This document describes the design and implementation of an embedded control system for orienting a radar antenna. The system uses a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to process input from a radar's plane position indicator (PPI) display and control a stepper motor that adjusts the antenna's azimuth position. When a test transmitter is activated, it creates a dummy target blip on the PPI. A potentiometer is used to measure the blip's azimuth angle. The FPGA receives the angle measurement and commands the stepper motor to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise until the antenna is aligned to geographic north. The design was tested by generating four blips at different angles and orienting the antenna to within
SATELLITE DISH POSITIONING CONTROL BY DC MOTOR USING IR REMOTE CONTROL IAEME Publication
In this paper, PIC microcontroller was designed to develop a satellite dish positioning system which can be operated by using a remote control. The main point of using a dish is to receive signal from satellites and other broadcasting sources. In order to get the exact angle of position of the dish, it needs to be adjusted manually. In order to overcome the difficulty of adjusting manually, this paper helps in adjusting the position of the dish through a remote control. Remote control acts as a transmitter whose data is received by an IR receiver which is interfaced to a microcontroller of PIC 16F877A. The remote control sends coded data to the receiver whose output is then sent to the microcontroller.
This paper focuses on the development of a prototype of thruster motor speed controller which exhibits robust performance for an Autonomous underwater vehicle. H infinity based speed controller with particle swarm optimized weights for a sensorless BLDC motor which is used as electrical thruster has been simulated in MATLAB/ SIMULINK and implemented using TI C2000 Delfino LaunchPad LaunchXL-F28377S and BoostXL DRV 8301. A performance comparison in reference tracking has been done with conventional PI controller and experimental results have been discussed in detail. The percentage variation in speed with respect to reference speed of proposed strategy has been observed to be 0.65% whereas it is 1.1% with PI controller. It has also been found that the proposed control strategy exhibits smooth starting with better reference tracking and less torque ripples.
ArduinoBased Head GestureControlled Robot UsingWireless CommunicationIJERA Editor
This paper describes the robustness of ardiuno based head movement controlled robot. This robot is controlled using motion sensor which is mounted on the head. In future there is need of robots which can be used to ease the human tasks and interact with the human easily. Our objective is to control the robot using head gesture. Accelerometer is used to detect the direction of head movement. In order to full-fill our requirement a program has been written and executed using a microcontroller system. By observing the results of experimentation our gesture formula is very competent and it’s also enhance the natural way of intelligence and also assembled in a simple hardware circuit.
SATELLITE DISH POSITIONING CONTROL BY DC MOTOR USING IR REMOTE CONTROL IAEME Publication
In this paper, PIC microcontroller was designed to develop a satellite dish positioning system which can be operated by using a remote control. The main point of using a dish is to receive signal from satellites and other broadcasting sources. In order to get the exact angle of position of the dish, it needs to be adjusted manually. In order to overcome the difficulty of adjusting manually, this paper helps in adjusting the position of the dish through a remote control. Remote control acts as a transmitter whose data is received by an IR receiver which is interfaced to a microcontroller of PIC 16F877A. The remote control sends coded data to the receiver whose output is then sent to the microcontroller.
This paper focuses on the development of a prototype of thruster motor speed controller which exhibits robust performance for an Autonomous underwater vehicle. H infinity based speed controller with particle swarm optimized weights for a sensorless BLDC motor which is used as electrical thruster has been simulated in MATLAB/ SIMULINK and implemented using TI C2000 Delfino LaunchPad LaunchXL-F28377S and BoostXL DRV 8301. A performance comparison in reference tracking has been done with conventional PI controller and experimental results have been discussed in detail. The percentage variation in speed with respect to reference speed of proposed strategy has been observed to be 0.65% whereas it is 1.1% with PI controller. It has also been found that the proposed control strategy exhibits smooth starting with better reference tracking and less torque ripples.
ArduinoBased Head GestureControlled Robot UsingWireless CommunicationIJERA Editor
This paper describes the robustness of ardiuno based head movement controlled robot. This robot is controlled using motion sensor which is mounted on the head. In future there is need of robots which can be used to ease the human tasks and interact with the human easily. Our objective is to control the robot using head gesture. Accelerometer is used to detect the direction of head movement. In order to full-fill our requirement a program has been written and executed using a microcontroller system. By observing the results of experimentation our gesture formula is very competent and it’s also enhance the natural way of intelligence and also assembled in a simple hardware circuit.
