3G mobile networks promise increased bandwidth up to 2Mbps for broadband data and multimedia services. They utilize wideband CDMA technology for high-speed data and support roaming across mobile network standards. Key components include radio access networks with Node B base stations and radio network controllers, as well as core packet networks with GPRS support nodes. 3G aims to deliver multimedia services globally through standards like UMTS and CDMA2000.

1. 3G
Presentation
On
3 Generation
rd
Mobile Communication

2. 3G: What’s the hype all about ?
3G
Emerging user demands to shift from voice centric
to multimedia-oriented services (voice, data, video, fax)
Until recently, data traffic over mobile networks
remained low at around 2% due to the bandwidth
limitations of 2G wireless networks.
New technology required for optimal transport and
higher bandwidth.

3. GSM Technology
3G
Before talking about 3G We will discuss
about mobile communication

4. 3G
Equip. Id Reg Home location Reg
Auth
Visitor location Reg

5. GSM Services
-Voice Services 3G
-Data Services
-Multicast Services GSM-900:Uplink: 890.2 MHz – 915
MHz (25 MHz)
-Short Messaging Services Downlink: 935.2 MHz – 960 MHz
(25 MHz)
-Location Based Services
(LBS)
GSM - Frequencies
GSM Products (Mobile
GSM-1800:
Devices)
Uplink: 1725.2 – 1780.4 MHz
-Subscriber Identity Module
Downlink:1820,2 - 1875,4
MHz (SIM)
Separation: 95 MHz -Mobile Telephones
384 pairs of channels -PCMCIA Air Cards
-Embedded Radio Modules
-External Radio Modems

6. GSM Network
-Base Stations, Repeaters, Switching Centers 3G
-Network Databases Wireless Network System
Interconnection , Customized Applications for
Mobile Network Enhanced Logic.

7. SIM - Subscriber Identity Module, ME - Mobile Equipment,
BTS - Base Transceiver Station, BSC - Base Station Controller,
3G
TCU - Transcoder Unit, MSC - Mobile Switching Centre,
PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network,
HLR - Home Location Register,
VLR - Visitor Location Register,
AUC - Authentication Centre,
EIR - Equipment Identity Register,
OMC - Operations &
Maintenance Centre,
OMC-R - OMC devoted to BSS,
OMC-S - OMC devoted to NSS.

8. Base Station Sub-system
(BSS) 3G
The Base Station function is
divided into two main functional
elements, the Base Station Controller
(BSC) which also includes the
Transcoder Unit (TCU), and the Base
Transceiver System (BTS).
The BSC can control several BTS
units. Each BTS will consist of a number
of transceivers (TRX) and will serve a
cell or a number of cells. The BSC unit
also performs transcoding functions to
convert between 64Kbps channel rate
used in the Switching System and the
16Kbps channel rate for GSM traffic.

9. Operation Sub-System (OSS)
3G
The OMC provides remote monitoring of the network performance
and permits remote re-configuration and fault management activity
as well as alarm and event monitoring.
Mobile Station (MS)
The MS comprises of Mobile Equipment (ME) and a Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM). The ME contains the software and hardware to operate
as a mobile radio terminal. The SIM in conjunction with the network
Authentication Centre (AUC) validates the MS.
UMTS Network Architecture
One of the requirements for the Release 99 Architecture is to
support roaming and inter-operation with the GSM system,
hence the GSM system appears as one of the components
of the UMTS Release 99 Architecture.

10. Existing Mobile N/Ws 3G
First Generation wireless technology, AMPS in North America
and TACS in Europe based on circuit switched technology.
2G based on low band digital data signaling, most popular
technology being GSM, a combination of FDMA and TDMA, mostly in
Europe.
2G systems can handle some data capabilities at the
rate up to 9.6 kbps
2G+ packet based and increases the data communication speed
to as high as 384 kbps, based on GPRS,HSCSD and EDGE terminals.

