This document provides an outline for a tutorial on 3G networks. It begins with a brief history of mobile radio technology, including the evolution from 1G to 2G networks. It then discusses evolving network architectures such as 3GPP and 3GPP2 standards, and how 3G networks will utilize softswitches, VoIP and SIP. Finally, it outlines sections on evolving services, applications, and business models for 3G.
The document is a tutorial on 3G technologies that provides an overview of:
1) The history and evolution of mobile radio technologies from 1G analog systems to 2G digital systems like GSM and CDMA.
2) Evolving network architectures including the 3GPP and 3GPP2 evolution paths and potential for convergence using softswitches and VoIP.
3) International standards for 3G radio including W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA as well as the vision for IMT-2000.
This document provides an outline for a 3G tutorial presentation. It begins with a brief history of mobile radio technology and discusses the evolution from 1G to 2G networks. It then outlines topics that will be covered in the presentation including evolving network architectures, services, applications, and business models related to 3G. The document provides an overview of 3G standards including W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA as well as the various spectrum bands being used for 3G networks globally.
The document is a 3G tutorial that provides an overview of:
- The history and evolution of mobile radio technology from 1G to 3G.
- Evolving network architectures based on GSM-MAP and IS-41 and the 3GPP and 3GPP2 evolution paths.
- Evolving services including messaging, location, and multimedia.
- Applications and business models for 3G.
The tutorial contains slides on the history of cellular standards, the development of 2G technologies like GSM and CDMA, an overview of 3G standards like W-CDMA and CDMA2000, and the migration paths from 2G to 3G networks and services.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communication and wireless application protocol (WAP). It discusses the benefits of wireless communication like freedom from wires and global coverage. It also covers some of the technical challenges in wireless communication like efficient use of spectrum, mobility support, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It defines wireless communication and differentiates between wireless and mobile. It also describes various types of wireless technologies and their limitations.
CDMA2000 and WCDMA are the two main 3G standards. CDMA2000 uses a 1.25 MHz bandwidth and has achieved success in markets like Korea and Japan, with over 80 million subscribers. It provides broader coverage than WCDMA which uses 5 MHz bandwidth and operates at higher frequencies. While WCDMA's initial data rate was 384 Kbps, CDMA2000's 1xEV-DO can support up to 2.4 Mbps, giving it a performance advantage currently. Both standards continue to evolve but CDMA2000 has proven successful in commercial deployments in Asia.
The document summarizes the evolution of CDMA2000 standards for high-speed data capabilities. Key points include:
- CDMA2000 1xEV was introduced as a two-phase strategy to provide higher data rates using the existing 1.25 MHz bandwidth. 1xEV-DO can provide up to 2.4 Mbps peak data rates.
- 1xEV-DV is the second phase currently being standardized to provide high-speed data and voice on a single carrier. Goals include real-time packet services and improved throughput/capacity.
- Ericsson's CDMA2000 products for 1X networks include the RBS 1127 base station and BSC 1120 controller, both based on the
CDMA is a digital cellular technology that allows multiple users to access a single radio channel simultaneously through the use of unique code assignments. The document discusses CDMA network architecture, which includes mobile stations, base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and authentication centers. It also compares CDMA to earlier multiple access technologies like TDMA and FDMA, noting advantages of CDMA like increased capacity and soft handoffs between cells using the same frequency.
The document is a tutorial on 3G technologies that provides an overview of:
1) The history and evolution of mobile radio technologies from 1G analog systems to 2G digital systems like GSM and CDMA.
2) Evolving network architectures including the 3GPP and 3GPP2 evolution paths and potential for convergence using softswitches and VoIP.
3) International standards for 3G radio including W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA as well as the vision for IMT-2000.
This document provides an outline for a 3G tutorial presentation. It begins with a brief history of mobile radio technology and discusses the evolution from 1G to 2G networks. It then outlines topics that will be covered in the presentation including evolving network architectures, services, applications, and business models related to 3G. The document provides an overview of 3G standards including W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA as well as the various spectrum bands being used for 3G networks globally.
The document is a 3G tutorial that provides an overview of:
- The history and evolution of mobile radio technology from 1G to 3G.
- Evolving network architectures based on GSM-MAP and IS-41 and the 3GPP and 3GPP2 evolution paths.
- Evolving services including messaging, location, and multimedia.
- Applications and business models for 3G.
The tutorial contains slides on the history of cellular standards, the development of 2G technologies like GSM and CDMA, an overview of 3G standards like W-CDMA and CDMA2000, and the migration paths from 2G to 3G networks and services.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communication and wireless application protocol (WAP). It discusses the benefits of wireless communication like freedom from wires and global coverage. It also covers some of the technical challenges in wireless communication like efficient use of spectrum, mobility support, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It defines wireless communication and differentiates between wireless and mobile. It also describes various types of wireless technologies and their limitations.
CDMA2000 and WCDMA are the two main 3G standards. CDMA2000 uses a 1.25 MHz bandwidth and has achieved success in markets like Korea and Japan, with over 80 million subscribers. It provides broader coverage than WCDMA which uses 5 MHz bandwidth and operates at higher frequencies. While WCDMA's initial data rate was 384 Kbps, CDMA2000's 1xEV-DO can support up to 2.4 Mbps, giving it a performance advantage currently. Both standards continue to evolve but CDMA2000 has proven successful in commercial deployments in Asia.
The document summarizes the evolution of CDMA2000 standards for high-speed data capabilities. Key points include:
- CDMA2000 1xEV was introduced as a two-phase strategy to provide higher data rates using the existing 1.25 MHz bandwidth. 1xEV-DO can provide up to 2.4 Mbps peak data rates.
- 1xEV-DV is the second phase currently being standardized to provide high-speed data and voice on a single carrier. Goals include real-time packet services and improved throughput/capacity.
- Ericsson's CDMA2000 products for 1X networks include the RBS 1127 base station and BSC 1120 controller, both based on the
CDMA is a digital cellular technology that allows multiple users to access a single radio channel simultaneously through the use of unique code assignments. The document discusses CDMA network architecture, which includes mobile stations, base stations, base station controllers, mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and authentication centers. It also compares CDMA to earlier multiple access technologies like TDMA and FDMA, noting advantages of CDMA like increased capacity and soft handoffs between cells using the same frequency.
CDMA2000 is a 3G mobile technology standard approved by the ITU in 1999. It provides improved voice quality and high-speed data access compared to 2G technologies. CDMA2000 includes CDMA2000 1X for voice and low-speed data, and CDMA2000 1xEV-DO for high-speed data. 1xEV-DO has been deployed since 2002 and delivers speeds up to 2.4 Mbps, with later revisions promising even higher speeds. CDMA2000 is widely deployed worldwide and benefits from features like backward compatibility, high capacity, and an evolutionary upgrade path for operators.
the development of mobile communication system
the structure of CDMA2000 network
the number planning in CDMA2000 network
the techniques used by CDMA system including:
source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling, spreading and modulation etc.
power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver
F-PCH,F-PICH,F-SYNCH,F-FCH,F-SCH,R-ACH,R-PICH
Long code, short code and Walsh code
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 4: CDMA Number Planning
1: Direct sequence and frequency hopped spread spectrum, spreading sequence and their correlation functions, Acquisition and tracking of spread spectrum signals.
2: Error probability for DS-CDMA, on AWGN channels, DS-CDMA on frequency selective fading, channels, Performance analysis of cellular CDMA.
3: Capacity estimation, Power control, effect of imperfect power control on DS CDMA performance, Soft Handoffs.
4: Spreading /coding tradeoffs, multi-carrier CDMA, IS-95 CDMA system, third generation CDMA systems, multi-user detection.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G. It describes the key technologies including 1G analog cellular systems, 2G digital systems, 2.5G technologies like GPRS and EDGE, 3G standards like UMTS, CDMA2000, and W-CDMA. 3G services offered higher data rates and quality of service but faced challenges around high costs and lack of coverage. 4G is still in development and aims to offer speeds 50 times faster than 3G with seamless connectivity anywhere. Key 3G standards that emerged include CDMA2000 1X, EV-DO, and UMTS/W-CDMA, with W-CDMA providing larger bandwidth and capacity with lower
This document provides an overview of 3G mobile communication networks and the evolution from 1G to 3G systems. It discusses the background and early stages of 1G analog cellular networks, the development of 2G digital cellular networks, and the standardization of 3G networks through IMT-2000. It then focuses on CDMA2000, describing it as an evolutionary step from CDMAOne that is compatible with 2G networks and approved as an IMT-2000 3G standard, with data rates up to 2Mbps. Key concepts like forward/reverse links and duplexing methods like time division and frequency division duplex are also introduced.
The document provides an introduction to concepts in mobile telephony. It discusses the origins and development of cellular standards like GSM in the 1980s. It also defines key terms like SIM, MS, IMEI, and describes the basic components of a mobile network including BTS, BSC, MSC. It explains basic functions like making calls, receiving calls, and handovers that occur when subscribers are moving between network cells.
The document discusses CDMA2000, a 3G cellular technology that provides an evolutionary upgrade path from 2G CDMA. It spreads signals across 1.25MHz of spectrum to transmit uniquely encoded signals simultaneously. CDMA2000 supports high-speed packet data through standards like 1X EV-DO that enable up to 2.4Mbps speeds. While it offers advantages like efficient spectrum use and support for advanced services, disadvantages include potential channel pollution from multiple signals and limited international roaming without multimode devices.
GSM is the most widely used mobile technology globally, with over 500 million users. However, it has limited data capabilities. GPRS provides a packet-switched way to access GSM networks for both interim and long-term packet data access. GPRS was defined in 1996 and began wide deployment in 2001, providing both voice and higher speed packet data access over GSM networks as an interim solution until 3G networks like UMTS are more widely available.