IOT based project for accident victims,where the message is directly sent to the nearby ambulance, and the traffic is maintained on the basis of the fact that whether an ambulance is present on the road or not.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Antenna Azimuth Position Control System using PIDController & State-Feedback ...IJECEIAES
This paper analyzed two controllers with the view to improve the overall control of an antenna azimuth position. Frequency ranges were utilized for the PID controller in the system; while Ziegler-Nichols was used to tune the PID parameter gains. A state feedback controller was formulated from the state-space equation and pole-placements were adopted to ensure the model design complied with the specifications to meet transient response. MATLAB Simulink platform was used for the system simulation. The system response for both the two controllers were analyzed and compared to ascertain the best controller with best azimuth positioning for the antenna. It was observed that state-feedback controller provided the best azimuth positioning control with a little settling time, some value of overshoot and no steady-state error is detected.
The following resources come from the 2009/10 BEng in Digital Systems and Computer Engineering (course number 2ELE0065) from the University of Hertfordshire. All the mini projects are designed as level two modules of the undergraduate programmes.
The objectives of this project are to design, develop and test software for an embedded system that will smoothly control the rotation of a stepper motor, taking into account the physical constraints on the maximum operating speed of the motor.
Each student will be required to design a ‘C’ program can rotate a stepper motor to a number of user-defined positions as quickly as possible. This will include sensing of the marker pulse, the implementation of an appropriate speed profile and the use of timer-generated interrupts.
Controlled Rotation of the Shaft of a Stepper Motor with 8051 Microcontrollerinventionjournals
With a view to control the direction, speed and angle of rotation of the shaft of a stepper motor, the stepper motor was interfaced with 8051 microcontroller through 8255 PPI ports and rotating the shaft by supplying the required data by executing 8051 assembly language programs. The Hexadecimal data 07, 0B, 0D and 0E was given as inputs of stepper motor to rotate the shaft in a clock wise direction, while 07, 0E, 0D and 0B was given to the amplifiers produce opposite magnetic poles to rotate the shaft of a stepper motor in an anti clock wise direction. The speed was controlled by setting different values of the registers used in the delay subroutine. The lesser values of delay registers will increase the speed of the shaft of the stepper motor. To rotate the shaft of a stepper motor with a specified angle, a separate register was used to supply the above datas for required times to produce the suitable angle. An effort were made to rotate the shaft of the motor in both clock wise and anti clock wise alternatively with a specific angle by combining the assembly language programs of both clock wise and anti clock wise rotations at one place with appropriate count value.
Power optimisation scheme of induction motor using FLC for electric vehicleAsoka Technologies
In electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs, energy efficiency is essential where the energy storage is limited. Adding to its high stability and low cost, the induction motor efficiency improves with loss minimisation. Also, it can consume more power than the actual need to perform its working when it is operating in less than full load condition. This study proposes a control strategy based on the fuzzy logic control (FLC) for EV applications. FLC controller can improve the starting current amplitude and saves more power. Through the MATLAB/SIMULINK software package, the performance of this control was verified through simulation. As compared with the conventional proportional integral derivative controller, the simulation schemes show good, high-performance results in time-domain response and rapid rejection of system-affected disturbance. Therefore, the core losses of the induction motor are greatly reduced, and in this way improves the efficiency of the driving system. Finally, the suggested control system is validated by the experimental results obtained in the authors’ laboratory, which are in good agreement with the simulation results.
Traffic density dependent taffic light controller pdf NAVODITA KUMARI
By using this system configuration we can reduce the possibilities of traffic jams caused by traffic lights to an extent. The number of passing vehicles on the road decides the density range of traffics and on the basis of vehicle count microcontroller decides the traffic light delays.
IOT based project for accident victims,where the message is directly sent to the nearby ambulance, and the traffic is maintained on the basis of the fact that whether an ambulance is present on the road or not.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Antenna Azimuth Position Control System using PIDController & State-Feedback ...IJECEIAES
This paper analyzed two controllers with the view to improve the overall control of an antenna azimuth position. Frequency ranges were utilized for the PID controller in the system; while Ziegler-Nichols was used to tune the PID parameter gains. A state feedback controller was formulated from the state-space equation and pole-placements were adopted to ensure the model design complied with the specifications to meet transient response. MATLAB Simulink platform was used for the system simulation. The system response for both the two controllers were analyzed and compared to ascertain the best controller with best azimuth positioning for the antenna. It was observed that state-feedback controller provided the best azimuth positioning control with a little settling time, some value of overshoot and no steady-state error is detected.
