The OSI model is a standardized framework consisting of 7 layers for network communication. Each layer has a specific role and communicates with its corresponding layer in other devices. The physical layer transmits raw bits over a link. The data link layer handles reliable transmission of frames between nodes. The network layer provides logical addressing and routing to deliver packets across multiple networks from source to destination.
In the earliest era of networking, computers could usually communicate only with computers, which were from the similar manufacturer.
The purpose of OSI model is to show how to facilitate communication between different systems without requiring changes to its underlying Hardware and Software.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model began as a reference model, but has since been implemented. It was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to provide a logical framework for how data communication processes should interact across networks. Standards were created for the computer industry allowing different networks to work together efficiently.ThesisScientist.com
Data Link Layer Terms and Services such as frame, node, medium.
Creating a frame.
Data Link Layer sublayers: Logical Link Control and Media Access Control.
Media Access control methods for both of shared and non-sahred media.
Physical Topology: is an arrangement of the nodes and the physical connections between them.
Logical Topology: is the way a network transfers frames from one node to the next.
Data link layer addressing requirements.
Ethernet Protocol for LANs, Point-to-Point Protocol for WANs and Wireless Protocol for LANs.
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform.
In the earliest era of networking, computers could usually communicate only with computers, which were from the similar manufacturer.
The purpose of OSI model is to show how to facilitate communication between different systems without requiring changes to its underlying Hardware and Software.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model began as a reference model, but has since been implemented. It was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to provide a logical framework for how data communication processes should interact across networks. Standards were created for the computer industry allowing different networks to work together efficiently.ThesisScientist.com
Data Link Layer Terms and Services such as frame, node, medium.
Creating a frame.
Data Link Layer sublayers: Logical Link Control and Media Access Control.
Media Access control methods for both of shared and non-sahred media.
Physical Topology: is an arrangement of the nodes and the physical connections between them.
Logical Topology: is the way a network transfers frames from one node to the next.
Data link layer addressing requirements.
Ethernet Protocol for LANs, Point-to-Point Protocol for WANs and Wireless Protocol for LANs.
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform.
Some low level protocols are TCP, UDP, IP, and ICMP. Some familiar examples of application layer protocols, built on these lower protocols, are HTTP (for accessing web content), SSH, TLS/SSL, and FTP. Port: A port is an address on a single machine that can be tied to a specific piece of software
ISO is an organization which is established in 1947.
AN ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communication.
Network communication model is defined in OSI.
It was first introduced in the late 1970s, 1983
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved in networking functions.
A document about TCP/IP and OSI would typically cover two major networking models: the TCP/IP model and the OSI model. These models are both conceptual frameworks that describe the layers of communication protocols that are necessary for data to be transmitted over a network.
The TCP/IP model is a four-layer model that is used by the Internet. It includes the Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer. Each layer has a specific function, such as providing application-level services, ensuring reliable data transmission, routing packets over the Internet, and controlling the physical transmission of data over the network.
The OSI model, on the other hand, is a seven-layer model that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It includes the Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer, Transport layer, Network layer, Data Link layer, and Physical layer. Each layer in this model also has a specific function, such as formatting data for presentation, managing communication sessions between network nodes, and managing physical connections between network devices.
In a document about TCP/IP and OSI, you might find information on the similarities and differences between the two models, the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and examples of how each model is used in real-world networking scenarios. You might also find information on specific protocols that are used within each model, such as TCP, UDP, IP, and Ethernet, and how these protocols work together to facilitate communication between network devices.
Some low level protocols are TCP, UDP, IP, and ICMP. Some familiar examples of application layer protocols, built on these lower protocols, are HTTP (for accessing web content), SSH, TLS/SSL, and FTP. Port: A port is an address on a single machine that can be tied to a specific piece of software
ISO is an organization which is established in 1947.
AN ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communication.
Network communication model is defined in OSI.
It was first introduced in the late 1970s, 1983
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved in networking functions.
A document about TCP/IP and OSI would typically cover two major networking models: the TCP/IP model and the OSI model. These models are both conceptual frameworks that describe the layers of communication protocols that are necessary for data to be transmitted over a network.
The TCP/IP model is a four-layer model that is used by the Internet. It includes the Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer. Each layer has a specific function, such as providing application-level services, ensuring reliable data transmission, routing packets over the Internet, and controlling the physical transmission of data over the network.
The OSI model, on the other hand, is a seven-layer model that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It includes the Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer, Transport layer, Network layer, Data Link layer, and Physical layer. Each layer in this model also has a specific function, such as formatting data for presentation, managing communication sessions between network nodes, and managing physical connections between network devices.
In a document about TCP/IP and OSI, you might find information on the similarities and differences between the two models, the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and examples of how each model is used in real-world networking scenarios. You might also find information on specific protocols that are used within each model, such as TCP, UDP, IP, and Ethernet, and how these protocols work together to facilitate communication between network devices.
Pwani notes-Network Essentials.pp for Internet ProtocoltxMosesOkumu4
These notes are for Internet Protocol and the OSI model layers
So any student looking for notes for the internet protocol layers , this is among the best
OSI model layers 7 Types of OSI Model Edifyclue.pdfsunil shukla
The international standard organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to a worldwide agreement on international standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection OSI model layers.
An open system may be a model that permits any two different systems to speak no matter their underlying architecture.
The purpose of the OSI model layers is to open communication between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying computer hardware and software.
The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It divides network communication into seven layers. ... Layers 5-7, called the the upper layers, contain application-level data
#imannjeet #mannjeet mn
This is a notes about basic introduction of OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contain details about the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
Protocol layer
OSI model description details
post office protocol version 3 (pop3)
these three topics are describe in this slide.
this slide made by zakirul islam.