11. 3G
Tech 1G 2G 2.5G 3G
Design 1970 1980 1985 1990
began
Impleme- 1984 1991 1991 2002
ntation
service Analogue voice Digital voice Higher Higher
Synchronous Short capacity, capacity,
data upto 9.6Kbps message Packetis broadband
ed data
data Upto 2Mbps
Standards AMPS. TACS,NMT TDMA, GPRS,ED WCDMA,CDM
etc CDMA, GE A
GSM,PDC

12. 3G
Data BW 1.9Kbps 14.4 Kbps(9.6) 384Kbps(50) 2Mbps
128Kbps in mobile
MUX FDMA TDMA,CDMA TDMA,CDMA CDMA
Core N/W PSTN PSTN PSTN,PACK Packet N/W
ET N/W
Support GSM GSM(EUROPE) GSM,GPRS,E GSM,GPRS,EDGE,CD
TDMA,CDMA DGE MA,TDMA
(AMERICA)
BW 800-900Mhz. 1850-1990Mhz For use ,text, digital
data, voice,
multimedia Other non
global roaming
Accessibility through
tetra & satellite

13. 3G
Air Interfaces for Third Generation services:
USA plans to deploy EDGE, WCDMA and multi
carrier CDMA in the existing bands used by second-
generation systems. Europe plans to use IMT-2000
Band for WCDMA and EDGE for GSM 1800 bands.
Asia is expected to utilize IMT-2000 Band for
WCDMA and GSM 1800 band for EDGE. Korea is
expected to utilize IMT-2000 Band for WCDMA. Japan
plans to deploy IMT-2000 band for WCDMA.

14. 3G Networks
3G
Consists of following air interface modules: WCDMA,
CDMA2000 interfaces. WCDMA compatible with current 2G
GSM networks, requires bandwidth between 5 and 10 MHz,
can be overlaid into existing GSM,TDMA and IS95 networks.
CDMA2000 backward compatible with the second
generation CDMA IS-95 predominantly used in US UWC-136,
also called IS-136HS was designed to comply with ANSI-136,
the North American TDMA standard.
3G network constitution
-consists of a Radio Access Network (RAN) and a core
network
-core network consists of a packet switched domain
whichincludes 3G SGSNs and GGSNs.
-core network consists of a circuit switched domain
which includes 3G MSC for voice calls.

15. 3G networks (contd.)
3G
core network also consists of a CGF
(Charging Gateway function) to charge
for services and access. RANs consist of
new n/w elements, known as Node B
and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs)
Node B is comparable to BTS in 2G
systems.RNCs replace the BSCs. It
provides the radio resource
management, handover control and
support for connection to packet as

16. 3G is an ITU specification for the third generation of mobile communications
3G
technology. 3G promises increased bandwidth, up to 384 Kbps when a device is
stationary
or moving at pedestrian speed, 128 Kbps in
a car, and 2 Mbps in fixed applications. 3G
will work over wireless air interfaces such as
GSM, TDMA, and CDMA. The new EDGE
air interface has been developed specifically
to meet the bandwidth needs of 3G.

17. 3G

18. 3G Network Components
3G
• Radio Access Networks (RANs)
• W-CDMA uses the 2GHz frequency band, can reach
data transfer speeds of upto 2 Mbit/s but in reality
transfer speed is closer to a couple of hundred kbit/s the
actual bit rate depending on cell load and user mobility.
basic modes of operation(FDD and TDD) with paired
and unpaired bands respectively defined as follows.
• FDD. Uplink and downlink transmissions use two
different
carriers located in specific frequency bands. Users using
the same carrier sets are distinguished by different
spreading codes.

19. 3G Terminals 3G
-will be multi-mode i.e. be able to support more than one
- radio system
- current terminals are multi band e.g. GSM dual band
that is they can handle different frequency bands but not
different radio systems.
- 3G terminals need to be both dual mode and dual band.
-they would have a GSM call control stack, session
management and radio interface implemented together
with the corresponding UMTS terminal functionality.

20. 3G
Technology

21. UMTS - Applications
• Fast Internet / Intranet
• Streaming / Download (Video, Audio)
• Videoconferences
3G
• Multimedia-Messaging, E-Mail
• Mobile E-Commerce (M-Commerce)
• Location Based Services
• Mobile Entertainment (Games,…)
UMTS
• Uplink: 1920 - 1980MHz
• Downlink: 2110 - 2170MHz
Umts architecture

22. GPRS
3G
The GPRS Core Network (General Packet Radio
Services) provides mobility management,
session management and transport for Internet Protocol
packet services in GSM and UMTS networks
The first new technology when going from GSM
towards UMTS is General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
It is the trigger to 3G services. The main point is that the
network connection is always on, so the subscriber is
online all the time.

