The document discusses the seven layer OSI reference model and describes the responsibilities of each layer. The physical layer is responsible for bit-level transmission and reception. The data link layer handles frame delivery between nodes. The network layer delivers packets from source to destination hosts. The transport layer provides reliable message delivery between processes. The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions. The presentation layer handles data translation and encoding. The application layer provides services to the user such as file transfer and email.
The document discusses the ISO-OSI model, which defines 7 layers of network communication:
1. The physical layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium.
2. The data link layer handles the transmission of frames between nodes and provides error control and flow control.
3. The network layer handles routing and logical addressing to deliver packets between hosts.
4. The transport layer provides reliable data transmission and flow control between processes.
5. The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions between applications.
6. The presentation layer handles data formatting and encoding for applications.
7. The application layer supports application and end-user processes.
Unit 2.1 - OSI Model.ppt Physical Layervedantihp21
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard for network communication established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The OSI model defines seven layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, with lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and higher layers focusing on end-user services. The physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between directly connected systems, while the transport layer handles process-to-process message delivery across networks.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model began as a reference model, but has since been implemented. It was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to provide a logical framework for how data communication processes should interact across networks. Standards were created for the computer industry allowing different networks to work together efficiently.ThesisScientist.com
This document provides an overview of network models, including layered tasks, the OSI model, and TCP/IP protocol suite. It discusses:
- The OSI model uses a seven-layer framework to allow communication between different computer systems. Each layer has specific responsibilities for encapsulating and delivering data.
- The TCP/IP protocol suite has five layers that correspond to the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers of the OSI model. It uses both physical and logical addressing to deliver packets to devices and processes.
- Network communication involves four types of addressing - physical, logical, port, and specific addresses work together to deliver data across network layers.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses protocols and standards including the elements of a protocol: syntax, semantics, and timing. It describes the OSI model and TCP/IP model in detail, explaining each layer and its functions. It also discusses different types of transmission media like coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless transmission. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulation and an outer conductor. Fiber optic cable uses total internal reflection to guide light through the core. Wireless transmission uses electromagnetic waves propagated through ground, sky, or line-of-sight methods using antennas.
The OSI model is a conceptual framework that characterizes networking functions into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Each layer has a specific role, with the physical layer defining physical connections and signals and the application layer supporting file transfer, email and directories. Data moves down from the application layer through each layer, with each adding information like headers for routing. This allows interoperability between different network products and software.
In the earliest era of networking, computers could usually communicate only with computers, which were from the similar manufacturer.
The purpose of OSI model is to show how to facilitate communication between different systems without requiring changes to its underlying Hardware and Software.
The OSI model is a standardized framework consisting of 7 layers for network communication. Each layer has a specific role and communicates with its corresponding layer in other devices. The physical layer transmits raw bits over a link. The data link layer handles reliable transmission of frames between nodes. The network layer provides logical addressing and routing to deliver packets across multiple networks from source to destination.
The document discusses the ISO-OSI model, which defines 7 layers of network communication:
1. The physical layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium.
2. The data link layer handles the transmission of frames between nodes and provides error control and flow control.
3. The network layer handles routing and logical addressing to deliver packets between hosts.
4. The transport layer provides reliable data transmission and flow control between processes.
5. The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions between applications.
6. The presentation layer handles data formatting and encoding for applications.
7. The application layer supports application and end-user processes.
Unit 2.1 - OSI Model.ppt Physical Layervedantihp21
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard for network communication established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The OSI model defines seven layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific role, with lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and higher layers focusing on end-user services. The physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between directly connected systems, while the transport layer handles process-to-process message delivery across networks.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model began as a reference model, but has since been implemented. It was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to provide a logical framework for how data communication processes should interact across networks. Standards were created for the computer industry allowing different networks to work together efficiently.ThesisScientist.com
This document provides an overview of network models, including layered tasks, the OSI model, and TCP/IP protocol suite. It discusses:
- The OSI model uses a seven-layer framework to allow communication between different computer systems. Each layer has specific responsibilities for encapsulating and delivering data.