The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
3G mobile networks promise increased bandwidth up to 2Mbps for broadband data and multimedia services. They utilize wideband CDMA technology for high-speed data and support roaming across mobile network standards. Key components include radio access networks with Node B base stations and radio network controllers, as well as core packet networks with GPRS support nodes. 3G aims to deliver multimedia services globally through standards like UMTS and CDMA2000.
GSM and CDMA are the two main cellular technologies. GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, uses frequency division multiple access and has over 90% market share globally. CDMA, or Code Division Multiple Access, was originally developed for the Soviet military in 1935 and uses compulsory encryption and a single transmission channel by assigning codes to each signal. Both technologies underlie modern 2G and 3G cellular networks.
3G technologies enable higher bandwidth applications like video streaming and video calls by providing data rates up to 2Mbps. Common 3G standards include WCDMA, CDMA2000, and EDGE which evolved from 2G technologies like GSM and CDMA. These standards use technologies such as wider bandwidths and advanced modulation to increase speeds while maintaining compatibility with existing network infrastructure. Over 100 mobile operators worldwide have deployed 3G networks using these standards.
The document discusses the Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications, including an overview of GSM concepts, system architecture, identities and channels used, the radio link, mobility and call management, and radio resource management. It provides background on the development of GSM standards and specifications. The document also covers topics like GSM network structures, frequency bands, channel access techniques, and mobility functions like timing advance.
There are two main cellular network technologies: GSM and CDMA. GSM carriers include Cingular Wireless, T-Mobile, and others, while CDMA carriers include Sprint PCS and Verizon. Understanding the differences between GSM and CDMA, such as coverage, data speeds, roaming capabilities, and use of SIM cards, can help a customer choose the preferable network for their needs. While CDMA was initially faster, both technologies continue advancing and neither is clearly superior.
This document provides an overview of cellular network generations from 1G to 4G. It discusses the evolution from analog 1G networks to digital 2G networks with TDMA and CDMA. 2.5G networks brought higher data rates with technologies like GPRS. 3G networks enabled broadband data and voice over IP. 4G aims to further increase data throughput through advanced technologies like OFDMA and MC-CDMA. The document compares key technologies like GSM and CDMA, and discusses cellular standards, network architectures, applications and the transition from older to newer generations.
3G is defined by the ITU and called IMT-2000. It evolved from 2G technologies through intermediary 2.5G and 3.5G standards. UMTS is the 3G standard developed by 3GPP as an upgrade from GSM, using W-CDMA technology. UMTS network architecture consists of the core network, UTRAN radio access network, and user equipment. The UTRAN air interface uses W-CDMA technology with Node-B base stations controlled by RNCs. 3.5G technologies like HSPA extend UMTS with features like adaptive modulation and fast scheduling to enhance performance.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, and UMTS mobile wireless technologies. It describes that GSM is a digital cellular standard developed in Europe to provide wireless voice communications. GPRS and UMTS are extensions of GSM that add wireless data capabilities, with UMTS moving networks toward being fully IP-based and supporting broadband services. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base transceiver station (handles radio link), base station controller (manages radio network), and switching centers.
BSNL provides cellular mobile services using GSM technology. It divides the service area into geographical areas served by radio cells. Each cell contains a base station that transmits and receives calls using radio channels. BSNL's network consists of the base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register and visitor location register which work together to route calls and track the location of mobile users. The network allows for seamless handover of calls as users move between different cells.
This document provides an overview of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) standards and architecture. It discusses the evolution from 2G to 3G/4G mobile networks and the integration of IMS. The key components of IMS are described including the Call Session Control Function (CSCF), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Application Servers (AS), Media Resource Functions (MRF), and Breakout Gateway Control Function (BGCF). Registration and call flow examples are provided to illustrate IMS signaling. Approaches to migrating existing networks to IMS are also summarized.
The document discusses chip level equalization techniques for W-CDMA systems. It presents two receiver architectures: (1) The conventional architecture which estimates the combined channel impulse response with one adaptive filter, but suffers from slow convergence. (2) The new architecture which estimates just the channel impulse response using a separate adaptive filter and faster chip-level training, improving convergence. Simulation results show the new architecture achieves better bit error rate performance than the conventional architecture, especially in dynamic user scenarios. The new architecture also allows use of lower complexity adaptive algorithms like NLMS.
This document provides an overview and outline of a course on understanding basic CDMA for 2G and 3G systems. The course aims to introduce CDMA technology, review basic concepts as a foundation for 2G and 3G work, allow other techs to understand CDMA, and highlight similarities and differences between CDMA2000 and WCDMA/UMTS 3G standards. The outline covers basic CDMA principles, coding, IS-95 operational details, architecture, messaging, optimization tools, and differences between CDMA2000 and WCDMA/UMTS coding approaches.
CDMA2000 is a 3G mobile technology standard approved by the ITU in 1999. It provides improved voice quality and high-speed data access compared to 2G technologies. CDMA2000 includes CDMA2000 1X for voice and low-speed data, and CDMA2000 1xEV-DO for high-speed data. 1xEV-DO has been deployed since 2002 and delivers speeds up to 2.4 Mbps, with later revisions promising even higher speeds. CDMA2000 is widely deployed worldwide and benefits from features like backward compatibility, high capacity, and an evolutionary upgrade path for operators.
the development of mobile communication system
the structure of CDMA2000 network
the number planning in CDMA2000 network
the techniques used by CDMA system including:
source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling, spreading and modulation etc.
power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver
F-PCH,F-PICH,F-SYNCH,F-FCH,F-SCH,R-ACH,R-PICH
Long code, short code and Walsh code
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 4: CDMA Number Planning
1: Direct sequence and frequency hopped spread spectrum, spreading sequence and their correlation functions, Acquisition and tracking of spread spectrum signals.
2: Error probability for DS-CDMA, on AWGN channels, DS-CDMA on frequency selective fading, channels, Performance analysis of cellular CDMA.
3: Capacity estimation, Power control, effect of imperfect power control on DS CDMA performance, Soft Handoffs.
4: Spreading /coding tradeoffs, multi-carrier CDMA, IS-95 CDMA system, third generation CDMA systems, multi-user detection.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G. It describes the key technologies including 1G analog cellular systems, 2G digital systems, 2.5G technologies like GPRS and EDGE, 3G standards like UMTS, CDMA2000, and W-CDMA. 3G services offered higher data rates and quality of service but faced challenges around high costs and lack of coverage. 4G is still in development and aims to offer speeds 50 times faster than 3G with seamless connectivity anywhere. Key 3G standards that emerged include CDMA2000 1X, EV-DO, and UMTS/W-CDMA, with W-CDMA providing larger bandwidth and capacity with lower
This document provides an overview of 3G mobile communication networks and the evolution from 1G to 3G systems. It discusses the background and early stages of 1G analog cellular networks, the development of 2G digital cellular networks, and the standardization of 3G networks through IMT-2000. It then focuses on CDMA2000, describing it as an evolutionary step from CDMAOne that is compatible with 2G networks and approved as an IMT-2000 3G standard, with data rates up to 2Mbps. Key concepts like forward/reverse links and duplexing methods like time division and frequency division duplex are also introduced.
The document provides an introduction to concepts in mobile telephony. It discusses the origins and development of cellular standards like GSM in the 1980s. It also defines key terms like SIM, MS, IMEI, and describes the basic components of a mobile network including BTS, BSC, MSC. It explains basic functions like making calls, receiving calls, and handovers that occur when subscribers are moving between network cells.
The document discusses CDMA2000, a 3G cellular technology that provides an evolutionary upgrade path from 2G CDMA. It spreads signals across 1.25MHz of spectrum to transmit uniquely encoded signals simultaneously. CDMA2000 supports high-speed packet data through standards like 1X EV-DO that enable up to 2.4Mbps speeds. While it offers advantages like efficient spectrum use and support for advanced services, disadvantages include potential channel pollution from multiple signals and limited international roaming without multimode devices.
GSM is the most widely used mobile technology globally, with over 500 million users. However, it has limited data capabilities. GPRS provides a packet-switched way to access GSM networks for both interim and long-term packet data access. GPRS was defined in 1996 and began wide deployment in 2001, providing both voice and higher speed packet data access over GSM networks as an interim solution until 3G networks like UMTS are more widely available.
The document summarizes third generation (3G) mobile technology standards including GSM, EDGE, CDMA2000, UMTS, DECT, and WiMAX. 3G allows for simultaneous voice and data services, higher data rates up to 14 Mbps download and 5.8 Mbps upload, and enables more advanced services and greater network capacity. Key 3G standards include UMTS which uses W-CDMA, security, and roaming capabilities between operators.
3G mobile networks promise increased bandwidth up to 2Mbps for broadband data and multimedia services. They utilize wideband CDMA technology for high-speed data and support roaming across mobile network standards. Key components include radio access networks with Node B base stations and radio network controllers, as well as core packet networks with GPRS support nodes. 3G aims to deliver multimedia services globally through standards like UMTS and CDMA2000.
GSM and CDMA are the two main cellular technologies. GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, uses frequency division multiple access and has over 90% market share globally. CDMA, or Code Division Multiple Access, was originally developed for the Soviet military in 1935 and uses compulsory encryption and a single transmission channel by assigning codes to each signal. Both technologies underlie modern 2G and 3G cellular networks.
3G technologies enable higher bandwidth applications like video streaming and video calls by providing data rates up to 2Mbps. Common 3G standards include WCDMA, CDMA2000, and EDGE which evolved from 2G technologies like GSM and CDMA. These standards use technologies such as wider bandwidths and advanced modulation to increase speeds while maintaining compatibility with existing network infrastructure. Over 100 mobile operators worldwide have deployed 3G networks using these standards.