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Osi
1. The OSI Model
• An ISO (International standard Organization) that covers
all aspects of network communications is the Open
System Interconnection (OSI) model.
• An open system is a model that allows any two different
systems to communicate regardless of their underlying
architecture (hardware or software).
• The OSI model is not a protocol; it is model for
understanding and designing a network architecture that is
flexible, robust and interoperable.
2. • The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of
network systems that allows for communication across
all types of computer systems.
• The OSI model is built of seven ordered layers:
1. (layer 1) physical layer
2. (layer 2) data link
3. (layer 3) network layer
4. (layer 4) transport layer
5. (layer 5) session layer
6. (layer 6) presentation layer
7. (layer 7) application layer
3.
4. Peer-to-Peer Process
• Within a single machine, each layer calls upon services of
the layer just below it.
• Layer 3, for example, uses the services provided by layer 2
and provides services for layer 4.
• Between machines, layer x on one machine communicates
with layer x on another machine, by using a protocol (this
is Peer-to-Peer Process).
• Communication between machines is therefore a peer-to-
peer process using protocols appropriate to a given layer.
6. Interfaces between Layers
• There is an interface between
each pair of adjacent layers.
This interface defines what
information and services a layer
must provide for the layer
above it.
7. Physical Layer
• The physical layer coordinates
the functions required to
transmit a bit stream over a
physical medium. It also
defines the procedures and
functions that physical devices
and interfaces have to perform
for transmission occur.
The physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one
node to the next.
8. Physical layer
The physical layer is concerned with the following:
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and media: The
physical layer defines the characteristics of the interface
between devices and the transmission media, including
its type.
• Representation of the bits: the physical layer data consist
of a stream of bits without any interpretation. To be
transmitted, bits must be encoded into signals –electrical
or optical-. The physical layer defines the type of
encoding.
• Data rate: The physical layer defines the transmission
rate, the number of bits sent each second.
9. Physical Layer
• Line configuration: the physical layer is concerned with
the connection of devices to the medium.
• Physical topology
• Transmission Mode
• Synchrinization of bits
10. Data Link Layer
• The data link layer transforms
the physical layer, a raw
transmission facility, to a
reliable link and is responsible
for node-to-node delivery. It
makes the physical layer appear
error free to the upper layer
(network layer).
The data link layer is responsible for transmitting frames
from one node to the next.
12. Functions of the data link layer:
• Framing. The data link layer divides the stream of bits
received from the network layer into data units called
frames.
• Physical addressing. If frames are to be distributed to
different systems on the network, the data link layer
adds a header to the frame to define the physical address
of the sender (source address) and/or receiver
(destination address) of the frame.
• If the frame is intended for a system outside the sender’s
network, the receiver address is the address of the device
that connects one network to the next.
13.
14. • Flow Control. If the rate at which the data are absorbed by
the receiver is less than the rate produced in the sender,
the data link layer imposes a flow control mechanism to
prevent overwhelming the receiver.
• Error control. The data link layer adds reliability to the
physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and
retransmit damaged or lost frames. Error control is
normally achieved through a trailer to the end of the frame.
• Access Control. When two or more devices are connected
to the same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to
determine which device has control over the link at any
time.
15. Network Layer
•The Network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination
delivery of a packet possible across multiple networks.
•If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually
no need for a network layer. However, if the two systems are
attached to different networks, there is often a need for the
network layer to accomplish source-to-destination delivery.
18. • Logical addressing. The physical addressing implemented
by the data link layer handles the addressing problem
locally.
• The network layer adds a header to the packet coming
from the upper layer, among other things, includes the
logical address of the sender and receiver.
• Routing. When independent networks or links are
connected together to create an internetwork (a network
of networks) or a large network, the connecting devices
(called routers or gateways) route or switch the packets to
their final destination.
19.
20. Transport Layer
• The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process
delivery of the entire message.
• The network layer oversees host-to-destination delivery of
individual packets, it does not recognize any relationship
between those packets.
• The transport layer ensures that the whole message arrives
intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow
control at the process-to-process level.
23. Functions of the transport layer
• Port addressing:computer often run several processes
(running programs) at the same time. Process-to-process
delivery means delivery from a specific process on one
computer to a specific process on the other.
• The transport layer header include a type of address called
port address.
• The network layer gets each packet to the correct
computer; the transport layer gets the entire message to the
correct process on that computer.
24. Functions of the transport layer
• Segmentation and reassembly: a message is divided into
transmittable segments, each having a sequence number.
These numbers enable the transport layer to reassemble the
message correctly upon arrival at the destination.
• Connection control: The transport layer can be either
connectionless or connection-oriented.
• A connectionless transport layer treats each segment as an
independent packet and delivers it to the transport layer at
the destination machine.
• A connection-oriented transport layer makes a connection
with the transport layer at the destination machine first
before delivering the packets. After all the data are
transferred, the connection is terminated.
25. Functions of the transport layer
• Flow control: the transport layer performs a flow control
end to end. The data link layer performs flow control
across a single link.
• Error control: the transport layer performs error control
end to end. The data link layer performs control across a
single link.
26.
27. • The session layer is the network dialog controller. It was
designed to establish, maintain, and synchronize the
interaction between communicating devices.
• The presentation layer was designed to handle the syntax
and semantics of the information exchanged between the
two systems. It was designed for data translation,
encryption, decryption, and compression.
• The application layer enables the user to access the
network. It provides user interfaces and support for
services such electronic email, remote file access, WWW,
and so on.