computer and placed in a special
machine to do this
• Access times between 45 and 200 nanoseconds
4. Flash ROM
• Similar to EEPROM
• However, can be reprogrammed while still in the computer
• Easier to upgrade programs stored in Flash ROM
• Used to store programs in devices e.g. modems
• Access time is around 45 – 90 nanoseconds
15. One step up from the masked ROM is the PROM
(programmable ROM), which is purchased in an
unprogrammed state. If you were to look at the
contents of an unprogrammed PROM, the data is
made up entirely of 1's. The process of writing your
data to the PROM involves a special piece of
equipment called a device programmer. The device
programmer writes data to the device one word at a
time by applying an electrical charge to the input
pins of the chip. Once a PROM has been
programmed in this way, its contents can never be
changed. If the code or data stored in the PROM
must be changed, the current device must be
discarded. As a result, PROMs are also known as
one-time programmable (OTP) devices.
PROM
16. Programmable ROMs
Build array with transistors at every site
Burn out fuses to disable unwanted transistors
Electrically Programmable ROMs
Use floating gate to turn off unwanted transistors
EPROM, EEPROM, Flash
n+
p
Gate
Source Drain
bulk Si
n+
Polysilicon
Floating Gate
Thin Gate Oxide
(SiO2)
17. An EPROM (erasable-and-programmable ROM) is
programmed in exactly the same manner as a
PROM. However, EPROMs can be erased and
reprogrammed repeatedly. To erase an EPROM, you
simply expose the device to a strong source of
ultraviolet light. (A window in the top of the device
allows the light to reach the silicon.) By doing this,
you essentially reset the entire chip to its initial-un-
programmed-state. Though more expensive than
PROMs, their ability to be reprogrammed makes
EPROMs an essential part of the software
development and testing process.
EPROM
18. Development of the EPROM memory cell started with investigation
of faulty integrated circuits where the gate connections of transistors
had broken. Stored charge on these isolated gates changed their
properties. The EPROM was invented by Dov Frohman of Intel in
1971, who was awarded US patent 3660819in 1972.
Each storage location of an EPROM consists of a single
field-effect transistor. Each field-effect transistor consists of a
channel in the semiconductor body of the device. Source and drain
contacts are made to regions at the end of the channel. An insulating
layer of oxide is grown over the channel, then a conductive (silicon
or aluminum) gate electrode is deposited, and a further thick layer of
oxide is deposited over the gate electrode. The floating gate electrode
has no connections to other parts of the integrated circuit and is
completely insulated by the surrounding layers of oxide. A control
gate electrode is deposited and further oxide covers it
19. To retrieve data from the EPROM, the
address represented by the values at the
address pins of the EPROM is decoded and
used to connect one word (usually an 8-bit
byte) of storage to the output buffer
amplifiers. Each bit of the word is a 1 or 0,
depending on the storage transistor being
switched on or off, conducting or non-
conducting.
The switching state of the field-effect
transistor is controlled by the voltage on the
control gate of the transistor. Presence of a
voltage on this gate creates a conductive
channel in the transistor, switching it on. In
effect, the stored charge on the floating gate
allows the threshold voltage of the
transistor to be programmed.
20. Storing data in the memory requires selecting a given address and
applying a higher voltage to the transistors. This creates an
avalanche discharge of electrons, which have enough energy to
pass through the insulating oxide layer and accumulate on the gate
electrode. When the high voltage is removed, the electrons are
trapped on the electrode.[3] Because of the high insulation value of
the silicon oxide surrounding the gate, the stored charge cannot
readily leak away and the data can be retained for decades.
21. The programming process is not electrically reversible. To erase
the data stored in the array of transistors, ultraviolet light is
directed onto the die. Photons of the UV light cause ionization
within the silicon oxide, which allow the stored charge on the
floating gate to dissipate. Since the whole memory array is
exposed, all the memory is erased at the same time. The process
takes several minutes for UV lamps of convenient sizes; sunlight
would erase a chip in weeks, and indoor fluorescent lighting over
several years. Generally the EPROMs must be removed from
equipment to be erased, since it's not usually practical to build in a
UV lamp to erase parts in-circuit. The Electrically Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) was developed to
provide an electrical erase function and has now mostly displaced
ultraviolet-erased parts.
22. ❑ EEPROMS are electrically-erasable-and-programmable.
Internally, they are similar to EPROMs, but the erase
operation is accomplished electrically, rather than by exposure
to ultraviolet light. Any byte within an EEPROM may be
erased and rewritten. Once written, the new data will remain in
the device forever-or at least until it is electrically erased. The
primary tradeoff for this improved functionality is higher cost,
though write cycles are also significantly longer than writes to
a RAM. So you wouldn't want to use an EEPROM for your
main system memory.
EEPROM
23.
24. Flash memory stores information in an array of memory cells
made from floating-gate transistors. In traditional single-level cell
(SLC) devices, each cell stores only one bit of information. Some
newer flash memory, known as multi-level cell (MLC) devices,
including triple-level cell (TLC) devices, can store more than one
bit per cell by choosing between multiple levels of electrical
charge to apply to the floating gates of its cells.
The floating gate may be conductive (typically polysilicon in most
kinds of flash memory) or non-conductive (as in SONOS flash
memory).
25. ❑ Flash memory combines the best features of the memory
devices described thus far. Flash memory devices are high
density, low cost, nonvolatile, fast (to read, but not to write),
and electrically reprogrammable. These advantages are
overwhelming and, as a direct result, the use of flash memory
has increased dramatically in embedded systems. From a
software viewpoint, flash and EEPROM technologies are very
similar. The major difference is that flash devices can only be
erased one sector at a time, not byte-by-byte. Typical sector
sizes are in the range 256 bytes to 16KB. Despite this
disadvantage, flash is much more popular than EEPROM and
is rapidly displacing many of the ROM devices as well.