The document provides an overview of current communications systems, including the growth and evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 3G. It summarizes the key 2G technologies like GSM, CDMA, and TDMA, as well as 2.5G and 3G standards that support higher data rates. It also discusses emerging broadband wireless services for local and personal area networks using technologies like Wi-Fi, HIPERLAN, and Bluetooth.
The attached narrated power point presentation will attempt to mention the benefits offered by WDM as well as the performance parameters associated with WDM. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
Data Communications,Data Networks,computer communications,multiplexing,spread spectrum,protocol architecture,data link protocols,signal encoding techniques,transmission media
The attached narrated power point presentation will attempt to mention the benefits offered by WDM as well as the performance parameters associated with WDM. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
What is GSM?
The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide.
Formerly it was “Groupe Spéciale Mobile” (founded in 1982)
now: Global System for Mobile Communication.
Services:
Tele-services
Bearer or Data Services
Supplementary services
Applications:
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets
Value Added Services
Advantages:
Better Quality of speech
Data transmission is supported
New services offered due to ISDN compatibility
International Roaming possible
Large market
Crisper, cleaner quieter calls
disadvantages:
Dropped and missed calls
Less Efficiency
Security Issues
conclusion
The mobile telephony industry rapidly growing and that has become backbone for business success and efficiency and a part of modern lifestyles all over the world.
In this session I have tried to give and over view of the GSM system. I hope that I gave the general flavor of GSM and the philosophy behind its design.
The GSM is standard that insures interoperability without stifling competition and innovation among the suppliers to the benefit of the public both in terms of cost and service quality.
Data Communications,Data Networks,computer communications,multiplexing,spread spectrum,protocol architecture,data link protocols,signal encoding techniques,transmission media
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
2. Growth of cellular telephone
subscribers throughout the world
1000
Worldwide subscribers (millions)
100
10
1
0.1
1985 1990 1995 2000
3. Second generation (2G)
cellular methods
400
Subscribers Using Technology (millions)
300
200
100
0
1st Generation GSM IS-136 & IS-95
Analog PDC CDMA
4. 2G systems
Most of today’s cellular methods
use second generation or
2G technologies
While first generation systems relied on
FDMA/FDD and only FM, second
generation standards use digital
modulation and TDMA/FDD or CDMA/FDD
5. Most popular systems
GSM (Global System Mobile)
IS-136 (NADC)
(North American Digital Cellular)
PDC (Pacific Digital Cellular)
IS-95 CDMA
8. . . . Key specifications of
leading 2G technologies
cdmaOne, IS-95, GSM, DCS-1900, NADC, IS-54/IS-
ANSI J-STD-008 ANSI J-STD-007 136, ANSI J-
STD-011, PDC
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/see 270.833 kbps 48.6 kbps (IS-136)
(42kbps for PDC)
Voice Channels per 64 8 8
Carrier
Speech coding Code Excited Linear Residual Pulse Vector Sun Excited
Prediction (CELP) Excited Long Tern Linear Predictive
@ 13kbps, Prediction (RPE- Coder (VSELP) @
Enhanced Variable LTP) @ 13 kbps 7.95 kbps
Rate Codec (EVRC)
@ 8 kbps
9. 2.5G Mobile radio networks
Evolution from 2G 2.5G required to
support increased data rates for
modern Internet applications.
2.5G are new data-centric standard that can be
overlaid on existing 2G technologies
2.5G supports new web browsing format
language called WAP (Wireless applications
Protocol)
10. 2.5G Mobile radio networks
WAP enables standard web pages to
be viewed in a compressed format
suitable for small portable hand-held
wireless devices.
First developed in Japan by
NTT-DoCoMo I-mode for PDC network -
supports games, color graphics and interactive
web pages using 9.6 kbps
25 million Japanese subscribers in 2001
11. 2.5G TDMA standards
HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched
Data) for 2.5G GSM
Allows a single mobile user to use more
than one specific time slot as in GSM TDMA
Increases application rate from 9,600 bps (2G GSM)
to 14,400 bps (2.5G GSM)
Ideal for streaming internet access or real-time
interactive web sessions.
Can be implemented by a software change at existing
GSM base stations.
12. . . . 2.5G TDMA standards GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service)
GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
Packet based data network suited
for non-real time internet usage
E-mail retrieving, faxes and where
download upload
GPRS can support more users that HSCSD,
but in a bursty manner.
