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Department of Computer and Information Science,
 School of Science, IUPUI




CSCI 230

   Introduction to Computers
    - Hardware

         Dale Roberts, Lecturer
         Computer Science, IUPUI
         E-mail: droberts@cs.iupui.edu
What is a Computer?

Computer
 Device capable of performing computations and making
 logical decisions
 Computers process data under the control of sets of
 instructions called computer programs
 Personal computers: economical enough for individual
 Distributed computing: computing distributed over
 networks
 Client/server computing: sharing of information across
 computer networks between file servers and clients
 (personal computers)



                                             Dale Roberts
What is a Computer? (cont.)
Computer Hardware
Various devices comprising a computer:
Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-
ROM, and processing units
                                                                       User
Hardware Trends: every year or two the following
approximately double (Moore’s Law):            High-level
                                               Language
                                                                    Application
  Amount of memory in which to execute programs            Assembly
                                                           Language
                                                                     Software

  Amount of secondary storage (such as disk storage)
    Used to hold programs and data over the longer term
                                                                          OS
  Processor speeds
    The speeds at which computers execute their programs   Firmware

                                                           Machine    Hardware
                                                           Code
What is a Computer? (cont.)
Computer Software
 Computer Programs that run on a computer, including
   Operation System (OS)
   Application Software
   Computer Language                                      User

                                            High-level
                                            Language
                                                     Application
                                            Assembly  Software
                                            Language




                                                             OS

                                            Firmware

                                            Machine      Hardware
                                            Code
Moore's Law

Defined by Dr. Gordon Moore during the
sixties.
Predicts an exponential increase in
component density over time, with a
doubling time of 18 months.
Applicable to microprocessors, DRAMs ,
DSPs and other microelectronics.
Monotonic increase in density observed
since the 1960s.
Moore’s Law - Density
Moore's Law and Performance

The performance of computers is
determined by architecture and clock
speed.
Clock speed doubles over a 3 year period
due to the scaling laws on chip.
Processors using identical or similar
architectures gain performance directly as
a function of Moore's Law.
Improvements in internal architecture can
yield better gains than predicted by
Moore's Law.
Moore’s Law - Clock Speed
What is a Computer? (cont.)
Internet
   The Internet enables
      Quick and easy communication via e-mail
      International networking of computers
   Packet switching
      The transfer of digital data via small packets
      Allows multiple users to send and receive data simultaneously
   No centralized control
      If one part of the Internet fails, other parts can still operate
   Bandwidth
      Information carrying capacity of communications lines
      Ex: Internet T2 at IUPUI
   World Wide Web
      Locate and view multimedia-based documents on almost any subject
      Makes information instantly and conveniently accessible worldwide
      Possible for individuals and small businesses to get worldwide exposure
      Changing the way business is done
Computer Organization
A Typical Von-Neumann Architecture
                       CPU
                   Control Circuit
             (ex: PC: Program Counter)
                                          Memory   I/O
                       ALU




   Example:

   1.   Input unit
   2.   Output unit
   3.   Memory unit
   4.   Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
   5.   Central processing unit (CPU)
   6.   Secondary storage unit
Computer Organization (cont.)
Six logical units in every computer:
   1. Input unit
           Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)
   1.   Output unit
           Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other
           devices)
   1.   Memory unit
           Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information
           ROM (Read Only Memory): CMOS, EPROM …
           RAM (Random Access Memory): SRAM, DRAM, SIMM, DIMM
           …
Computer Organization (cont.)
Six logical units in every computer (cont):
3. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) – part of CPU
       Performs arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction...) and
       logic decisions
3.   Control unit (CU) - part of CPU
       Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer
3.   Secondary storage unit
       Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage
       Stores inactive programs
Computer Organization (cont.)
Central Processing Unit (CPU),
“brain” of a computer, consisting of
     Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): performs arithmetic calculations
     (addition, subtraction...) and logic decisions (>, <, =, ...)
     Control Unit (CU): decodes each machine instruction and sends
     signal to other components for carrying out the instruction.
An integrated circuit (IC) that is a full central processing unit
is called a microprocessor (µp); a CPU’s current instruction
and data values are stored temporally inside the CPU in
special high-speed memory location called registers.
CPU speed: ? MHz (M: Mega = 106, Hz=1/sec);
Computer Organization (cont.)
Memory
 A large collection of circuits, each capable of
 storing bit
 Cells (words): manageable units; typical size is 8
 bits (1 byte), some machines are 16 bits (2
 bytes) and some are 32 bits or 64 bits
   Byte (8 bits), KB (kilobyte, 103 ≈ 210 bytes), MB
   (Megabyte, 106 ≈ 220 bytes), GB (Gigabyte, 109 ≈ 230
   bytes). Note: k ≠ K because 1000 ≠ 1024.
Computer Organization (cont.)
          Computer memory is comparable to a collection of
          numbered mailboxes. To identify individual cells in a
          machine’s main memory, each cell is assigned a unique
          name, called its address
 ASCII      H            e             l               l      o          ,
 Data
          01001000     01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00101110
                                                                                 ...                  ...
Address    0000 0101    0000 0110   0000 0111    0000 1000   0001 0001   0001 0010
                                                                                                          Address Bus
                                                                                                     Data Bus


          The organization of byte-size memory cell
                          Most Significant Bit (MSB)            Least Significant Bit (LSB)


                         High-order end                                              Low-order end
                                                0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Acknowledgements
Moore’s Law: Kopp, Carlo. Monash University.
Melbourne, Australia. 2000.