- The TCP/IP protocol suite has five layers that correspond to the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers of the OSI model. It uses both physical and logical addressing to deliver packets to devices and processes.
- Network communication involves four types of addressing - physical, logical, port, and specific addresses work together to deliver data across network layers.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses protocols and standards including the elements of a protocol: syntax, semantics, and timing. It describes the OSI model and TCP/IP model in detail, explaining each layer and its functions. It also discusses different types of transmission media like coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless transmission. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulation and an outer conductor. Fiber optic cable uses total internal reflection to guide light through the core. Wireless transmission uses electromagnetic waves propagated through ground, sky, or line-of-sight methods using antennas.
The OSI model is a conceptual framework that characterizes networking functions into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Each layer has a specific role, with the physical layer defining physical connections and signals and the application layer supporting file transfer, email and directories. Data moves down from the application layer through each layer, with each adding information like headers for routing. This allows interoperability between different network products and software.
In the earliest era of networking, computers could usually communicate only with computers, which were from the similar manufacturer.
The purpose of OSI model is to show how to facilitate communication between different systems without requiring changes to its underlying Hardware and Software.
The OSI model is a standardized framework consisting of 7 layers for network communication. Each layer has a specific role and communicates with its corresponding layer in other devices. The physical layer transmits raw bits over a link. The data link layer handles reliable transmission of frames between nodes. The network layer provides logical addressing and routing to deliver packets across multiple networks from source to destination.
The document discusses network models and protocol layering. It describes the OSI model which divides network communication tasks into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. It also describes the TCP/IP protocol suite which has 5 layers - physical, data link, internet, transport, and application layer. The layers define standardized services and protocols to enable communication between systems and applications.
OSI model layers 7 Types of OSI Model Edifyclue.pdfsunil shukla
The international standard organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to a worldwide agreement on international standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection OSI model layers.
An open system may be a model that permits any two different systems to speak no matter their underlying architecture.
The purpose of the OSI model layers is to open communication between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying computer hardware and software.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture for data transmission across networks. Each layer has a specific function, from physical transmission of bits at the lowest layer to application-related functions at the highest layer. Together, the 7 layers ensure data is transmitted accurately from one device to another globally through functions like data framing, error checking, routing, and applying logical addresses.
This document provides an overview of computer networking and the OSI model. It discusses how the OSI model was developed to facilitate worldwide data communication through its 7-layer architecture. It then describes each layer of the OSI model in detail, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It also discusses Ethernet standards, topologies like bus, star and tree, and elements of an Ethernet network such as DTE, DCE, and the functions of the Ethernet MAC layer.
The document discusses communication protocols and the OSI model. It defines what a communication protocol is and explains the reasons for using layered protocols. The key advantages of layering are also outlined. The seven layers of the OSI model are described along with the functions of the physical and data link layers. The differences between network layer delivery and transport layer delivery are explained. Finally, some common networking terms like logical address, physical address, and port address are defined.
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform.
A document about TCP/IP and OSI would typically cover two major networking models: the TCP/IP model and the OSI model. These models are both conceptual frameworks that describe the layers of communication protocols that are necessary for data to be transmitted over a network.
The TCP/IP model is a four-layer model that is used by the Internet. It includes the Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer. Each layer has a specific function, such as providing application-level services, ensuring reliable data transmission, routing packets over the Internet, and controlling the physical transmission of data over the network.
The OSI model, on the other hand, is a seven-layer model that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It includes the Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer, Transport layer, Network layer, Data Link layer, and Physical layer. Each layer in this model also has a specific function, such as formatting data for presentation, managing communication sessions between network nodes, and managing physical connections between network devices.
In a document about TCP/IP and OSI, you might find information on the similarities and differences between the two models, the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and examples of how each model is used in real-world networking scenarios. You might also find information on specific protocols that are used within each model, such as TCP, UDP, IP, and Ethernet, and how these protocols work together to facilitate communication between network devices.