23. 3G
Serving GPRS Support Node

24. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol is the defining IP protocol of the GPRS core 3G
network. Primarily it is the protocol which allows end users of a GSM or
UMTS network to move from place to place whilst continuing to connect
to the internet as if from one location at the GGSN. It does this by
carrying the subscriber's data from the subscriber's current SGSN to the
GGSN which is handling the subscriber's session.

25. GGSNs and SGSNs (collectively known as GSNs) listen for messages 3G
on UDP port 2123 and for GTP-U messages on port 2152. This
communication happens within a single network or may, in the case of
international roaming, happen internationally, probably across a
GPRS Roaming Exchange (GRX)
GPRS Support Nodes (GSN)
A GSN is a network node which supports the use of GPRS in the GSM
core network. All GSNs should have a Gn interface and support the GPRS
tunnelling protocol. There are two key variants of the GSN; the GGSN and
the SGSN defined

26. GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node
The GGSN is the interface between the GPRS data network and 3G
external Packet Data Networks (PDN) such as the Internet. From an
external IP networks point of view, the GGSN acts as a router for
the IP addresses of all subscribers served by the GPRS network.
The GGSN therefore exchanges routing information with the
external network.
SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
The SGSN is the interface between the base station subsystem and
the data network. It is responsible for delivery of packets within its
own service area. The SGSN routes packets through the base
station controller and also signals the mobile switching centre,
home location register and visitor location register.

27. 3G
Common SGSN Functions
De-tunnel GTP packets from the GGSN (downlink)
Tunnel IP packets toward the GGSN (uplink)
Carry out mobility management as Standby mode mobile
moves from Routing Area to Routing Area.
Billing user data

28. IMT-2000 3G
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000
(IMT-2000) are third generation mobile systems which was
scheduled to start service subject to market considerations.
They will provide access, by means of one or more
radio links, to a wide range of telecommunications services
supported by the fixed telecommunication networks, and to
other services which are specific to mobile users.
A range of mobile terminal types is encompassed,
linking to terrestrial and/or satellite based networks, and the
terminals may be designed for mobile or fixed use.

29. 3G
Key features of IMT-2000 are:
• high degree of commonality of design worldwide;
• compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed
networks;
• high quality;
• small terminal for worldwide use;
• worldwide roaming capability;
• capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of
services and terminals.
• IMT 2000 is a result of the collaboration of many entities, inside
the ITU (ITU-R and ITU-T), and outside the ITU

30. 3G
The IMT-200 vision encompasses
complementary satellite and terrestrial
components.
Close integration between the satellite and
terrestrial components of IMT-2000 facilitate the
deployment of mobile services via satellite,
enabling users to roam on satellite networks and
to gain access to service where there is no
terrestrial system in place.

31. --they would have to be multi-mode to support 3G
global roaming i.e. to be able to handle the W-CDMA
and CDMA2000 modes.
-support for the 2 W-CDMA modes FDD and TDD is
something which needs to be considered.
-This is because it is more difficult to build wide area
coverage with TDD, but easier to cater to asymmetric
traffic than it is with FDD mode. So operators might
choose to use FDD for outdoor service and TDD for
indoor service.

