Some low level protocols are TCP, UDP, IP, and ICMP. Some familiar examples of application layer protocols, built on these lower protocols, are HTTP (for accessing web content), SSH, TLS/SSL, and FTP. Port: A port is an address on a single machine that can be tied to a specific piece of software

1. (Diploma in Computer Sci & Engg. 3rd year)
Presentation on :-
Low Layer Protocols
Presented By
Lilesh Dharmik
Tushar Khobragade

2. Index
1. Communication
2. Layered Protocols
3. Protocol Layers Diagram
4. Low Level Protocols
• Physical Layer
• Data Link Layer
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
5. Reference

3. Communication
• In communication of distributed system there are
some rules which are known as protocols
• For wide area distributed system these protocols
often take the form of multiple layers, each with its
own goals and rules
Layered protocols
• A layered protocol architecture provides a conceptual
framework for dividing the complex task of exchanging
information between remote hosts into simpler tasks.

4. Fig: Low Layers Protocol

5. Followings are the Low level Protocols:
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
1.Physical Layer :
• It transmit bits over the medium to provide mechanical and electrical
specification
• Functions of physical layer are:
1. Presentation of bits: The physical data consist of the string of bits with
no interpretation
2. Data array: it also called as transmission array and it defines as the no.
of bits send each second
3. Physical topology: It defines two devices are connected to make a
network, device can be connect using mesh, star or bus topology
4. Transmission mode: The physical layer also defines the direction of
transmission between two devices.

6. 2.Data link layer :
• Data link layer organize bits into the frames
• Functions of data link layer are as follows:
 Framing: this layer divides the stream or bits received
from physical layer into manageable data unit called as
frame
 Flow control: if the rate in which the data absorbed by
the receiver is less than the rate produce by the sender,
the data link layer impose the flow control to prevent
overloading of the receiver
 Error control: data link layer acts reliability to the
physical layer by adding mechanism to detect and
retransmit the damage or lost frame, it also uses the
mechanism to organize the duplicate frame

7. 3.Network layer:
• The network layer is the third layer of layer
protocol model, and the layer that provides
the data routine path for a network
communication.
• Data is transferred in the form of packets.
• Network layer are used to move the package
from source to destination,

8. 4.Transport Layer:
• To provide reliable process to process massage delivery
and error recovery
• Functions of transport layer are:
1. Segmentation and reassembly
2. Flow control
3. Error control

9. Reference
• Websites:
1. https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc958821.aspx
2. http://www.networksorcery.com/enp/Protocol.htm
3. Searchnetworking.techtarget.com
• notes