The document discusses the Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications, including an overview of GSM concepts, system architecture, identities and channels used, the radio link, mobility and call management, and radio resource management. It provides background on the development of GSM standards and specifications. The document also covers topics like GSM network structures, frequency bands, channel access techniques, and mobility functions like timing advance.
There are two main cellular network technologies: GSM and CDMA. GSM carriers include Cingular Wireless, T-Mobile, and others, while CDMA carriers include Sprint PCS and Verizon. Understanding the differences between GSM and CDMA, such as coverage, data speeds, roaming capabilities, and use of SIM cards, can help a customer choose the preferable network for their needs. While CDMA was initially faster, both technologies continue advancing and neither is clearly superior.
This document provides an overview of cellular network generations from 1G to 4G. It discusses the evolution from analog 1G networks to digital 2G networks with TDMA and CDMA. 2.5G networks brought higher data rates with technologies like GPRS. 3G networks enabled broadband data and voice over IP. 4G aims to further increase data throughput through advanced technologies like OFDMA and MC-CDMA. The document compares key technologies like GSM and CDMA, and discusses cellular standards, network architectures, applications and the transition from older to newer generations.
3G is defined by the ITU and called IMT-2000. It evolved from 2G technologies through intermediary 2.5G and 3.5G standards. UMTS is the 3G standard developed by 3GPP as an upgrade from GSM, using W-CDMA technology. UMTS network architecture consists of the core network, UTRAN radio access network, and user equipment. The UTRAN air interface uses W-CDMA technology with Node-B base stations controlled by RNCs. 3.5G technologies like HSPA extend UMTS with features like adaptive modulation and fast scheduling to enhance performance.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, and UMTS mobile wireless technologies. It describes that GSM is a digital cellular standard developed in Europe to provide wireless voice communications. GPRS and UMTS are extensions of GSM that add wireless data capabilities, with UMTS moving networks toward being fully IP-based and supporting broadband services. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base transceiver station (handles radio link), base station controller (manages radio network), and switching centers.
BSNL provides cellular mobile services using GSM technology. It divides the service area into geographical areas served by radio cells. Each cell contains a base station that transmits and receives calls using radio channels. BSNL's network consists of the base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register and visitor location register which work together to route calls and track the location of mobile users. The network allows for seamless handover of calls as users move between different cells.
This document provides an overview of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) standards and architecture. It discusses the evolution from 2G to 3G/4G mobile networks and the integration of IMS. The key components of IMS are described including the Call Session Control Function (CSCF), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Application Servers (AS), Media Resource Functions (MRF), and Breakout Gateway Control Function (BGCF). Registration and call flow examples are provided to illustrate IMS signaling. Approaches to migrating existing networks to IMS are also summarized.
The document discusses chip level equalization techniques for W-CDMA systems. It presents two receiver architectures: (1) The conventional architecture which estimates the combined channel impulse response with one adaptive filter, but suffers from slow convergence. (2) The new architecture which estimates just the channel impulse response using a separate adaptive filter and faster chip-level training, improving convergence. Simulation results show the new architecture achieves better bit error rate performance than the conventional architecture, especially in dynamic user scenarios. The new architecture also allows use of lower complexity adaptive algorithms like NLMS.
This document provides an overview and outline of a course on understanding basic CDMA for 2G and 3G systems. The course aims to introduce CDMA technology, review basic concepts as a foundation for 2G and 3G work, allow other techs to understand CDMA, and highlight similarities and differences between CDMA2000 and WCDMA/UMTS 3G standards. The outline covers basic CDMA principles, coding, IS-95 operational details, architecture, messaging, optimization tools, and differences between CDMA2000 and WCDMA/UMTS coding approaches.
La conmutación de circuitos se usa tradicionalmente en redes telefónicas y gestiona el tráfico de voz de forma eficiente a través de conexiones dedicadas. La conmutación de paquetes es más adecuada para el tráfico de datos a través de redes de computadoras, donde los datos se dividen en paquetes que son enviados y recibidos de forma independiente a través de la red. La telefonía móvil moderna usa conmutación de paquetes para transmitir voz a través de redes 4G de alta velocidad.
Dokumen ini membahas blok diagram transmisi data yang meliputi source coding untuk kompresi data, channel coding untuk meminimalisir kesalahan, dan aturan penggunaan kode "000V" atau "B00V" bergantung pada apakah sinyal sebelumnya mengandung komponen DC atau tidak.
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is a digital wireless communication technology that allows multiple users to access a single channel using unique code assignments. CDMA has evolved through standards like IS-95, CDMA2000, and WCDMA. It provides benefits like increased capacity, soft handoffs, and lower power consumption compared to other technologies. While CDMA has advantages, it also faces challenges like higher licensing costs and reduced coverage area with increasing subscriber loads. Overall, CDMA remains an effective multiple access technique for wireless communications.
Presentacion del Family Market Madrid 2015 . La inaguracion es el 18 de abril del 2015 en el Atico de la estacion Chanmartin . Capacidad para 4000 personas y estara abierto todos los sabados . Encontrara toda la diversion para la familia y especialmente para los chicos .
While discussing details on agile project methods only a few people recognized, that IT changed the way projects are executed. But the goal conflict between IT, Marketing & business still exists.
The talk shows a way to define shared business objectives and how to form a successful project culture in your company.
Macy's is transitioning to a new credit card system called Plenti that will replace their existing rewards program. Under the new system, customers must register for a Plenti card which will be linked to their current Macy's credit card in order to continue earning rewards points on purchases. If a customer does not register their Plenti card, they will no longer receive rewards points through their Macy's credit card. The document urges customers to register for a Plenti card online by July to receive a $15 rewards card for linking their accounts under the new system.
El documento presenta la agenda de una presentación sobre aspectos de negocio relacionados con el posicionamiento en buscadores (SEO). La presentación cubrirá temas como si el SEO es estratégico o táctico, los objetivos del SEO, sus fronteras con otras estrategias de marketing, y el impacto organizativo de proyectos SEO.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá la mayoría de las importaciones de petróleo ruso a la UE a partir de finales de 2022. Algunos países de Europa central y oriental aún podrán importar crudo ruso a través de oleoductos, pero tendrán prohibidas las importaciones por mar.
Martin Dangat is a male crane operator level 3 from Malaysia with over 10 years of experience in the oil and gas industry. He has worked on offshore platforms, drilling rigs, barges, and onshore fabrication yards for major companies. His experience includes operating pedestal cranes, gantry cranes, crawler cranes, and mobile cranes. He holds various competency certificates and his most recent role was as a crane operator on a drilling barge tender for OMPI in Malaysia from October 2015 to February 2016.
Este documento presenta la programación didáctica del departamento de matemáticas del IES Doctor Balmis para el curso 2012-2013. Incluye la justificación, objetivos, contenidos, criterios de evaluación, recursos y temporalización de las asignaturas de matemáticas y taller de matemáticas para cada curso de ESO y bachillerato. Además, describe el contexto histórico, geográfico y las características del alumnado y familias del centro.
This document presents a strategic plan for a Pizza Hut campaign to increase digital orders by 32%. Research identified three consumer segments - Clickers aged 18-29 who want immediate gratification, InBetweeners aged 30-45 who are time-crunched families, and Callers aged 45-65 who prefer traditional interactions. The plan focuses on the InBetweeners as most promising for growth. The "Never the Wrong Time" campaign highlights Pizza Hut's fast, fun, and easy digital ordering experience to encourage users to order via the mobile app or online. A creative strategy and media placements will showcase the simplicity and effectiveness of Pizza Hut's innovative digital experience.
Construcciones en Madera MMO Toresani RobertoEduardo Soracco
El documento presenta información sobre proyectos de viviendas terminadas en diferentes localidades de la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Se detallan datos como la localidad, cantidad de viviendas y constructor. También incluye secciones sobre control de calidad en fábricas y obras, con controles de dimensiones, impregnación y uniones de la madera. Por último, muestra ejemplos de construcciones de viviendas y edificios realizados con madera alrededor del mundo.
The Ten Commandments of Egoless Programming is about advices to follow on how to be a professional programmer, how to work efficiently with your team, being postive vs negative and construcive vs aggressive.
Este documento presenta una firma de consultoría en seguridad, salud y prevención laboral. Explica que ofrecen servicios como asesoría, auditoría, capacitación y más, enfocados en ayudar a empresas a cumplir con las leyes de seguridad laboral. También describen su misión, visión, valores y equipo de profesionales.
This document provides an outline for a tutorial on 3G networks. It begins with a brief history of mobile radio and cellular technologies, including 1G systems like AMPS, 2G systems like TDMA and CDMA, as well as an overview of GSM. It then discusses evolving network architectures and services for 3G, applications, and business models. The tutorial aims to explain the vision and technology behind 3G networks as well as discuss what developments are likely to happen and when.
This document provides an outline for a tutorial on 3G networks. It begins with a brief history of mobile radio and cellular technologies, including 1G systems like AMPS, 2G systems like TDMA and CDMA, as well as an overview of GSM. It then discusses evolving network architectures and services for 3G, applications, and business models. The tutorial aims to explain the vision and technology behind 3G networks as well as discuss what developments are likely to happen and when.
This document provides an overview of 3G mobile radio technology. It begins with a brief history of cellular wireless standards from 1G to 2G, including AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, GSM and their evolution. It then discusses evolving network architectures, focusing on the migration from GSM and ANSI-41 networks to all-IP networks. The document also outlines evolving services, applications and business models for 3G. Key topics covered include 3G standards like UMTS, CDMA2000 and TD-SCDMA, as well as spectrum bands and the challenges of global roaming.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of mobile radio networks from 1G to 3G. It discusses the development of early cellular networks using analog technologies in the 1970s-1980s and the transition to digital 2G networks in the 1990s using technologies like GSM, CDMA, and TDMA. It then introduces 3G networks, which aimed to support higher data rates, multimedia services, and greater network capacity through more spectrally efficient wireless technologies like W-CDMA and CDMA2000. The document outlines the international standardization efforts around 3G and different radio access technologies being developed and deployed globally.