32. International Telecommunications Unit (ITU):
IMT-2000 consists of following radio interfaces 3G
•W-CDMA
•CDMA2000
•CDMA2001
•TD-CDMA / TD-SCDMA
Networks versus Standards : Cellular Networks:
GSM 850MHz GSM 900MHz GSM 1800MHz
GSM 1900MHz CMDA 800MHz CDMA 1900MHz
CDMA 2100MHz UMTS 800MHz UMTS 850MHz
UMTS 900MHz UMTS 1800MHz UMTS 1900MHz
UMTS 2100MHz iDEN 800MHz iDEN 900MHz PHS
TDMA FDMA

33. Cellular Data Standards:
CSD HSCSD GPRS EDGE UMTS
3G
CDMA2000 1x CDMA2000 1xEV-DV CDMA2000 1xEV-
DO
WCDMA FOMA
Even though 3G has successfully been introduced to European
and Asian mobile users, there are some issues that are debated
by 3G providers and users:
•High input fees for the 3G service licenses
•Great differences in the licensing terms
•Current high debt of many telecommunication companies, making
it more of a challenge to build the necessary infrastructure for 3G
•Member State support to the financially troubled operators
•Health aspects of the effects of electromagnetic waves

34. Spread Spectrum communication 3G
The main principle of Spread Spectrum
communication is that the bandwidth occupancy is
much higher than usual.
Because of this much larger bandwidth the
power spectral density is lower, in the channel the
signal just looks like noise.
The Spreading is done by combining the data
signal with a code (code division multiple access) which
is independent of the transmitted data message.

35. Spread Spectrum Techniques
3G
•Direct-Sequence (DS)
•Frequency-Hopping (FH).
Direct Sequence is the most famous Spread Spectrum Technique.
The data signal is multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise Code (PN-
code).
Frequency Hopping
When using Frequency Hopping, the carrier frequency is
'hopping' according to a known sequence (of length ). In this way the
bandwidth is also increased. Frequency Hopping is a from of spread
spectrum in which spreading takes place by hopping from frequency to
frequency over a wide band.
A combination of these two offers a lot of advantages over the
other two and will be the basis of the proposed system.

36. 3G
The main principle of Spread Spectrum
communication is that the bandwidth occupancy is much
higher than usual.
Because of this much larger bandwidth the power
spectral density is lower, in the channel the signal just
looks like noise.
The Spreading is done by combining the data
signal with a code (code division multiple access)
which is independent of the transmitted data message.

37. A number of advantages are: 3G
As the signal is spread over a large frequency-band, the
Power Spectral Density is getting very small, so other
communications systems do not suffer from this kind of
communications.
Random Access can be dealt with, as a large number of codes
can be generated a large number of users can be permitted.
The maximal number of users is interference limited.
Security: without knowing the spreading code, it is (nearly)
impossible to recover the transmitted data.
Fading rejection: as a large bandwidth is used the system is
less susceptible to distortions.

38. 3G
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is
the radio access scheme used for third generation cellular
systems that are being rolled out in various parts of the globe.
The 3G systems to support wideband services like high-
speed Internet access, video and high quality image
transmission with the same quality as the fixed networks. In
WCDMA systems the CDMA air interface is combined with
GSM based networks.
The WCDMA standard was evolved through the Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) which aims to ensure
interoperability between different 3G networks.

39. EDGE, Enhanced Data GSM Environment
3G
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
(EDGE) is a radio based high-speed mobile data
standard. It allows data transmission speeds of 384 kbps
to be achieved when all eight timeslots are used.
EDGE enhances
the throughput per
timeslot for both
HSCSD and GPRS.
ECSD (max data
rate 64 kbps and
EGPRS data rate
per time slot
triples to a
staggering 384
kbps.

40. From GPRS, operators could go directly to UMTS, but they 3G
could also invest in an EDGE system. One advantage of EDGE is
that there is no new licence needed as in UMTS. The frequencies
will also be re-used and no new antennas are needed. The main
issue is that subscribers will have to buy new EDGE terminals.
From GSM radio network, the following network elements can
NOT be reused. Note, however they can remain in the network and
be used in dual network operation where 2G and 3G networks co-
exist while network migration and new 3G termials become
available for use in the network.
•BSC (base station controller)
•BTS (base transceiver station)

41. Wide band CDMA (W-CDMA)
3G
W-CDMA, also known as CDMA Direct Spread, is a 3G
radio transmission technology favored by Europe. It can
be built upon existing GSM networks and represents the
obvious next step for current system operators. As such,
it is expected to gain widespread acceptance in Asia,
where GSM systems are prevalent.
cdma2000
Also called CDMA Multi-Carrier, cdma2000 is a 3G standard
developed by the CDMA Development Group (CDG) and favored
by the U.S. It is derived from the narrow band CDMA One digital
standard and provides a clear evolutionary path for existing
CDMA One operators.