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Intro to comp. hardware

  • 1. Department of Computer and Information Science, School of Science, IUPUI CSCI 230 Introduction to Computers - Hardware Dale Roberts, Lecturer Computer Science, IUPUI E-mail: droberts@cs.iupui.edu
  • 2. What is a Computer? Computer Device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer programs Personal computers: economical enough for individual Distributed computing: computing distributed over networks Client/server computing: sharing of information across computer networks between file servers and clients (personal computers) Dale Roberts
  • 3. What is a Computer? (cont.) Computer Hardware Various devices comprising a computer: Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD- ROM, and processing units User Hardware Trends: every year or two the following approximately double (Moore’s Law): High-level Language Application Amount of memory in which to execute programs Assembly Language Software Amount of secondary storage (such as disk storage) Used to hold programs and data over the longer term OS Processor speeds The speeds at which computers execute their programs Firmware Machine Hardware Code
  • 4. What is a Computer? (cont.) Computer Software Computer Programs that run on a computer, including Operation System (OS) Application Software Computer Language User High-level Language Application Assembly Software Language OS Firmware Machine Hardware Code
  • 5. Moore's Law Defined by Dr. Gordon Moore during the sixties. Predicts an exponential increase in component density over time, with a doubling time of 18 months. Applicable to microprocessors, DRAMs , DSPs and other microelectronics. Monotonic increase in density observed since the 1960s.
  • 6. Moore’s Law - Density
  • 7. Moore's Law and Performance The performance of computers is determined by architecture and clock speed. Clock speed doubles over a 3 year period due to the scaling laws on chip. Processors using identical or similar architectures gain performance directly as a function of Moore's Law. Improvements in internal architecture can yield better gains than predicted by Moore's Law.
  • 8. Moore’s Law - Clock Speed
  • 9. What is a Computer? (cont.) Internet The Internet enables Quick and easy communication via e-mail International networking of computers Packet switching The transfer of digital data via small packets Allows multiple users to send and receive data simultaneously No centralized control If one part of the Internet fails, other parts can still operate Bandwidth Information carrying capacity of communications lines Ex: Internet T2 at IUPUI World Wide Web Locate and view multimedia-based documents on almost any subject Makes information instantly and conveniently accessible worldwide Possible for individuals and small businesses to get worldwide exposure Changing the way business is done
  • 10. Computer Organization A Typical Von-Neumann Architecture CPU Control Circuit (ex: PC: Program Counter) Memory I/O ALU Example: 1. Input unit 2. Output unit 3. Memory unit 4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) 5. Central processing unit (CPU) 6. Secondary storage unit
  • 11. Computer Organization (cont.) Six logical units in every computer: 1. Input unit Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse) 1. Output unit Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other devices) 1. Memory unit Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information ROM (Read Only Memory): CMOS, EPROM … RAM (Random Access Memory): SRAM, DRAM, SIMM, DIMM …
  • 12. Computer Organization (cont.) Six logical units in every computer (cont): 3. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) – part of CPU Performs arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction...) and logic decisions 3. Control unit (CU) - part of CPU Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer 3. Secondary storage unit Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage Stores inactive programs
  • 13. Computer Organization (cont.) Central Processing Unit (CPU), “brain” of a computer, consisting of Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): performs arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction...) and logic decisions (>, <, =, ...) Control Unit (CU): decodes each machine instruction and sends signal to other components for carrying out the instruction. An integrated circuit (IC) that is a full central processing unit is called a microprocessor (µp); a CPU’s current instruction and data values are stored temporally inside the CPU in special high-speed memory location called registers. CPU speed: ? MHz (M: Mega = 106, Hz=1/sec);
  • 14. Computer Organization (cont.) Memory A large collection of circuits, each capable of storing bit Cells (words): manageable units; typical size is 8 bits (1 byte), some machines are 16 bits (2 bytes) and some are 32 bits or 64 bits Byte (8 bits), KB (kilobyte, 103 ≈ 210 bytes), MB (Megabyte, 106 ≈ 220 bytes), GB (Gigabyte, 109 ≈ 230 bytes). Note: k ≠ K because 1000 ≠ 1024.
  • 15. Computer Organization (cont.) Computer memory is comparable to a collection of numbered mailboxes. To identify individual cells in a machine’s main memory, each cell is assigned a unique name, called its address ASCII H e l l o , Data 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00101110 ... ... Address 0000 0101 0000 0110 0000 0111 0000 1000 0001 0001 0001 0010 Address Bus Data Bus The organization of byte-size memory cell Most Significant Bit (MSB) Least Significant Bit (LSB) High-order end Low-order end 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
  • 16. Acknowledgements Moore’s Law: Kopp, Carlo. Monash University. Melbourne, Australia. 2000.