Introduction To Cellular And Wireless NetworksYoram Orzach
This document provides an overview of cellular and wireless networks. It discusses the history and evolution of 1G to 4G cellular networks, including the development of technologies like GSM, CDMA, UMTS, HSPA and LTE. It also covers the basics of wireless local area networks (WiFi) and describes the IEEE 802.11 standards including 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n. Finally, it discusses future trends in both cellular and wireless networks.
Cellular networks have evolved from 0G to 5G over several generations of technology. 1G networks in the early 1980s used analog transmission for primarily voice calls. 2G digital networks in the late 1980s enabled services like text messages. 3G networks in the 2000s supported broadband multimedia with speeds up to 2Mbps. 4G networks since 2010 provide faster "anytime, anywhere" services using IP. Research into 5G beyond 2020 aims for speeds over 10Gbps and connectivity of billions of devices. Each generation brought major improvements in speed and capabilities.
This document summarizes the different generations of mobile networks from 0G to 4G. It discusses the key technologies and improvements of each generation, including the introduction of digital networks and data services in 2G, increased speeds up to 2Mbps for 3G networks using WCDMA, and the goal of 4G networks to provide speeds up to 100Mbps using LTE and technologies like MIMO and ad hoc networks. The timeline shows the development and implementations of each generation from 1970 to the present.
This document summarizes the different generations of mobile networks from 0G to 4G. It provides details on the key technologies and standards of each generation including 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, LTE, and 4G. The main technologies discussed are TDMA, CDMA, GSM, UMTS, WCDMA, LTE, and MIMO. It highlights the increasing data speeds and capabilities from early analog networks to current digital networks that support broadband internet access on mobile devices.
Evolution from 1G to 4G involves major technological advancements in wireless networks. 1G networks provided basic voice calling using analog signals, while 2G introduced digital networks like GSM. 2.5G added packet-switched data to GSM. 3G networks supported higher speeds up to 2Mbps for multimedia applications. 4G aims to provide ubiquitous high-speed mobile internet access at speeds over 100Mbps through integrated technologies like OFDM, MIMO, and software-defined radio.
The document provides an overview of cellular communications and GSM networks. It discusses the need for cellular networks due to limitations of fixed line phones, introduces concepts like frequency reuse and channelization, and describes the components and architecture of GSM networks including mobile stations, base station controllers, switches and databases. It also summarizes the evolution of GSM standards and technology.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of cellular networks from traditional networks to broadband networks. It discusses early cellular networks including 2G technologies like GSM and CDMA networks. It then covers 3G and 3.5G broadband cellular networks including UMTS, HSPA, HSDPA and HSUPA which enabled higher data speeds. The document reviews the history and development of cellular standards over time from 1G to 4G networks and the increasing data capabilities they provided.
The document is a tutorial on 3G technology that provides an outline and overview. It begins with a brief history of cellular wireless technology including 1G systems like AMPS and 2G digital systems like TDMA, CDMA, GSM, and iDEN. It then discusses evolving network architectures, services, applications, and business models related to 3G. The tutorial aims to provide background on the evolution of mobile radio technology leading up to 3G standards and deployments.
3G wireless technology promises high-speed data and mobile streaming video. However, implementation costs have dampened enthusiasm. Carriers had to pay billions for spectrum licenses and building new 3G infrastructure is expensive. Additionally, early 3G devices were costly for consumers, with handsets around $300 and monthly service fees up to $90. Despite challenges, major carriers are working towards 3G as it provides access to the huge and growing mobile market, especially in countries like China.
The document provides an overview of 3G and WCDMA technology. It discusses the evolution of mobile communications standards from 1G to 3G. It compares the different 3G modes including WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. It also outlines ZTE's WCDMA features and their solutions for 3G networks.
Overview of current communications systemsMohd Arif
The document provides an overview of current communications systems, including the growth and evolution of cellular technologies from 1G to 3G. It summarizes the key 2G technologies like GSM, CDMA, and TDMA, as well as 2.5G and 3G standards that support higher data rates. It also discusses emerging broadband wireless services for local and personal area networks using technologies like Wi-Fi, HIPERLAN, and Bluetooth.
GSM and CDMA are two mobile network technologies. GSM was developed in Europe in the 1980s and uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. CDMA was developed later and uses code division multiple access, assigning each user a unique code. CDMA provides better voice quality and spectral efficiency compared to GSM. However, GSM networks and compatible devices are more widespread globally. Both technologies have continued to evolve with newer standards like GSM's EDGE and CDMA2000.
The document summarizes the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G. 1G networks used analog signals and standards like NMT, AMPS, and TACS. 2G introduced digital cellular and standards like GSM, CDMA, and IS-136. 2.5G provided upgrades like GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA2000 1x to support higher data rates. 3G networks supported broadband data and included W-CDMA and CDMA2000. 4G aims to provide fully integrated IP services with speeds over 100 Mbps.
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a 2G digital cellular network standard that became the world's leading standard for mobile communications. GSM uses TDMA multiple access to allow multiple users to share the same radio frequency by dividing each radio channel into time slots. It offers advantages over 1G analog networks like increased network capacity, support for additional services beyond voice calls, and more efficient use of available spectrum.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of modern wireless communication systems from 1G to 5G networks. It summarizes the key technologies and standards for each generation, including AMPS for 1G, GSM, IS-136 and PDC for 2G, UMTS/W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA for 3G. It also discusses 2.5G and 3G technologies like GPRS, EDGE, HSPA that enhanced earlier standards. The document details wireless transmission protocols like Bluetooth, WLAN, and technologies like wireless local loop and LMDS.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. www.nmscommunications.com
Preface...
The authors would like to acknowledgement
material contributions from:
Murtaza Amiji, NMS Communications
Samuel S. May, Senior Research Analyst,
US Bancorp Piper Jaffray
Others as noted on specific slides
We intend ongoing improvements to this
tutorial and solicit your comments at:
rbt@nmss.com
and/or marc_orange@nmss.com
For the latest version go to:
http://www.nmscommunications.com/3Gtutorial
3. www.nmscommunications.com
Outline
History and evolution of mobile radio
Brief history of cellular wireless telephony
Radio technology today: TDMA, CDMA
Demographics and market trends today
3G vision, 3G migration paths
Evolving network architectures
Based on GSM-MAP or on IS-41 today
3GPP versus 3GPP2 evolution paths
3G utilization of softswitches, VoIP and SIP
Potential for convergence
4. Slide 4 www.nmscommunications.com
Outline (continued)
Evolving services
SMS, EMS, MMS messaging
Location
Video and IP multimedia
Applications & application frameworks
Is there a Killer App?
Business models
What’s really happening? When?
9. www.nmscommunications.com
First Generation
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)
800 MHz band — two 20 MHz bands
TIA-553
Still widely used in US and many parts of the world
Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
Launched 1981; now largely retired
450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
Total Access Communications System (TACS)
British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe
10. www.nmscommunications.com
Second Generation — 2G
Digital systems
Leverage technology to increase capacity
Speech compression; digital signal processing
Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts
Improve fraud prevention
Add new services
There are a wide diversity of 2G systems
IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan)
iDEN
DECT and PHS
IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
GSM
11. www.nmscommunications.com
D-AMPS/ TDMA & PDC
Speech coded as digital bit stream
Compression plus error protection bits
Aggressive compression limits voice quality
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
3 calls per radio channel using repeating time slices
Deployed 1993 (PDC 1994)
Development through 1980s; bakeoff 1987
IS-54 / IS-136 standards in US TIA
ATT Wireless & Cingular use IS-136 today
Plan to migrate to GSM and then to W-CDMA
PDC dominant cellular system in Japan today
NTT DoCoMo has largest PDC network
12. www.nmscommunications.com
iDEN
Used by Nextel
Motorola proprietary system
Time division multiple access technology
Based on GSM architecture
800 MHz private mobile radio (PMR) spectrum
Just below 800 MHz cellular band
Special protocol supports fast “Push-to-Talk”
Digital replacement for old PMR services
Nextel has highest APRU in US market due to
“Direct Connect” push-to-talk service
13. www.nmscommunications.com
DECT and PHS
Also based on time division multiple access
Digital European Cordless Telephony
Focus on business use, i.e. wireless PBX
Very small cells; In building propagation issues
Wide bandwidth (32 kbps channels)
High-quality voice and/or ISDN data
Personal Handiphone Service
Similar performance (32 kbps channels)
Deployed across Japanese cities (high pop. density)
4 channel base station uses one ISDN BRI line
Base stations on top of phone booths
Legacy in Japan; new deployments in China today
14. www.nmscommunications.com
North American CDMA (cdmaOne)
Code Division Multiple Access
All users share same frequency band
Discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G
Qualcomm demo in 1989
Claimed improved capacity & simplified planning
First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994
Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996)
Used by Verizon and Sprint in US
Simplest 3G migration story today
15. www.nmscommunications.com
cdmaOne — IS-95
TIA standard IS-95 (ANSI-95) in 1993
IS-95 deployed in the 800 MHz cellular band
J-STD-08 variant deployed in 1900 MHz US “PCS”
band
Evolution fixes bugs and adds data
IS-95A provides data rates up to 14.4 kbps
IS-95B provides rates up to 64 kbps (2.5G)
Both A and B are compatible with J-STD-08
All variants designed for TIA IS-41 core
networks (ANSI 41)
16. www.nmscommunications.com
GSM
« Groupe Special Mobile », later changed to
« Global System for Mobile »
Joint European effort beginning in 1982
Focus on seamless roaming across Europe
Services launched 1991
Time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz)
900 MHz band; later extended to 1800MHz
Added 1900 MHz (US PCS bands)
GSM is dominant world standard today
Well defined interfaces; many competitors
Network effect (Metcalfe’s law) took hold in late 1990s
Tri-band GSM phone can roam the world today
17. www.nmscommunications.com
Distribution of GSM Subscribers
GSM is used by 70% of subscribers worldwide
564 M subs / 800 M subs in July 2001
Most GSM deployments in Europe (59%) and
Asia (33%)
ATT & Cingular deploying GSM in US today
Number of subscribers
in the world (Jul 2001)
GSM
71%
US TDMA
10%
CDMA
12%
PDC
7%
Source: EMC World Cellular / GSM Association
18. www.nmscommunications.com
1G — Separate Frequencies
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
Frequency
FDMA — Frequency Division Multiple Access
19. www.nmscommunications.com
2G — TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
Frequency
Time
200 KHz
200 KHz
200 KHz
200 KHz
One timeslot = 0.577 ms One TDMA frame = 8 timeslots
20. www.nmscommunications.com
2G & 3G — CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
Spread spectrum modulation
Originally developed for the military
Resists jamming and many kinds of interference
Coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
All users share same (large) block of
spectrum
One for one frequency reuse
Soft handoffs possible
Almost all accepted 3G radio standards are
based on CDMA
CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA
26. www.nmscommunications.com
3G Vision
Universal global roaming
Multimedia (voice, data & video)
Increased data rates
384 kbps while moving
2 Mbps when stationary at specific locations
Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)
IP architecture
Problems
No killer application for wireless data as yet
Vendor-driven
27. www.nmscommunications.com
International Standardization
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
Radio standards and spectrum
IMT-2000
ITU’s umbrella name for 3G which stands for
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
National and regional standards bodies are
collaborating in 3G partnership projects
ARIB, TIA, TTA, TTC, CWTS. T1, ETSI - refer to
reference slides at the end for names and links
3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)
Focused on evolution of access and core networks
29. www.nmscommunications.com
IMT-2000 Radio Standards
IMT-SC* Single Carrier (UWC-136): EDGE
GSM evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes
called “2.75G”
IMT-MC* Multi Carrier CDMA: CDMA2000
Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne
IMT-DS* Direct Spread CDMA: W-CDMA
New from 3GPP; UTRAN FDD
IMT-TC** Time Code CDMA
New from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD
New from China; TD-SCDMA
IMT-FT** FDMA/TDMA (DECT legacy)
* Paired spectrum; ** Unpaired spectrum
30. www.nmscommunications.com
CDMA2000 Pros and Cons
Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA
Now known as cdmaOne or IS-95
Better migration story from 2G to 3G
cdmaOne operators don’t need additional spectrum
1xEVD0 promises higher data rates than UMTS, i.e.