13. . . . 2.5G TDMA standards EDGE
(Enhanced Data Ration for GSM
[or Global]) for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
More advanced upgrade to GSM standard
Regains additional hardware/software at
existing base stations
New digital modulation format (8-
PSK/octal PSK)
Raw data rate of 547.2 kbps possible with
8 GSM slots of a GSM channel are allowed
for each user.
14. 2.5G CDMA standards
IS-95B for 2.5G CDMA
Medium data rate (MDR) service with
throughput of 115.2 kbps per user
(8 x 14.4 kbps)
Advanced handoff procedures allows mobiles
to search different radio channels
independently
15. Third generation
3G wireless methods
Unparalleled wireless access
Multi Mbps Internet access using
VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol),
voice activated calls
Ability to receive live music, interactive
web sessions, voice and data access with
multiple features at the same time, at all
times
16. . . . Third generation
3G wireless methods
ITU (International
Telecommunications Union)
proposed
A global frequency band in 2000 MHz range
• Single wireless communications standard for all countries
in the world IMT-2000.
• World community remains split between GSM/IS-136/PDC
and CDMA
• www.gsmworld.com
• www.edg.org
18. 3G CDMA standards
3G W-CDMA (UMTS - Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System)
Packet based wireless service which enables
computers, entertainment devices, telephones to
connect to internet anytime, anywhere.
Packet data rates up to 2.048 Mbps per
stationary user
Broadcasting, VHE (Virtual Home Entertainment) m-
commerce (mobile commerce), games, interactive
video, virtual private technology - all possible from
small portable wireless device
19. . . . 3G CDMA standards
3G cdma2000 or cmda2000 IX
New high data rate internet access
with backward compatibility to IS-95 and
IS-95B systems - 1.25 MHz bandwidth
Instantaneous data rate of 307 kbps
in packet mode
Both FDD (mobile radio) and
TDD (in-building cordless) applications
20. 3G TDMA standards
3G TD-SCDMA (Time Division
Synchronous Code Division
Multiple Access)
Developed by CATT (Chinese Academy of
Telecommunications Technology) and Siemens.
Adopted by ITU as one of 3G options in 1999
Existing GSM - 3G evolution through additions of
high data rate equipment in each GSM station -
1.6 MHz bandwidth
Utilizes smart antennas, spatial filtering and joint
detection technologies
21. Broadband wireless
services
Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
Demand for broadband internet and
computer access from businesses and homes
Fixed wireless equipment have advantages such as
fixed path between T-R
Microwave or millimeter radio frequencies used
>28GHz - wave length is very small - small high gain
antennas.
Especially useful in developing nations with less
telecommunications setup.
22. Emerging applications and markets for
broadband services
Fiber
Large business in
high-density urban areas
Backbone
Network Wireless
Central Mid-market business
Mid-market
outside the urban core
outside the urban core
Office
Central Office Copper/xDSL
OC-3 Small business
Small business
DAX Cable
Residences
ISP
24. . . . Broadband
wireless services
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANS)
UNII (Unlicensed National Information
Infrastructure) hand allocated by FCC for
low power spread spectrum
5.150 - 5.35 Ghz, 5.725 - 5.825 GHz (1997)
902-928 Mhz, 2400-2483.5Mhz, 5.725-5.825 MHz
(1980s end)
IEEE 802.11 (1997) standard and (IEEE 802.11b)
approved to provide guidelines for WLAN
manufacturers
27. High Performance Radio Local
Area Network (HIPERLAN)
Europe standard to provide
similar capability to IEEE 802.11
5.2 GHz and 17.1Ghz frequency lands
Up to 20 Mbps data rate at 50m range and
vehicle speeds of 35km/hr
Advanced standards include Europe’s
ETSI-BRAN (Broadband Radio Access
Network) and HIPERLAN/2.
28. Personal Area Networks
Ability to replace cables between devices with
wireless short range connection
Bluetooth operates in 2.4GHz ISM band (2900-
2483.5MHz) with 1 MHz channel bandwidth
Uses FH-SS TDD scheme with 1600 hps
1Mbps symbol rate using GSFSk modulation
IEEE 802.15 sttandards committee is our
international forum for developing Bluetooth and
other PANS