The document discusses underlying technologies for computer networks including transmission media, local area networks (LANs) like Ethernet and Token Ring, switching methods like circuit switching and packet switching, wide area networks (WANs) like PPP, X.25 and Frame Relay, interconnecting devices, and differences between shared media and switched LAN architectures. It provides details on CSMA/CD and IEEE 802 standards for Ethernet, features and problems of Ethernet, Token Ring features, circuit switching vs. packet switching, PPP, X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, internetworking terms, transparent bridges, and differences between shared media and switched LAN architectures.
Multi-Protocol Lambda Switching: The Role of IP Technologies in Controlling a...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
This is an early short tutorial from back in 2001 that focuses on the control of dynamic (or agile) optical networks. We begin by highlighting the motivation for such networks, their basic requirements, and the advantages of agility. We examine the functionality needed for routing and connection establishment in such dynamic networks, and compare possible candidates for the design of such a...
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNA, nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
Learn about IBM Flex System Fabric EN4093 and EN4093R 10Gb Scalable Switches. The IBM Flex System Fabric EN4093 and EN4093R 10Gb Scalable Switches provide unmatched scalability and performance, while also delivering innovations to help address a number of networking concerns today and providing capabilities that will help you prepare for the future. These switches are capable of supporting up to sixty-four 10 Gb Ethernet connections while offering Layer 2/3 switching, in addition to OpenFlow and easy connect modes. For more information on Pure Systems, visit http://ibm.co/18vDnp6.
Visit http://bit.ly/KWh5Dx to 'Follow' the official Twitter handle of IBM India Smarter Computing.
The local area technologies as 1-WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network) with moderate bandwidth. And WiMax
2.The large area technologies as GSM, GPRSor UMTS, LTEwhich have much higher bandwidth.
Multi-Protocol Lambda Switching: The Role of IP Technologies in Controlling a...Vishal Sharma, Ph.D.
This is an early short tutorial from back in 2001 that focuses on the control of dynamic (or agile) optical networks. We begin by highlighting the motivation for such networks, their basic requirements, and the advantages of agility. We examine the functionality needed for routing and connection establishment in such dynamic networks, and compare possible candidates for the design of such a...
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNA, nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
Learn about IBM Flex System Fabric EN4093 and EN4093R 10Gb Scalable Switches. The IBM Flex System Fabric EN4093 and EN4093R 10Gb Scalable Switches provide unmatched scalability and performance, while also delivering innovations to help address a number of networking concerns today and providing capabilities that will help you prepare for the future. These switches are capable of supporting up to sixty-four 10 Gb Ethernet connections while offering Layer 2/3 switching, in addition to OpenFlow and easy connect modes. For more information on Pure Systems, visit http://ibm.co/18vDnp6.
Visit http://bit.ly/KWh5Dx to 'Follow' the official Twitter handle of IBM India Smarter Computing.
The local area technologies as 1-WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network) with moderate bandwidth. And WiMax
2.The large area technologies as GSM, GPRSor UMTS, LTEwhich have much higher bandwidth.
For more information on NPM, visit: http://www.solarwinds.com/network-performance-monitor.aspx
Watch this webcast: http://www.solarwinds.com/resources/webcasts/monitoring-wan-performance-with-cisco-ip-sla.html
The foundation of things our Head Geek learned back in the US Air Force basic training are a large part of what's made him successful as a professional today. In this webcast, our Head Geek puts on his drill sergeant's hat and discusses the basics that every network engineer, server chick, network manager, or IT dude should know about managing networks. This is a no-frills webcast where we focus on the fundamentals. Some of the things that we'll cover are:
• Assessing your current capabilities
• Prioritizing your needs
• Baselines
• Fundamental technologies No matter where you are in your career, you don't want to miss this session!
Power point presentation on MS excel.
A good presentation cover all topics.
For any other type of ppt's or pdf's to be created on demand contact -dhawalm8@gmail.com
mob. no-7023419969
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
AI for Every Business: Unlocking Your Product's Universal Potential by VP of ...