W-CDMA
Better spectral efficiency than W-CDMA(?)
Arguable (and argued!)
CDMA2000 core network less mature
cmdaOne interfaces were vendor-specific
Hopefully CDMA2000 vendors will comply w/ 3GPP2
31. www.nmscommunications.com
W-CDMA (UMTS) Pros and Cons
Wideband CDMA
Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service
(UMTS)
Committed standard for Europe and likely
migration path for other GSM operators
Leverages GSM’s dominant position
Requires substantial new spectrum
5 MHz each way (symmetric)
Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere
Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe
At prices that now seem exorbitant
32. www.nmscommunications.com
TD-SCDMA
Time division duplex (TDD)
Chinese development
Will be deployed in China
Good match for asymmetrical traffic!
Single spectral band (1.6 MHz) possible
Costs relatively low
Handset smaller and may cost less
Power consumption lower
TDD has the highest spectrum efficiency
Power amplifiers must be very linear
Relatively hard to meet specifications
35. www.nmscommunications.com
Mobile Wireless Spectrum
Bands Frequencies GSM/
(MHz) (MHz) Regions EDGE WCDMA CDMA2000
450 450-467 Europe x x
480 478-496 Europe x
800 824-894 America x x
900 880-960 Europe/APAC x x
1500 Japan PDC x
1700 1750-1870 Korea x
1800 1710-1880 Europe/APAC x x x
1900 1850-1990 America x x x
2100
1885-2025 &
2100-2200
Europe/APAC x x
2500 2500-2690 ITU Proposal x
36. www.nmscommunications.com
Prospects for Global Roaming
Multiple vocoders (AMR, EVRC, SMV,…)
Six or more spectral bands
800, 900, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2500, …? MHz
At least four modulation variants
GSM (TDMA), W-CDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCMDA
The handset approach
Advanced silicon
Software defined radio
Improved batteries
Two cycles of Moore’s law? i.e. 3 yrs?
38. www.nmscommunications.com
Evolving CN Architectures
Two widely deployed architectures today
GSM-MAP — used by GSM operators
“Mobile Application Part” defines extra (SS7-based)
signaling for mobility, authentication, etc.
ANSI-41 MAP — used with AMPS, TDMA &
cdmaOne
TIA (ANSI) standard for “cellular radio
telecommunications inter-system operation”
Each evolving to common “all IP” vision
“All IP” still being defined — many years away
GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) provides a
path for interoperation today
39. www.nmscommunications.com
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
Typical 2G Architecture
MSC — Mobile Switching Center
VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
BTS
BSC
MSC/VLR
HLRBSC
GMSC
CO
BSC
BSC
MSC/VLR
CO
PSTN
PLMN
CO
Tandem Tandem
SMS-SC
PSDN
40. www.nmscommunications.com
MSC
HLR
Network Planes
Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one plane for
voice circuits and another plane for signaling
Some elements reside only in the signaling plane
HLR, VLR, SMS Center, …
MSCVLR
Transport Plane (Voice)
Signaling Plane (SS7)
MSC
SMS-SC
41. www.nmscommunications.com
Signaling in Core Network
Based on SS7
ISUP and specific Application Parts
GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services
Mobility, call-handling, O&M
Authentication, supplementary services
SMS, …
Location registers for mobility management
HLR: home location register has permanent data
VLR: visitor location register keeps local copy for
roamers
43. www.nmscommunications.com
BSS — Base Station System
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
MS — Mobile Station
NSS — Network Sub-System
MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller
VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
AuC — Authentication Server
GMSC — Gateway MSC
GSM 2G Architecture
SS7
BTS
BSC
MSC
VLR
HLR
AuC
GMSC
BSS
PSTN
NSS
A
E
C
D
PSTN
Abis
B
H
MS
GSM — Global System for Mobile communication
44. www.nmscommunications.com
Enhancing GSM
New technology since mid-90s
Global standard — most widely deployed
significant payback for enhancements
Frequency hopping
Overcome fading
Synchronization between cells
DFCA: dynamic frequency and channel assignment
Allocate radio resources to minimize interference
Also used to determine mobile’s location
TFO — Tandem Free Operation
45. www.nmscommunications.com
TFO Concepts
Improve voice quality by disabling unneeded
transcoders during mobile-to-mobile calls
Operate with existing networks (BSCs, MSCs)
New TRAU negotiates TFO in-band after call setup
TFO frames use LSBits of 64 Kbps circuit to carry
compressed speech frames and TFO signaling
MSBits still carry normal G.711 speech samples
Limitations
Same speech codec in each handset
Digital transparency in core network (EC off!)