The document provides an overview of data communication standards and protocols. It discusses that standards ensure interconnectivity and interoperability between networking components. The OSI model is presented which divides communication protocols into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Key functions of each layer are defined such as framing at the data link layer, logical addressing at the network layer, and error control mechanisms at the transport layer. Common standard bodies that define communication protocols are also listed.
The document discusses network layer models including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides details on each layer of the models and their functions. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. The TCP/IP model combines some of these layers and has 5 layers - physical, data link, network, transport and application. Each layer is responsible for distinct networking functions and passes messages to the adjacent layers for delivery. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for networking. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer. Each layer has a specific function and provides services to the adjacent layer. The physical layer deals with physical connections and bit-level transmission. The data link layer handles frame delivery and error control. The network layer routes packets across networks. The transport layer ensures end-to-end delivery of messages. Higher layers include the session, presentation and application layers, which establish communication sessions, handle formatting and provide user services respectively.
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network communication. The seven layers are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers dealing with physical connectivity and data transmission and the higher layers focusing on software applications and end-user interactions. The document provides details on the functions of each layer, such as the physical layer defining connections, signals, and topologies, the data link layer handling framing, addressing, and error control, and the transport layer providing service addressing, segmentation/reassembly, and connection control.
Pwani notes-Network Essentials.pp for Internet ProtocoltxMosesOkumu4
These notes are for Internet Protocol and the OSI model layers
So any student looking for notes for the internet protocol layers , this is among the best
The document discusses the OSI 7 layer model and TCP/IP 4 layer model. It provides details on the functions of each layer in both models. The key points covered are:
- The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has distinct functions for communication.
- The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application. The internet layer uses IP to route packets independently to their destination.
- Popular application layer protocols like FTP, SSH and Telnet are described in detail regarding their functions and how they establish secure connections to transmit data over networks.
The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It divides network communication into seven layers. ... Layers 5-7, called the the upper layers, contain application-level data
#imannjeet #mannjeet mn
This lecture discusses the functions of the various layers in the OSI model including the network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. It provides details on the responsibilities and services provided by each layer, such as logical addressing and routing at the network layer, segmentation and reassembly at the transport layer, dialog control and synchronization at the session layer, translation and encryption at the presentation layer, and various services like mail and file transfer at the application layer. It also compares the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model.
The OSI Reference Model describes a 7-layer network architecture developed by ISO to standardize network communication globally. It defines separate protocols for each layer to define tasks and responsibilities. The physical layer is responsible for sending bits between systems by defining encoding, transmission rates, and hardware details. The data link layer provides error checking, frame creation, and hardware addressing. The network layer establishes logical connections between systems, performs routing, handles addressing, and switches packets between networks.
The document describes the OSI reference model, which defines seven layers of network communication from the physical layer to the application layer. Each layer provides services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below. The physical layer transmits raw bits of data and the application layer supports user applications. Between these layers are the data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, and presentation layer, each of which performs specific functions to prepare data for transmission across a network. Protocols like TCP and IP operate at different layers to ensure reliable and ordered delivery of data packets from one device to another.
The document discusses network models and protocol layering. It describes the OSI model which divides network communication tasks into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. It also describes the TCP/IP protocol suite which has 5 layers - physical, data link, internet, transport, and application layer. The layers define standardized services and protocols to enable communication between systems and applications.
OSI model layers 7 Types of OSI Model Edifyclue.pdfsunil shukla
The international standard organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to a worldwide agreement on international standards.
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection OSI model layers.
An open system may be a model that permits any two different systems to speak no matter their underlying architecture.
The purpose of the OSI model layers is to open communication between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying computer hardware and software.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture for data transmission across networks. Each layer has a specific function, from physical transmission of bits at the lowest layer to application-related functions at the highest layer. Together, the 7 layers ensure data is transmitted accurately from one device to another globally through functions like data framing, error checking, routing, and applying logical addresses.