The following resources come from the 2009/10 BEng in Digital Systems and Computer Engineering (course number 2ELE0065) from the University of Hertfordshire. All the mini projects are designed as level two modules of the undergraduate programmes.
The objectives of this project are to design, develop and test software for an embedded system that will smoothly control the rotation of a stepper motor, taking into account the physical constraints on the maximum operating speed of the motor.
Each student will be required to design a ‘C’ program can rotate a stepper motor to a number of user-defined positions as quickly as possible. This will include sensing of the marker pulse, the implementation of an appropriate speed profile and the use of timer-generated interrupts.
Controlled Rotation of the Shaft of a Stepper Motor with 8051 Microcontrollerinventionjournals
With a view to control the direction, speed and angle of rotation of the shaft of a stepper motor, the stepper motor was interfaced with 8051 microcontroller through 8255 PPI ports and rotating the shaft by supplying the required data by executing 8051 assembly language programs. The Hexadecimal data 07, 0B, 0D and 0E was given as inputs of stepper motor to rotate the shaft in a clock wise direction, while 07, 0E, 0D and 0B was given to the amplifiers produce opposite magnetic poles to rotate the shaft of a stepper motor in an anti clock wise direction. The speed was controlled by setting different values of the registers used in the delay subroutine. The lesser values of delay registers will increase the speed of the shaft of the stepper motor. To rotate the shaft of a stepper motor with a specified angle, a separate register was used to supply the above datas for required times to produce the suitable angle. An effort were made to rotate the shaft of the motor in both clock wise and anti clock wise alternatively with a specific angle by combining the assembly language programs of both clock wise and anti clock wise rotations at one place with appropriate count value.
Power optimisation scheme of induction motor using FLC for electric vehicleAsoka Technologies
In electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs, energy efficiency is essential where the energy storage is limited. Adding to its high stability and low cost, the induction motor efficiency improves with loss minimisation. Also, it can consume more power than the actual need to perform its working when it is operating in less than full load condition. This study proposes a control strategy based on the fuzzy logic control (FLC) for EV applications. FLC controller can improve the starting current amplitude and saves more power. Through the MATLAB/SIMULINK software package, the performance of this control was verified through simulation. As compared with the conventional proportional integral derivative controller, the simulation schemes show good, high-performance results in time-domain response and rapid rejection of system-affected disturbance. Therefore, the core losses of the induction motor are greatly reduced, and in this way improves the efficiency of the driving system. Finally, the suggested control system is validated by the experimental results obtained in the authors’ laboratory, which are in good agreement with the simulation results.
Traffic density dependent taffic light controller pdf NAVODITA KUMARI
By using this system configuration we can reduce the possibilities of traffic jams caused by traffic lights to an extent. The number of passing vehicles on the road decides the density range of traffics and on the basis of vehicle count microcontroller decides the traffic light delays.
Design and Implementation of Payload Camera Control System for Unmanned Aeria...ijtsrd
The aim of this research is to design and implement PIC based radio frequency wireless communication system of two axes Pan Tilt payload camera unit for UAV. Camera is used as a payload and two servo motors are used to adjust the camera positioner in two axes to take the desired photo. User interface program is designed by C language on personal computer and serial communication RS232 protocol is used for data communication between personal computer and microcontroller. SONY digital camera is used to take the desired photographs and store recorded data to its memory. Ultra High Frequency band radio frequency wireless transmitter and receiver pairs are used for data communication link between the ground station and the receiver on the vehicle. And they are Amplitude Shift Keying ASK type IC and transmission frequency is 433.92MHZ. The Futaba S3003 servo motors mounted on the payload are driven by PWM pulse related to the transmitted data from the transmitter in order to get the desire payload camera orientation. The control system is based on microcontroller PIC16F877A. The microcontroller CCS C language is used for this control system. Saw Aung Nyein Oo | Naw Octavia "Design and Implementation of Payload (Camera) Control System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26781.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26781/design-and-implementation-of-payload-camera-control-system-for-unmanned-aerial-vehicle/saw-aung-nyein-oo
Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC), is widely used in portable electronic products. An operational
transconductance amplifier (OTA) is one of the most important components of ADC. This paper presents a
new design of two stages OTA. The design incorporates Sleep insertion technique and leakage feedback current
approach for improving design parameters such as gain, and power as compared to earlier work. The design is
simulated in 0.18µm CMOS technology with supply voltage 1.8V.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