TFO disabled upon cell handover, call transfer, in-
band DTMF, announcements or conferencing
46. www.nmscommunications.com
TFO – Tandem Free Operation
No TFO : 2 unneeded transcoders in path
With TFO (established) : no in-path transcoder
A
BTS
BSC
TRAU
Ater
MSC MSC
TRAU
BSC
MS MSBTS
Abis
GSM Coding G.711 / 64 kb GSM CodingC
D
D
C
C
D
D
C
(**) or 7 bits if Half-Rate coder is used
A
BTS
BSC
TRAU
Ater
MSC MSC
TRAU
BSC
MS MSBTS
Abis
GSM Coding [GSM Coding + TFO Sig] (2bits) + G.711 (6bits**) / 64 Kb GSM CodingC
D
T
F
O
T
F
O
D
C
PSTN*
PSTN*
(*) or TDM-based core network
47. www.nmscommunications.com
New Vocoders: AMR & SMV
AMR: Adaptive multi-rate
Defined for UMTS (W-CDMA)
Being retrofitted for GSM
SMV: Selectable mode vocoder
Defined by 3GPP2 for CDMA2000
Many available coding rates
AMR 8 rates: 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.4, 6.7, 5.9, 5.15 &
4.75bps, plus silence frames (near 0 bps)
SMV 4 rates: 8.5, 4, 2 & 0.8kbps
Lower bit rates allow more error correction
Dynamically adjust to radio interference conditions
48. www.nmscommunications.com
Enhancing GSM
AMR speech coder
Trade off speech and error correction bits
Fewer dropped calls
DTX — discontinuous transmission
Less interference (approach 0 bps during silences)
More calls per cell
Overlays, with partitioned spectral reuse
3x in overlay (cell edges); 1x reuse in underlay
HSCSD — high speed circuit-switched data
Aggregate channels to surpass 9.6 kbps limit
(→50k)
GPRS — general packet radio service
49. www.nmscommunications.com
GPRS — 2.5G for GSM
General packet radio service
First introduction of packet technology
Aggregate radio channels
Support higher data rates (115 kbps)
Subject to channel availability
Share aggregate channels among multiple
users
All new IP-based data infrastructure
No changes to voice network
50. www.nmscommunications.com
2.5G / 3G Adds IP Data
No Changes for Voice Calls
Mobile Switching
Center
Out to another MSC or
Fixed Network (PSTN/ISDN)
3G Network Layout
Mobile Switching
Center
IP Gateway
Internet
(TCP/IP)
IP Gateway
Internet
(TCP/IP)
Network
Management
(HLR)
- Base Station - Radio Network Controller
Mobile Switching
Center
Network
Management
(HLR)
Out to another MSC or
Fixed Network (PSTN/ISDN)
51. www.nmscommunications.com
SS7
BTS
BSC
MSC
VLR
HLR
AuC
GMSC
BSS
PSTN
NSS
A
E
C
D
PSTN
Abis
B
H
MS
BSS — Base Station System
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
NSS — Network Sub-System
MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller
VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
AuC — Authentication Server
GMSC — Gateway MSC
2.5G Architectural Detail
SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS — General Packet Radio Service
IP
2G+ MS (voice & data)
PSDN
Gi
SGSN
Gr
Gb
Gs
GGSN
Gc
Gn
2G MS (voice only)
53. www.nmscommunications.com
EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
Increased data rates with GSM compatibility
Still 200 KHz bands; still TDMA
8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rate
Shorter range (more sensitive to noise/interference)
GAIT — GSM/ANSI-136 interoperability team
Allows IS-136 TDMA operators to migrate to EDGE
New GSM/ EDGE radios but evolved ANSI-41 core
network
54. www.nmscommunications.com
3G Partnership Project (3GPP)
3GPP defining migration from GSM to UMTS
(W-CDMA)
Core network evolves from GSM-only to support
GSM, GPRS and new W-CDMA facilities
3GPP Release 99
Adds 3G radios
3GPP Release 4
Adds softswitch/ voice gateways and packet core
3GPP Release 5
First IP Multimedia Services (IMS) w/ SIP & QoS
3GPP Release 6
“All IP” network; contents of r6 still being defined
55. www.nmscommunications.com
3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS) —
3G Radios
SS7
IP
BTS
BSC
MSC
VLR
HLR
AuC
GMSC
BSS
SGSN GGSN
PSTN
PSDN
CN
C
D
Gc
Gr
Gn Gi
Abis
Gs
B
H
BSS — Base Station System
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
RNS — Radio Network System
RNC — Radio Network Controller
CN — Core Network
MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller
VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
AuC — Authentication Server
GMSC — Gateway MSC
SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
A
E PSTN
2G MS (voice only)
2G+ MS (voice & data)
UMTS — Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
Gb
3G UE (voice & data)
Node B
RNC
RNS
Iub
IuCS
ATM
IuPS
56. www.nmscommunications.com
3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS) —
Soft Switching
SS7
IP/ATM
BTS
BSC
MSC Server
VLR
HLR
AuC
GMSC server
BSS
SGSN GGSN
PSTN
PSDN
CN
C
D
Gc
Gr
Gn Gi
Gb
Abis
Gs
B
H
BSS — Base Station System
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
RNS — Radio Network System
RNC — Radio Network Controller
CN — Core Network
MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller
VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
AuC — Authentication Server
GMSC — Gateway MSC
SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
A
Nc
2G MS (voice only)
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Node B
RNC
RNS
Iub
IuCS
IuPS
3G UE (voice & data)
Mc
CS-MGW
CS-MGW
Nb
PSTN
Mc
ATM
57. www.nmscommunications.com
Transcoder Free Operation (TrFO)
Improve voice quality by avoiding unneeded
transcoders
like TFO but using packet-based core network
Out-of-band negociation
Select same codec at both ends during call setup
Supports sudden channel rearrangement
(handovers, etc.) via signaling procedures
When TrFO impossible, TFO can be attempted
e.g. transit between packet-based and circuit-
based core networks
58. www.nmscommunications.com
TrFO + TFO Example
2G handset to 3G handset: by combining TrFO and
TFO, in-path transcoders can be avoided
3G Packet
Core Network3G UE
Radio Access
Network
2G PLMN
MSC Server
CS-MGW
CS-MGW
GMSC Server
MSC
GSM Coding (TrFO) GSM CodingC
D
D
C
T
F
O
[GSM Coding + TFO Sig] (lsb)
+ G.711 (msb) / 64 KbT
F
O
Radio Access
Network
TRAU
2G MS
59. www.nmscommunications.com
3G rel5 Architecture (UMTS) —
IP Multimedia
Gb/IuPS
A/IuCS
SS7
IP/ATM
BTS
BSC
MSC Server
VLR
HSS
AuC
GMSC server
BSS
SGSN GGSN
PSTN
CN
C
D
Gc
Gr
Gn Gi
Abis
Gs
B
H
IM — IP Multimedia sub-system
MRF — Media Resource Function
CSCF — Call State Control Function
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP)
IM-MGW — IP Multimedia-MGW
Nc
2G MS (voice only)
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Node B
RNC
RNS
Iub
3G UE (voice & data)
Mc
CS-MGW
CS-MGW
Nb
PSTN
Mc
IuCS
IuPS
ATM
IM
IP
PSTN
Mc
MGCF
IM-MGW
MRF
CSCF
Mg
Gs
IP Network
60. www.nmscommunications.com
3GPP Rel.6 Objectives
IP Multimedia Services, phase 2
IMS messaging and group management
Wireless LAN interworking
Speech enabled services
Distributed speech recognition (DSR)
Number portability
Other enhancements
Scope and definition in progress
61. www.nmscommunications.com
3GPP2 Defines IS-41 Evolution
3rd Generation Partnership Project “Two”
Separate organization, as 3GPP closely tied
to GSM and UMTS
Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains
Evolution of IS-41 to “all IP” more direct but
not any faster
Skips ATM stage
1xRTT — IP packet support (like GPRS)
1xEVDV — adds softswitch/ voice gateways
3x — triples radio data rates
62. www.nmscommunications.com
MSC
HLR
SMS-
SC
A Ref (A1, A2, A5)
STM over T1/T3
A Ref (A1, A2, A5)
STM over T1/T3
STM over T1/T3 or
AAL1 over SONET
BSC
BSC
Proprietary Interface
BTS
BTS
Proprietary Interface
BTS
IS-95
MS
IS-95
MS
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
MS — Mobile Station
MSC — Mobile Switching Center
HLR — Home Location Registry
SMS-SC — Short Message
Service — Serving Center
STM — Synchronous Transfer Mode
Ater Ref (A3, A7)
A1 — Signaling interface for call control and mobility
Management between MSC and BSC
A2 — 64 kbps bearer interface for PCM voice
A5 — Full duplex bearer interface byte stream (SMS ?)
A3 — Signaling interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff
A7 — Bearer interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff
2G cdmaOne (IS-95 + IS-41)
63. www.nmscommunications.com
CDMA2000 1x Network
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
MS — Mobile Station
MSC — Mobile Switching Center
HLR — Home Location Registry
SMS-SC — Short Message
Service — Serving Center
STM — Synchronous Transfer Mode
PDSN — Packet Data Serving Node
AAA — Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
Home Agent — Mobile IP Home Agent
A10 — Bearer interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data
A11 — Signaling interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data
MSC
A Ref (A1, A2, A5) STM over
T1/T3
STM over T1/T3 or
AAL1 over SONET
HLR
SMS-
SC
BSC
Proprietary Interface
BTS
BTS
IS-2000
MS
PDSN
Home
Agent
IP
Firewall
IP
Router
Internet
Privata
Data
Network
IP
Router
AQuarter Ref (A10, A11)
IP over Ethernet/AAL5
AAA
RADIUS over UDP/IP
64. www.nmscommunications.com
Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN)
Establish, maintain, and terminate PPP
sessions with mobile station
Support simple and mobile IP services
Act as mobile IP Foreign Agent for visiting mobile
station
Handle authentication, authorization, and
accounting (AAA) for mobile station
Uses RADIUS protocol
Route packets between mobile stations and
external packet data networks
Collect usage data and forward to AAA server
65. www.nmscommunications.com
AAA Server and Home Agent
AAA server
Authentication: PPP and mobile IP connections
Authorization: service profile and security key
distribution and management
Accounting: usage data for billing
Mobile IP Home Agent
Track location of mobile IP subscribers when they
move from one network to another
Receive packets on behalf of the mobile node when
node is attached to a foreign network and deliver
packets to mobile’s current point of attachment
66. www.nmscommunications.com
1xEVDO — IP Data Only
IS-2000
IP
BTS
IS-2000
IP
BTS
IP BSC IP
Router
PDSN Home
Agent
IP
Firewall
IP
Router
Internet
Privata
Data
Network
IP BTS - IP Base Transceiver Station
IP BSC - IP Base Station Controller
AAA - Authentication, Authorization,
and Accounting
PDSN - Packet Data Serving Node
Home Agent - Mobile IP Home Agent
AAA
RADIUS over UDP/IP
67. www.nmscommunications.com
Nextgen MSC ?