This document provides an overview of computer networking and the OSI model. It discusses how the OSI model was developed to facilitate worldwide data communication through its 7-layer architecture. It then describes each layer of the OSI model in detail, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It also discusses Ethernet standards, topologies like bus, star and tree, and elements of an Ethernet network such as DTE, DCE, and the functions of the Ethernet MAC layer.
The document discusses communication protocols and the OSI model. It defines what a communication protocol is and explains the reasons for using layered protocols. The key advantages of layering are also outlined. The seven layers of the OSI model are described along with the functions of the physical and data link layers. The differences between network layer delivery and transport layer delivery are explained. Finally, some common networking terms like logical address, physical address, and port address are defined.
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform.
A document about TCP/IP and OSI would typically cover two major networking models: the TCP/IP model and the OSI model. These models are both conceptual frameworks that describe the layers of communication protocols that are necessary for data to be transmitted over a network.
The TCP/IP model is a four-layer model that is used by the Internet. It includes the Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer. Each layer has a specific function, such as providing application-level services, ensuring reliable data transmission, routing packets over the Internet, and controlling the physical transmission of data over the network.
The OSI model, on the other hand, is a seven-layer model that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It includes the Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer, Transport layer, Network layer, Data Link layer, and Physical layer. Each layer in this model also has a specific function, such as formatting data for presentation, managing communication sessions between network nodes, and managing physical connections between network devices.
In a document about TCP/IP and OSI, you might find information on the similarities and differences between the two models, the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and examples of how each model is used in real-world networking scenarios. You might also find information on specific protocols that are used within each model, such as TCP, UDP, IP, and Ethernet, and how these protocols work together to facilitate communication between network devices.
The document provides an overview of data communication standards and protocols. It discusses that standards ensure interconnectivity and interoperability between networking components. The OSI model is presented which divides communication protocols into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Key functions of each layer are defined such as framing at the data link layer, logical addressing at the network layer, and error control mechanisms at the transport layer. Common standard bodies that define communication protocols are also listed.
The document discusses network layer models including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides details on each layer of the models and their functions. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. The TCP/IP model combines some of these layers and has 5 layers - physical, data link, network, transport and application. Each layer is responsible for distinct networking functions and passes messages to the adjacent layers for delivery. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard framework for networking. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer. Each layer has a specific function and provides services to the adjacent layer. The physical layer deals with physical connections and bit-level transmission. The data link layer handles frame delivery and error control. The network layer routes packets across networks. The transport layer ensures end-to-end delivery of messages. Higher layers include the session, presentation and application layers, which establish communication sessions, handle formatting and provide user services respectively.
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network communication. The seven layers are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers dealing with physical connectivity and data transmission and the higher layers focusing on software applications and end-user interactions. The document provides details on the functions of each layer, such as the physical layer defining connections, signals, and topologies, the data link layer handling framing, addressing, and error control, and the transport layer providing service addressing, segmentation/reassembly, and connection control.
Pwani notes-Network Essentials.pp for Internet ProtocoltxMosesOkumu4
These notes are for Internet Protocol and the OSI model layers
So any student looking for notes for the internet protocol layers , this is among the best
The document discusses the OSI 7 layer model and TCP/IP 4 layer model. It provides details on the functions of each layer in both models. The key points covered are:
- The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has distinct functions for communication.
- The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application. The internet layer uses IP to route packets independently to their destination.
- Popular application layer protocols like FTP, SSH and Telnet are described in detail regarding their functions and how they establish secure connections to transmit data over networks.
The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It divides network communication into seven layers. ... Layers 5-7, called the the upper layers, contain application-level data
#imannjeet #mannjeet mn
This lecture discusses the functions of the various layers in the OSI model including the network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. It provides details on the responsibilities and services provided by each layer, such as logical addressing and routing at the network layer, segmentation and reassembly at the transport layer, dialog control and synchronization at the session layer, translation and encryption at the presentation layer, and various services like mail and file transfer at the application layer. It also compares the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model.