42. 2G+ networks 3G
HSCSD one step towards 3G wideband mobile data networks. This
circuit switched technology improves data rates up to 57.6 kbps.GPRS
packet based and designed to work in parallel with 2G GSMand TDMA
technologies.
Protocols in the GPRS network infrastructure
Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)
 Logical Link Control (LLC)
Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP)
GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP)
GPRS Mobility Management (GMM/SM)

43. 3G
3G is short for third-generation technology.
It is used in the context of mobile phone
standards.
The services associated with 3G provide the
ability to transfer simultaneously both voice data
(a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as
downloading information, exchanging email, and
instant messaging).
In marketing 3G services, video telephony
has often been used as the killer application for
3G.

44. 3G
Worldwide roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in
some countries by the enormous costs of additional
spectrum licensing fees. In many parts of the world 3G
networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G,
requiring mobile operators to build entirely new
networks and license entirely new frequencies
The license fees in some European countries were
particularly high, bolstered by initial excitement over
3G's potential. Other delays were as a result of the
expenses related to upgrading equipment for the new
systems.

45. Japan and South Korea were relatively quick 3G
to adopt 3G, because their governments prioritize
technological infrastructure development, and spectrum
licensing fees are minimal.
The first country which introduced 3G on a
large commercial scale was Japan. In 2005, about
40% of subscribers used 3G networks only, with 2G
being on the way out in Japan. It was expected that
during 2006 the transition from 2G to 3G would be
largely completed in Japan, and upgrades to the next
3.5G stage with 3 Mbit/s data rates were underway.

46. 3G
The official 3G mobile network is the systems and
services based on the ITU family of standards under the
International Mobile Telecommunications programme,
'IMT-2000'.
The most significant features offered by third
generation (3G) mobile technologies are the momentous
capacity and broadband capabilities to support greater
numbers of voice and data customers - especially in
urban centres - plus higher data rates at lower
incremental cost than 2G.

47. •Expense and bulk of 3G phones
•Lack of 2G mobile user buy-in for 3G wireless service 3G
•Lack of coverage because it is still new service
•High prices of 3G mobile services in some countries, including Internet access

48. 3G handsets are far more advanced and have
much more functionality than conventional 2G handsets.
3G
3G handsets usually include cameras, music players, video
players, contactless smartcards for payment functions (wallet
phones), web browsers, email clients and more. This shows
that UMTS system is based on layered services and future
applications can be supported without too much impact to the
underlying radio access network.

49. Use of 3G
3G
Checking traffic conditions from home and on the road to help
plan route and allocate traveling time; alerting the driver if there is
an accident, and suggesting an alternate route.
Directory services - enhanced wireless devices will allow users to
find the nearest theatre, buy the tickets electronically, and
download e-tickets at the theatre.
Booking travel reservation on-line - booking a tour, checking on
scheduled flights to make sure they are on time, checking itinerary,
changing flight plans if a connection is missed and booking a
hotel.
News - all types of information for various purposes, for example,
business managers looking for the latest information about their
companies, and stock traders checking news developments that
might affect their portfolios.

50. WLAN vs. 2G/3G: Bit rates
IEEE 802.11
GPRS 3G
170 kbit/s theoretically
WLAN
3G
(WCDMA)
Hundreds of meters (at
best) around each AP Up to 2 Mbit/s (in indoor
etworks)
Full outdoor
coverage is difficult to
achieve.
WLANs are optimised for Macro/micro/picocell
indoor usage. networks cover all kinds of
environments (indoor, urban,
rural)
Full coverage even in remote
areas.