1XEVDV — IP Data and Voice
Packet switched
voice
SIP
Proxy
SIP
SIP
SGW
SS7
MGCF
(Softswitch)
SCTP/IP
H.248 (Maybe MGCP)
MGW
Circuit switched voice
PDSN +
Router
AAA Home
Agent
Internet
IP
Firewall
IP
Router
Privata
Data
Network
IS-
2000
IP
BTS
SIP Proxy — Session Initiation
Protocol Proxy Server
MGCF — Media Gateway Control
Function
SGW — Signaling Gateway (SS7)
MGW — Media Gateway (Voice)
IS-2000
IP
BTS
IP BSC
69. www.nmscommunications.com
Gateway Location Register
Gateway between differing LR standards
Introduced between VLR/SGSN and HLR
Single point for “hooks and extensions”
Controls traffic between visited mobile system and
home mobile system
Visited network’s VLR/SGSN
Treats GLR as roaming user’s HLR
Home network’s HLR
Treats GLR as VLR/SGSN at visited network
GLR physically located in visited network
Interacts with all VLRs in visited network
73. www.nmscommunications.com
Up and Coming Mobile Services
SMS, EMS, MMS
Location-based services
3G-324M Video
VoIP w/o QoS; Push-to-Talk
IP Multimedia Services (w/ QoS)
Converged “All IP” networks — the Vision
74. www.nmscommunications.com
BTS BSC
MSC
VLR
HLR
SMS-IWMSC
A
E
C
B
Short Message Service (SMS)
Point-to-point, short, text message service
Messages over signaling channel (MAP or IS-41)
SMSC stores-and-forwards SMSs; delivery reports
SME is any data terminal or Mobile Station
MS
SME
SMS-GMSC
PSDN
SC
PC
SMS — GMSC Gateway MSC
SMS — IWMSC InterWorking MSC
SC — Service Center
SME — Short Messaging Entity
SMEs
75. www.nmscommunications.com
SMS Principles
Basic services
SM MT (Mobile Terminated)
SM MO (Mobile Originated)
(3GPP2) SM MO can be cancelled
(3GPP2) User can acknowledge
SM Service Center (3GPP) aka
Message Center (3GPP2)
Relays and store-and-forwards SMSs
Payload of up to 140 bytes, but
Can be compressed (MS-to-MS)
And/or segmented in several SMs
76. www.nmscommunications.com
Delivery (MT)
Report
Submission (MO)
Report
SCMS
SMS Transport
Delivery / Submission report
Optional in 3GPP2
Messages-Waiting
SC informs HLR/VLR that a message could not be
delivered to MS
Alert-SC
HLR informs SC that the MS is again ready to
receive
All messages over signaling channels
Usually SS7; SMSC may have IP option
77. www.nmscommunications.com
EMS Principles
Enhanced Message Service
Leverages SMS infrastructure
Formatting attributes in payload allow:
Text formatting (alignment, font size, style, colour…)
Pictures (e.g. 255x255 color) or vector-based graphics
Animations
Sounds
Interoperable with 2G SMS mobiles
2G SMS spec had room for payload formatting
2G MS ignore special formats
78. www.nmscommunications.com
MMS Principles (1)
Non-real-time, multi-media message service
Text; Speech (AMR coding)
Audio (MP3, synthetic MIDI)
Image, graphics (JPEG, GIF, PNG)
Video (MPEG4, H.263)
Will evolve with multimedia technologies
Uses IP data path & IP protocols (not SS7)
WAP, HTTP, SMTP, etc.
Adapts to terminal capabilities
Media format conversions (JPEG to GIF)
Media type conversions (fax to image)
SMS (2G) terminal inter-working
79. www.nmscommunications.com
MMS Principles (2)
MMs can be forwarded (w/o downloading),
and may have a validity period
One or multiple addressees
Addressing by phone number (E.164) or email
address (RFC 822)
Extended reporting
submission, storage, delivery, reading, deletion
Supports an MMBox, i.e. a mail box
Optional support of media streaming
(RTP/RTSP)
80. www.nmscommunications.com
MMS Architecture
PLMN
HLR
SN
MM5*
SN
MMS Relay / Server
PDNSN
SN
MM4
UE
MM1
MMS User Agent
MM6
MMS Relay / Server
(or ProxyRelay Server)
MM3
External legacy servers
(E-mail, Fax, UMS, SMSC…)
SN
SN
MM7
Value-Added Services
Application
MMS User
Databases
(*) Optional
WAP Gw
SMTPMAP
SOAP/HTTP
WSP-HTTP
SMTP, POP/IMAP
81. www.nmscommunications.com
Location
Driven by e911 requirements in US
FCC mandated; not yet functioning as desired
Most operators are operating under “waivers”
Potential revenue from location-based services
Several technical approaches
In network technologies (measurements at cell sites)
Handset technologies
Network-assisted handset approaches
Plus additional core network infrastructure
Location computation and mobile location servers
Significant privacy issues
82. www.nmscommunications.com
Location Technology
Cell identity: crude but available today
Based on timing
TA: Timing Advance (distance from GSM BTS)
Based on timing and triangulation
TOA: Time of Arrival
TDOA: Time Difference of Arrival
EOTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference
AOA: Angle of Arrival
Based on satellite navigation systems
GPS: Global Positioning System
A-GPS: Assisted GPS
84. www.nmscommunications.com
Location Information
Location (in 3D), speed and direction
with timestamp
Accuracy of measurement
Response time
a QoS measure
Security & Privacy
authorized clients
secure info exchange
privacy control by user and/or operator
85. www.nmscommunications.com
US E911 Phase II Architecture
PDE
BSC
PDE
MSC
PDE
Access
tandem
SN
PDE
SN
ALI DB
SN
MPC
Public
Service
Answering
Point
ESRK
& voice
ESRK
& voice
ESRK
Callback #,
Long., Lat.
ESRK
Callback #,
Long., Lat.
PDE — Position Determining Entity
MPC — Mobile Positioning Center
ESRK — Emergency Service Routing Key
ALI DB — Automatic Location
Identification Data Base
86. www.nmscommunications.com
3GPP Location Infrastructure
UE (User Entity)
May assist in position calculation
LMU (Location Measurement Unit)
distributed among cells
SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Center)
Standalone equipment (2G) or
integrated into BSC (2G) or RNC (3G)
Leverages normal infrastructure for transport
and resource management
87. www.nmscommunications.com
LCS Architecture (3GPP)
LMU
CN
BTS BSC
VLR
HLR
SGSN
Abis
Gs
LMU — Location Measurement Unit
SMLC — Serving Mobile Location Center
GMLC — Gateway Mobile Location Center
A
Gb
Node B
RNC
Iub
Iu
UE
LMU
AbisLMU
SMLC
Ls
Lb
SN
Lh
Lg
MSC
GMLC
(LCS Server)
SN
GMLC
Lr
Le
LCS Client
Lg
SMLC
(Type A)
(Type B)
(LMU type B)
LCS signaling over MAP
LCS signaling in BSSAP-LE
LCS signaling (RRLP)
over RR-RRC/BSSAP
LCS signaling (LLP)
over RR/BSSAP
LCS signaling over RANAP
88. www.nmscommunications.com
Location Request
MLP — Mobile Location Protocol
From Location Interop Forum
Based on HTTP/SSL/XML
Allows Internet clients to request location services
GMLC is the Location Server
Interrogates HLR to find visited MSC/SGSN
Roaming user can be located
UE can be idle, but not off !
Immediate or deferred result
89. www.nmscommunications.com
3G-324M Video Services
Initial mobile video service uses 3G data
bandwidth w/o IP multimedia infrastructure
Deployed by DoCoMo in Japan today
Leverage high speed circuit-switch data path
64 kbps H.324 video structure
MPEG 4 video coding
AMR audio coding
Supports video clips, video streaming and
live video conversations
MS to MS
MS to Internet or ISDN with gateways
91. Slide 91 www.nmscommunications.com
Gateway: 3G-324M to
MPEG4 over RTP
Parallel RTP streams
over IP network
to video server
Gateway application / OA&M
IP
I/F
PSTN
I/F
Audio/
video/
control
multiplex
H.223
RTP
RTSP
UDP/IP
stacks
Packet
stream
jitter
buffering
Control stacks
ISDN call setup | H.323 or SIP
H.245 negotiation | over TCP
Video repacking
of H.263 frames
Audio vocoder
AMR — G.711
64 kbps circuit-switch data
over PSTN/ 2.5G/ 3G network
to 3G-324M video handset
92. Slide 92 www.nmscommunications.com
Video Messaging System
for 3G-324M
64 kbps circuit-switch data
over PSTN/ 2.5G/ 3G network
to 3G-324M video handset
Control stacks
ISDN call setup
H.245 negotiation
Video mail
application
script
Audio/video
sync and
stream control Audio buffering
of AMR frames
Video buffering
of H.263 frames
MP4 files for
messages
and prompts
PSTN
I/F
Audio/
video/
control
multiplex
H.223
93. www.nmscommunications.com
Push-toTalk
VoIP before QoS is Available
Nextel’s “Direct Connect” service credited
with getting them 20-25% extra ARPU
Based on totally proprietary iDEN
Other carriers extremely jealous
Push-to-talk is half duplex
Short delays OK
Issues remain
Always on IP isn’t always on; radio connection
suspended if unused; 2-3 seconds to re-establish
Sprint has announced they will be offering a
push-to-talk service on their 1xRTT network
94. www.nmscommunications.com
«All IP» Services
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) — 3GPP
Multi-Media Domain (MMD) — 3GPP2
Voice and video over IP with quality of
service guarantees
Obsoletes circuit-switched voice equipment
Target for converging the two disparate core
network architectures
96. www.nmscommunications.com
3G QoS
Substantial new requirements on the radio
access network
Traffic classes
Conversational, streaming, interactive, background
Ability to specify
Traffic handling priority
Allocation/retention priority
Error rates (bits and/ or SDUs)
Transfer delay
Data rates (maximum and guaranteed)
Deliver in order (Y/N)
97. www.nmscommunications.com
IMS Concepts (1)
Core network based on Internet concepts
Independent of circuit-switched networks
Packet-switched transport for signaling and bearer
traffic
Utilize existing radio infrastructure
UTRAN — 3G (W-CDMA) radio network
GERAN — GSM evolved radio network
Utilize evolving handsets
99. www.nmscommunications.com
IMS Concepts (2)
In Rel.5, services controlled in home network
(by S-CSCF)
But executed anywhere (home, visited or external
network) and delivered anywhere
UE
Visited IMS
Gm
P-CSCF
S-CSCF
Internet
Application Server
Home IMS
Mw
Media Server
Application
Servers
PS
UE
Gm
P-CSCF
PS
Service control
Service execution
SIP
phone
ISC
ISC
ISC
100. www.nmscommunications.com
MMD Architecture —
3GPP2 MultiMedia Domain
MS
Access
Gateway
Internet
AAA
MMD
SIP phone
Signaling
AAA — Authentication, Authorization & Accounting
MGW — Media Gateway
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function
MRFC — Media Resource Function Controller
MRFP — Media Resource Function Processor
PSTN
CPE
Databases
Core QoS
Manager
ISUP
MGCF
TDM
MGW
Mobile IP
Home Agent
Border
Router
Packet Core
Session
Control
Manager
MRFC
MRFPMRF
IM-MGW + MGCF
P-SCM = P-CSCF
I-SCM = I-CSCF
S-SCM = S-CSCF
L-SCM = Border Gateway Control Functions
Integrated in P-CSCF
3GPP / 3GPP2 mapping
102. www.nmscommunications.com
Killer Applications
Community and Identity most important
Postal mail, telephony, email, instant messaging,
SMS, chat groups — community
Designer clothing, ring tones — identity
Information and Entertainment also
The web, TV, movies
Content important, but content is not king!