The OSI Reference Model describes a 7-layer network architecture developed by ISO to standardize network communication globally. It defines separate protocols for each layer to define tasks and responsibilities. The physical layer is responsible for sending bits between systems by defining encoding, transmission rates, and hardware details. The data link layer provides error checking, frame creation, and hardware addressing. The network layer establishes logical connections between systems, performs routing, handles addressing, and switches packets between networks.
The document describes the OSI reference model, which defines seven layers of network communication from the physical layer to the application layer. Each layer provides services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below. The physical layer transmits raw bits of data and the application layer supports user applications. Between these layers are the data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, and presentation layer, each of which performs specific functions to prepare data for transmission across a network. Protocols like TCP and IP operate at different layers to ensure reliable and ordered delivery of data packets from one device to another.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
2. Topic Name:- Introduction to OSI Layer
Contents of Topic: Behrouz A. Forouzan
Learning Outcome: Students get to know about basics of
Computer Network
UNIT No. 1
4. 2-1 LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
Topics discussed in this section:
Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy
2.4
6. 2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
Topics discussed in this section:
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
2.6
7. ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
Note
2.7
11. 2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
2.1
13. The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Note
2.13
14. •Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium. The
physical layer defines the characteristics of the interface
between the devices and the transmission medium. It also
defines the type of transmission medium.
•Representation of bits. The physical layer data consists of a
stream of bits (sequence of Os or 1s) with no interpretation.
To be transmitted, bits must be encoded into signals--
electrical or optical. The physical layer defines the type of
encoding (how Os and I s are changed to signals).
Other responsibilities of the Physical layer
15. •Data rate. The transmission rate-the number of bits sent each
second-is also defined by the physical layer. In other words,
the physical layer defines the duration of a bit, which is how
long it lasts.
•Synchronization of bits. The sender and receiver not only
must use the same bit rate but also must be synchronized at
the bit level. In other words, the sender and the receiver
clocks must be synchronized.
•Line configuration. The physical layer is concerned with the
connection of devices to the media. In a point-to-point
configuration, two devices are connected through a dedicated
link. In a multipoint configuration, a link is shared among
several devices.
Other responsibilities of the Physical layer
16. •Physical topology. The physical topology defines how devices
are connected to make a network. Devices can be connected by
using a mesh topology (every device is connected to every other
device), a star topology (devices are connected through a central
device), a ring topology (each device is connected to the next,
forming a ring), a bus topology (every device is on a common
link), or a hybrid topology (this is a combination of two or more
topologies).
•Transmission mode. The physical layer also defines the direction
of transmission between two devices: simplex, half- duplex, or
full-duplex. In simplex mode, only one device can send; the other
can only receive. The simplex mode is a one-way
communication. In the half-duplex mode, two devices can send
and receive, but not at the same time. In a full-duplex (or simply
duplex) mode, two devices can send and receive at the same time.
Other responsibilities of the Physical layer
20. Other responsibilities of the data link layer
•Framing. The data link layer divides the stream of bits
received from the network layer into manageable data units
called frames.
•Physical addressing. If frames are to be distributed to
different systems on the network, the data link layer adds a
header to the frame to define the sender and/or receiver of
the frame. If the frame is intended for a system outside the
sender's network, the receiver address is the address of the
device that connects the network to the next one.
•Flow control. If the rate at which the data are absorbed by
the receiver is less than the rate at which data are produced
in the sender, the data link layer imposes a flow control
mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver.
21. 2.21
•Error control. The data link layer adds reliability to the
physical layer by adding mechanisms to detect and retransmit
damaged or lost frames. It
recognize duplicate frames.
also uses a mechanism to
Error control is normally
achieved through a trailer added to the end of the frame.
•Access control. When two or more devices are connected to
the same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to
determine which device has control over the link at any given
time.
Other responsibilities of the data link layer
25. Other responsibilities of the network layer
•Logical addressing. The physical addressing implemented by
the data link layer handles the addressing problem locally. If
a packet passes the network boundary, we need another
addressing system to help distinguish the source and
destination systems. The network layer adds a header to the
packet coming from the upper layer that, among other things,
includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver.