51. WLAN vs. 2G/3G: Frequency bands
IEEE 802.11 WLAN 2G/3G
3G
The 2.4 GHz ISM band (free Frequency bands are
for all) causes problems. reserved for 2G/3G
networks.
Interference from other
WLAN networks, Bluetooth Interference is usually not
equipment, microwave a problem (good network
ovens, etc. planning).
The CSMA/CA access
method is not very Spectrum efficiency is
spectrum efficient. better than for WLAN.
Spectrum efficiency Various advanced methods
is given as for increasing spectrum
efficiency.
bits/Hz/area

52. WLAN vs. 2G/3G: Roaming
IEEE 802.11 2G/3G
3G
WLAN
International
WLANs do not roaming agreements
support roaming in a between operators
strict sense.
However, WLANs
support portability. 2G/3G networks
support roaming on
a wide scale.
Terminal mobility is Terminal mobility is
not supported supported (using
(except techniques such as
when moving within location updating,
the WLAN). paging, and
handover).
Personal mobility requires e.g. SIP (Session Initiation
Protocol) and specialised network resources (SIP
proxy, location server)

53. WLAN vs. 2G/3G: Security
IEEE 802.11 WLAN 2G/3G 3G
Always supported:
No security as default.
WEP (if used) offers poor User authentication
security. Encryption over the radio
WPA (if used) provides interface
better security due to the Key management.
support of key
management. 3G provides additional
security features.
Usually no network
planning (due to the Network planning is rather
inexpensive network parts). complicated (since
This (+ usage of ISM band) equipment is expensive and
may result in poor WLAN should not be underused).
network performance. As a benefit => good
coverage and spectrum
utilisation.

54. WLAN vs. 2G/3G: Cost of equipment
IEEE 802.11 2G/3G 3G
WLAN
Network infrastructure is
inexpensive (existing LAN + Network infrastructure is
additional APs) if no expensive.
advanced network concepts 2G/3G terminals are not
are used. dramatically more
End user equipment is also expensive than WLAN cards.
inexpensive.
Charging solutions are Charging is part of the
difficult to implement system infrastructure.
(specialised network
elements required). Without charging, the
expensive 2G/3G network
WLAN users are used to infrastructure would not be
having “free” access in economically viable.
many places.

55. Services: Web browsing
3G
Web browsing applications are of client - server
type. 802.11 WLAN and 2G/3G networks are
equally well suited for such applications
(disregarding differences in bitrates, coverage,
etc.).
1 http request
Web
html page server
Terminal
= Client download 2

56. Services: VoIP
3G
If reachability is an important issue, a client - client
type of communication system requires some IP
layer or application layer mobility solution => new
network elements are required both in 2G/3G and
in WLAN.
Terminal = IP Terminal =
Client network(s) Client

57. What is 4G? 3G
4G is the next generation
of wireless networks that will
replace 3G networks
sometimes in future. In
another context, 4G is simply
an initiative by academic
R&D labs to move beyond
the limitations and problems
of 3G which is having trouble
getting deployed and
meeting its promised
performance and
throughput.

58. Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G
Has Not Been Deployed? 3G
• 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of
future high-performance applications like multi-media,
full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a
network technology that extends 3G capacity by an
order of magnitude.
• There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to
roam and interoperate across networks. we need global
mobility and service portability
• 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need
hybrid networks that utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot)
concept and cell or base-station wide area network
design.

59. 3G
• We need wider bandwidth
• Researchers have come up with spectrally more
efficient modulation schemes that can not be
retrofitted into 3G infrastructure
• We need all digital packet network that utilizes
IP in its fullest form with converged voice and
data capability.

60. Rising use
3G
As prices get more attractive, more and more people will
use wireless networks for data applications. Consequently,
bandwidth demand will rise.
Multimedia content
Mobile Social Networks
Voice over IP
Fixed line Internet replacement
Competition from alternative wireless Internet providers

61. There are two main goals of 4G wireless
systems.
3G
First of all, more bandwidth will be required
Secondly, 4G networks will no longer have a circuit switched
subsystem as current 2G and 3G networks. Instead, the network
is based purely on the Internet Protocol (IP). The main challenge
of this design is how to support the stringent requirements of
voice calls for constant bandwidth and delay.
Having sufficient bandwidth is a good first step. Mobility and
Quality of Service for a voice connection is clearly another and
taking a look at these topics is better left to another article
series. So let’s focus on the additional bandwidth 4G networks
are to deliver