Movies $63B (worldwide) (1997)
Phone service $256B (US only)
See work by Andrew Odlyzko; here:
http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/recent.html
103. www.nmscommunications.com
2.5G & 3G Application Issues
No new killer apps
Many potential niche applications
Voice and data networks disparate
“All IP” mobile networks years away
Existing infrastructure “silo” based
Separate platforms for voice mail, pre-paid,
Deploying innovative services difficult
Billing models lag
Poor match for application-based services
104. www.nmscommunications.com
Multimodal Services and
Multi-Application Platforms
Combined voice and data applications
Today, without “all IP” infrastructure
Text messaging plus speech recognition-enabled
voice services
Evolve from as new services become available
Multi-application platform
Integrate TDM voice and IP data
Support multiple applications
Flexible billing and provisioning
105. www.nmscommunications.com
Sample Multimodal Applications
Travel information
Make request via voice
Receive response in text
Directions
Make request via voice
Receive initial response in text
Get updates while traveling via voice
or SMS or rich graphics
One-to-many messaging
Record message via voice or text
Deliver message via voice, SMS,
WAP, or email
106. www.nmscommunications.com
More Multimodal Examples
Purchasing famous person’s voice for your
personal answering message
Text or voice menus
Voice to hear message
Voice or text to select (and authorize payment)
Unified communications
While listening to a voice message from a customer,
obtain a text display of recent customer activity
Emergency response team
SMS and voice alert
Voice conference, and text updates, while traveling
to site of emergency
107. www.nmscommunications.com
Early Deployments
Cricket matches (Hutchinson India)
SMS alert at start of coverage
Live voice coverage or text updates
Information delivery (SFR France)
SMS broadcast with phone # & URL
Choice of text display or
voice (text-to-speech)
Yellow pages (Platinet Israel)
Adding voice menus to existing
text-based service
Voice flattens menus, eases access
108. www.nmscommunications.com
Multimodal Applications in the
Evolving Wireless Network
NMS HearSay Solution
Application/
Document
Server
OAM&P
Speech
Server
MSC BSC
RNC
CGSN
PSTN
Packet
Interface
(voice/video)
SIP
IP Interface
(data)
TDM Interface (voice)
SS7
3G MSC Server
3G MSC Gateway
Voice or Data
Wireless
Control
H.248
2.5G Wireless Network2.5G Wireless Network
3G Wireless Network3G Wireless Network
Core (Packet)
Network
Presence
and
Location
Data
Base
Profile
Mgmt
Media
Server
Message
Gateway
SGSN
Internet / Core
Network
Instant Messaging /
Presence
Location
MMSC
SMSC
110. www.nmscommunications.com
2G GSM CDMA TDMA
2.5G / 2.75G GPRS CDMA 1x GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Software/Hardware Software-based Hardware-based Hardware and software
Cost Incremental Substantial Middle of the road
3G W-CDMA cdma2000 W-CDMA
Software/Hardware Hardware-based Software-based Hardware-based
Cost Substantial Incremental Middle of the road
Upgrade Cost, By Technology
CDMA upgrade to 2.75G is expensive; to 3G is cheap
GSM upgrade to 2.5G is cheap; to 3G is expensive
TDMA upgrade to 2.5G/3G is complex
Takeaway: AT&T and Cingular have a difficult road to 3G
113. www.nmscommunications.com
GPRS (2.5G) Less Risky
Only $15k~$20k per base station
Allows operators to experiment
with data plans
… But falls short because:
Typically 30~50 kbps
GPRS decreases voice capacity
114. www.nmscommunications.com
1 MB File
Modem Technology Throughput Download Speed
GSM/TDMA 2G Wireless <9.6 Kbps ~20 min
Analog Modem Fixed Line Dial-up 9.6 Kbps 16 min
GPRS 2.5G Wireless 30-40 Kbps 4.5 min
ISDN Fixed Line Digital 128 Kbps 1.1 min
CDMA 1x 2.75G Wireless 144 Kbps 50 sec
EDGE 2.75G Wireless 150 - 200 Kbps 36 to 47 sec
DSL Fixed Line DSL 0.7 - 1.5 Mbps 1 to 3 sec
W-CDMA 3G Wireless 1.0 Mbps 1.5 sec
Cable Fixed Line Cable 1.0 - 2.0 Mbps 0.8 to 1.5 sec
EDGE Cheaper and Gives
Near-3G Performance
EDGE is 2.75G, with significantly higher data rates than GPRS
Deploying EDGE significantly cheaper than deploying W-CDMA
Takeaway: Look for EDGE to gain traction in 2002/2003+
115. www.nmscommunications.com
Long Life for 2.5G & 2.75G
“We believe the shelf life of 2.5G and 2.75G will be
significantly longer than most pundits have predicted.
Operators need to gain valuable experience in how to
market packet data services before pushing forward
with the construction of new 3G networks.“
Sam May, US Bancorp Piper Jaffray
Operators need to learn how to make money with data
Likely to stay many years with GPRS/EDGE/CDMA 1x
Bottom line: wide-scale 3G will be pushed out
116. www.nmscommunications.com
Critical For 3G —
Continued Growth In China
CDMA IS-95 (2G) has been slow to launch in China
Why would the launch of 3G be any different?
PHS (2G) with China Telecom/Netcom is gaining momentum
Likely 3G licensing outcomes:
China Unicom — cdma2000
China Mobile — W-CDMA
China Telecom — W-CDMA/
TD-SCDMA?
China Netcom — W-CDMA/
TD-SCDMA?
Risk:
117. www.nmscommunications.com
Business Models
Walled Garden or Wide Open?
US and European carriers want to capture the
value — be more than just transport
Cautious partnering; Slow roll out of services
DoCoMo I-Mode service primitive
Small screens, slow (9.6 kbps) data rate
I-Mode business model wide open
Free development software
No access restrictions
DoCoMo’s “bill-on-behalf” available for 9% share
I-Mode big success in less than 24 months
55,000 applications, 30M subscribers !
119. www.nmscommunications.com
Biggest Threat to Today’s 3G —
Wireless LANs
Faster than 3G
11 or 56 Mbps vs. <2 Mbps for 3G when stationary
Data experience matches the Internet
With the added convenience of mobile
Same user interface (doesn’t rely on small screens)
Same programs, files, applications, Websites.
Low cost, low barriers to entry
Organizations can build own networks
Like the Internet, will grow virally
Opportunity for entrepreneurs!
Opportunity for wireless operators?
123. www.nmscommunications.com
Partnership Project and Forums
ITU IMT-2000 http://www.itu.int/imt2000
Mobile Partnership Projects
3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org
3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org
Mobile Technical Forums
3G All IP Forum: http://www.3gip.org
IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com
Mobile Marketing Forums
Mobile Wireless Internet Forum: http://www.mwif.org
UMTS Forum: http://www.umts-forum.org
GSM Forum: http://www.gsmworld.org
Universal Wireless Communication: http://www.uwcc.org
Global Mobile Supplier: http://www.gsacom.com
124. www.nmscommunications.com
Mobile Standards Organizations
European Technical Standard Institute (Europe):
http://www.etsi.org
Telecommunication Industry Association (USA):
http://www.tiaonline.org
Standard Committee T1 (USA):
http://www.t1.org
China Wireless Telecommunication Standard (China):
http://www.cwts.org
The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan):
http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/
The Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan):
http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.html
The Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea):
http://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htm
125. www.nmscommunications.com
Location-Related Organizations
LIF, Location Interoperability Forum
http://www.locationforum.org/
Responsible for Mobile Location Protocol (MLP)
Now part of Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
OMA, Open Mobile Alliance
http://www.openmobilealliance.org/
Consolidates Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, LIF,
SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless Village
Open GIS Consortium
http://www.opengis.org/
Focus on standards for spatial and location information
WLIA, Wireless Location Industry Association
http://www.wliaonline.com
11 October 2002
http://www.totaltele.com/view.asp?ArticleID=91281&Pub=tt
AT&T Wireless and Cingular set to abandon EOTD for alternative E911
solution, as technology development does not match FCC deadlines.
The U.S. mobile industry&apos;s tangle with the E911 location-based
emergency services program continued this week as two carriers said
they are changing technology.
Both Cingular and AT&T Wireless are giving up on Enhanced Observed
Time Difference (EOTD) technology despite the years and money they
have invested in it.
Instead, the two operators plan to use a network-based solution called
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), which will be deployed on the GSM
overlays that they are already using on their TDMA networks.
There is no indication as yet that T-Mobile will halt its deployment
of EOTD, but the operator has cautioned that the technology is not
progressing as well as it had hoped.
Drawing Notes.
The NMS Multimedia Platform was recently given the name NMS Maestro.