Networing basics
1. Unit 2: Underlying Technologies
• Transmission media (Section 3.1. Read on your own)
• Local Area Networks (LANs)
– Ethernet (CSMA/CD - Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection ,
IEEE 802.3)
– Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
• Switching
– Circuit switching
– Packet switching
• Datagram approach
• Virtual circuit approach
• Wide Area Networks (WANs)
– PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
– X.25
– Frame Relay
– ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)- cell relay
• Interconnecting devices – repeaters, bridges, routers and gateways
• Shared media v.s. switched LAN architecture
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-1
2. IEEE 802 LAN Layers
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-2
3. Ethernet LANs
Features
1) Widest Industry Use and Acceptance
a) Product Availability
b) Many Vendors
c) Low Cost
d) High Knowledge Base
2) Standardized for Multiple Media Types
a) Twisted Pair (10Base-T)
b) Optical Fiber (10Base-F, FOIRL)
c) Coaxial Cable (10Base2, 10Base5)
d) Also high-speed Ethernets
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-3
4. Ethernet Problems
1) Coaxial Cable Networks Hard to Troubleshoot
a) Faulty connections and electrical failures hard to find
b) Improper grounding can cause stray voltages
c) Static electricity
d) Non-standard hardware
e) Problems are often intermittent
2) Ethernet Lacks Built-In Network Monitoring
3) Ethernet Lacks Any Priority Mechanism
4) Station Transmission Time May Grow Large under High Loads
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-4
5. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
The basic idea:
When a station has a frame to transmit:
1) Listen for Data Transmission on Cable (Carrier Sense)
2) When Medium is Quiet (no other station transmitting):
a) Transmit Frame, Listening for Collision
b) If collision is heard, stop transmitting, wait random time, and transmit again.
Frame format
This portion must be at least 64 bytes
for the Ethernet to work correctly
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-5
10. Token Ring Features
1) Predictable Performance
a) Unlike Ethernet, there is a fixed limit on how long a station must wait to
transmit frame.
b) Eight data priority levels ensure that important data get sent first.
2) Ring-of -Stars Topology
a) Star layout is well understood.
b) Ring is easily expanded by adding additional Multistation Access Units
(MAUs)
c) Only point-to-point data connections used.
3) Self-Monitoring and Reconfiguration Capabilities
a) Active Monitor station recovers from any token operation problems.
b) If any station goes down it will be detected and removed from the ring.
c) Any single cable can be cut or disconnected and network will reconfigure and
continue operation.
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-10
11. Token Ring Features (continued.)
4) IBM Support
a) IBM SNA data and LAN data can travel together on same token ring.
b) Token Ring is an integral part of IBM future networking.
Disadvantages of Token Ring
1) Higher price for NICs
2) Limited support for non-IBM products.
a) Fewer products available for Token Ring than Ethernet
b) Ethernet is still at the heart of some vendors’ future network plans.
Note: For this course, you do not need to know the details of Token Ring frame format
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-11
12. Figure 3-14 Token Ring Operation
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-12
13. Figure 3-19 Circuit Switching
• Dedicated physical connections
• Source and destination operate at the same speed
• Data arrive in sequence
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-13
14. Packet Switching
• Store-and-forward
• Source and destination may operate at different rates
Figure 3-20 Packet Switching- Datagram approach
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-14
15. Packet Switching- Datagram approach
•Connectionless
•No connection setup necessary before sending data
•Each packet sent independently
•Each packet may take different path to destination
•Each packet contains complete destination address
•Packets may arrive out-of-order (transport layer must do
reordering)
•Network load is completely unpredictable
•Protocol Examples: IP, Novell IPX, AppleTalk
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-15
17. Packet switching – Virtual circuit approach
•Connection-oriented
•Sender sends a Setup Request packet to establish a virtual circuit before sending
data
•Setup Request passes through all router/switches on path from source to
destination
•Path is assigned a Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCID)
•Each router/switch stores information about each VC
•Any router/switch or destination may deny the setup request (like a busy signal).
•When finished, Sender sends Clear Request to tear down VC.
•Each data packet contains VCID, not full source and destination
addresses
•All packets follow same path and arrive in order
•Network load can be controlled through admissions control (denying
setup requests if busy)
•Protocol Examples: X.25, Frame Relay, ATM
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-17
18. WAN
PPP
• commonly used for dial-up access to the internet (connect through
a phone line to the access router)
• can also be used in a point-to-point link between two devices such
as routers
Figure 3-22 Point-to-point protocol (PPP) frame
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-18
19. Figure 3-23 X.25 (Connection-oriented)
X.25 - An interface protocol to
access the network
Not defined by X.25
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-19
20. Figure 3-25
Hop-by-hop error and flow
control in X.25 is not necessary
for newer more reliable
networks.
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-20
21. Figure 3-28 ATM cells (Small fixed-size data units)
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-21
26. Transparent Bridge
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
TDC 463-98-501/502, Summer II 2002 2-26
27. Shared-Media vs. Shared Media Hub
only one 10Mbps
shared, single connection at a
Switched LAN 10Mbps LAN
segment
time
Architecture
10 Mbps
client workstations servers
"10 Mbps for ALL"
Switch-Based LAN Architecture
multiple dedicated Multiple,
10Mbps LAN Switching Hub simultaneous 10Mbps
segments switching matrix connections
All connections at 10Mbps
shared media hub shared media hub
Workgroup with shared servers with dedicated Workgroup with shared Workstations with
connection connections connection dedicated connections
"10 Mbps for EACH"
TDC 463-98-501/502, GOLDMAN: II 2002
Summer LAN 2-27