62. 4G N/W will go far beyond this by mainly
improving three things
3G
Air Interface Technology: 2G networks use (TDMA) on the air interface.
3G networks made a radical change and use CDMA.
4G standards will make another radical change and will use OFDM. The
new modulation itself will not automatically bring an increase in speed
but very much simplifies the following two enhancements:
Channel BW: 2G systems use a channel bandwidth of 0.2 MHz. UMTS
made a great leap forward and uses 5 MHz. 4G systems will use a BW
of up to 20 MHz, i.e. the channel offers four times more bandwidth than
channels of current systems. As 20 MHz channels might not be
available everywhere, most 4G systems will be scalable, for example in
steps of 1.25 MHz. It can therefore be expected that 4G channel sizes
will range from 5 to 20 MHz.

63. MIMO: 3G
The second method to increase throughput on the air
interface is to use a technology called Multiple Input Multiple
Output, or MIMO for short. The idea itself is simple, the maths
behind is everything but.
The idea of MIMO is to use the phenomena that radio
waves bounce of objects like trees and buildings and thus
create several wave paths from sender to receiver. While this
behavior is often not desired, MIMO makes active use of it by
using several antennas at the sender and receiver side, which
allows the exchange of multiple data streams, each over a
single individual wave front.
Two or even four antennas are foreseen to be used in a
device. How well this works is still to be determined in practice
but it is likely that MIMO can increase throughput by a factor of
two.

64. 3G
3G (including
4G
2.5G, sub3G)
Major Requirement Predominantly voice
Driving driven - data was Converged data and voice over IP
Architecture always add on
Hybrid - Integration of Wireless
Network
Wide area cell-based LAN (WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide
Architecture
area
Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode
Dependent on country
Frequency Band or continent (1800-2400 Higher frequency bands (2-8 GHz)
MHz)
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)

65. 3G (including 2.5G,
4G
Major
sub3G)
3G
Predominantly voice
Requirement Converged data and voice
driven - data was always
Driving over IP
add on
Architecture
Network
Wide area cell-based Hybrid - Integration of
Architecture
Wireless LAN (WiFi,
Bluetooth) and wide area
20 to 100 Mbps in mobile
Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps
mode
Dependent on country or
Higher frequency bands
Frequency Band continent (1800-2400
(2-8 GHz)
MHz)
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)
Switching Design All digital with packetized
Circuit and Packet
Basis voice
Access OFDM and MC-CDMA
W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge
Technologies (Multi Carrier CDMA)

66. 3G
Switching All digital with packetized
Circuit and Packet
Design Basis voice
Access OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi
W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge
Technologies Carrier CDMA)
Forward Error Concatenated coding
Convolutional rate 1/2, 1/3
Correction scheme
Smarter Antennas,
Component Optimized antenna design,
software multiband and
Design multi-band adapters
wideband radios
A number of air link protocols,
IP All IP (IP6.0)
including IP 5.0

67. 3G
In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G is a conceptual
framework for or a discussion point to address future needs
of a universal high speed wireless network that will interface
with wire line backbone network seamlessly.
4G is also represents the hope and ideas of a group of
researchers in Motorola, Qualcomm, Nokia, Ericsson, Sun,
HP, NTT DoCoMo and other infrastructure vendors who must
respond to the needs of MMS, multimedia and video
applications if 3G never materializes in its full glory.

68. 3G
4G standard 100Mbps (uplink) and 20Mbps (downlink),
allowing more bandwidth for new applications such as
video phones, video / audio download and interactive
games.
One of the two competitor networks to NTT DoCoMo, run
by KDDI/AU, has already upgraded to CDMA2000 1xEVDO
(an intermediate 3.25G technology that allows a data
transmission rate of up to 2.4Mbps).

69. 4G AND THE FUTURE
3G
It is suggested that 4G technologies will allow 3D virtual
reality and interactive video / hologram images. The technology
could also increase interaction between compatible technologies,
so that the smart card in the handset could automatically pay for
goods in passing a linked payment kiosk (i-mode can already boast
this capability) or will tell your car to warm up in the morning,
because your phone has noted you have left the house or have set
the alarm.
4G is expected to provide high resolution images (better quality
than TV images) and video-links (all of these will require a band
width of about 100MHz).

70. 3G