•Routing. When independent networks or links are connected
to create internetworks (network of networks) or a large
network, the connecting devices (called routers or switches)
route or switch the packets to their final destination. One of
the functions of the network layer is to provide this
mechanism.
29. Other responsibilities of the transport layer
•Service-point addressing. Computers often run several programs
at the same time. For this reason, source-to-destination delivery
means delivery not only from one computer to the next but also
from a specific process (running program) on one computer to a
specific process (running program) on the other. The transport
layer header must therefore include a type of address called a
service-point address (or port address). The network layer gets
each packet to the correct computer; the transport layer gets the
entire message to the correct process on that computer.
30. Other responsibilities of the transport layer
•Segmentation and reassembly. A message is divided into
transmittable segments, with each segment containing a
sequence number. These numbers enable the transport layer to
reassemble the message correctly upon arriving at the
destination and to identify and replace packets that were lost in
transmission.
•Connection control. The transport layer can be either
connectionless or connection oriented. A connectionless
transport layer treats each segment as an independent packet and
delivers it to the transport layer at the destination machine. A
connection oriented transport layer makes a connection with the
transport layer at the destination machine first before delivering
the packets. After all the data are transferred, the connection is
terminated.
31. Other responsibilities of the transport layer
•Flow control. Like the data link layer, the transport layer is
responsible for flow control. However, flow control at this layer is
performed end to end rather than across a single link.
•Error control. Like the data link layer, the transport layer is
responsible for error control. However, error control at this layer is
performed process-to process rather than across a single link. The
sending transport layer makes sure that the entire message arrives
at the receiving transport layer without error (damage, loss, or
duplication). Error correction is usually achieved through
retransmission.
33. The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
Note
2.33
34. Specific responsibilities of the session layer
•Dialog control. The session layer allows two systems to enter
into a dialog. It allows the communication between two
processes to take place in either half duplex (one way at a
time) or full-duplex (two ways at a time) mode.
•Synchronization. The session layer allows a process to add
checkpoints, or synchronization points, to a stream of data.
For example, if a system is sending a file of 2000 pages, it is
advisable to insert checkpoints after every 100 pages to ensure
that each 100-page unit is received and acknowledged
independently. In this case, if a crash happens during the
transmission of page 523, the only pages that need to be resent
after system recovery are pages 501 to 523. Pages previous to
501 need not be resent.
36. The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
Note
2.36
37. Specific responsibilities of the presentation layer
•Translation. The processes (running programs) in two systems
are usually exchanging information in the form of character
strings, numbers, and so on. The information must be changed
to bit streams before being transmitted. Because different
computers use different encoding systems, the presentation layer
is responsible for interoperability between these different
encoding methods. The presentation layer at the sender changes
the information from its sender-dependent format into a
common format. The presentation layer at the receiving machine
changes the common format into its receiver-dependent format.
38. Specific responsibilities of the presentation layer
•Encryption. To carry sensitive information, a system must
be able to ensure privacy. Encryption means that the sender
transforms the original information to another form and
sends the resulting message out over the network.
Decryption reverses the original process to transform the
message back to its original form.
•Compression. Data compression reduces the number of
bits contained in the information. Data compression
becomes particularly important in the transmission of
multimedia such as text, audio, and video.
41. Specific services provided by the application layer
•Network virtual terminal. A network virtual terminal is a
software version of a physical terminal, and it allows a user to
log on to a remote host. To do so, the application creates a
software emulation of a terminal at the remote host. The
user's computer talks to the software terminal which, in turn,
talks to the host, and vice versa. The remote host believes it is
communicating with one of its own terminals and allows the
user to log on. File transfer, access, and management. This
application allows a user to access files in a remote host (to
make changes or read data), to retrieve files from a remote
computer for use in the local computer, and to manage or
control files in a remote computer locally.
42. Specific services provided by the application layer
•Mail services. This application provides the basis for e-mail
forwarding and storage.
•Directory services. This application provides distributed
database sources and access for global information about
various objects and services.
44. 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOLSUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly
match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.44