FPGA based synchronous multi-channel PWM generator for humanoid robot IJECEIAES
In this paper, synchronous multi-channel pulse width modulation (PWM) generator for driving servo motors of humanoid robot was proposed. In an application, the humanoid robot requires smooth and beautiful movement, therefore the PWM signal for each servo motor must be synchronized. Since microcontroller (slave) has no enough channels to generate synchronous PWMs for 32 servo motors, field programmable gate array (FPGA) was used as slave for the humanoid robot. The FPGA was controlled by microcontroller (master) using serial communication. Simulation results show the system can perform serial communication, synchronize, and convert data well. The system can also generate PWM simultaneously with accurate duty cycle and fix period of 20ms.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Orientation of Radar Antenna
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan – Feb. 2015), PP 75-78
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10127578 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
Orientation of Radar Antenna
Tayseer Mustafa Hummaida 1, Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi 2, Yousif Taha
Yousif Elamin 3
1 Post graduate candidate,
2 Sudan University of science and Technology- Engineering College- Electronics Dept- –
3 Electronics Dept. - Faculty of Engineering & Technology - University of Gezira -
Abstract: A Radar PPI display is considered to display a dummy blip (target) in order to perform orientation
procedure on it. Several works have been done in the area of radar antenna orientation and control system
using stepper motor control . In order to speed up the data rate, the antennas are required to operate at higher
radio frequencies. The increased frequency requires more precise antenna pointing system and the need of
pointing control is to counteract the effects of external disturbances which includes wind gust, terrain profile
etc. All these factors demand an embedded system engineer to design a more accurate antenna control system.
This paper describes the control system engineering principles used in designing, testing and implementing, a
control and measurement system on an antenna orientation. The control system is modeled to monitor and
control the antenna in the azimuth (Horizontal axis). The system is also stabilized with the help of level sensor.
Keywords: Radar, antenna, azimuth, PPI, blip, orientation, embedded system.
I. Introduction
The antenna azimuth position control system turns the input command in output position. This system
is widely used in antennas, robots, and computers disks. In this work the system presented is managed with
azimuth antenna. Figure (1) below shows how the system works and how its performance can be improved. The
purpose of this system is the input angle to be turned into an output angle of the antenna.
Figure (1) Antenna position control
2. Orientation of Radar Antenna
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10127578 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
The antenna control system representation is shown in figure (2) below.
Figure (2) antenna control system
For improving the control system , an approach of micro-stepping control for the step motors based on
field programmable gate array (FPGA) is presented after the micro-stepping driving theory of the step motor
with a constant torque was discussed deeply. And then the relative control system is schematically designed,
mainly includes the internal logic design of the FPGA, the communication interface design of the
microcomputer, the design of the power driving circuit, and the design of the interface circuit between the
electrical sources. At last, it is verified by some experimental investigations that the control theory and approach
presented are corrective, and the control system designed is very good to get a high precision of position control
and high control repeatability. Therefore, the technology questions from the producing reality are resolved and
the product quality is promoted.
An open loop stepper motor driver using a FPGA is also feasible. The model of the current controller is
described and gains of the controller are selected at optimal values. In this design, the FPGA is used to build a
high performance open loop driver without using a DSP; furthermore it is compatible with ASICs and mass
production methods. The experimental results verify the performance of the driver. In addition, stepper motor
controller is used to drive the stepper motor. A Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description
Language (VHDL) is implemented on SPARATAN Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The Proposed
motor controller is a set of Darlington amplifiers thus giving very high precision. Due to high torque of stepper
motor, it is capable of handling the big industrial automation system. In this system, a potentiometer technique
will be designed to give the control parameter to the FPGA, which in its turn controls the stepper motor.
II. Methodology
This paper describes a stepper motor control algorithm designed using VHDL and implemented in
FPGA. The system is capable of controlling the stepper motor in terms of a very small step angle. In addition
to this, we can make it to rotate at different speeds, displacement clockwise and anticlockwise directions. Here
a potentiometer is used for inputting the control parameter to faithfully control the antenna azimuth angle by
rotating the stepper motor clockwise and anticlockwise.
One of the major advantages of the design is its precision. It is user-friendly reduces programming
complexity and errors can be easily identified and rectified . The main block diagram is based guiding the signal
from Plane Position Indicator of the Radar (PPI) to the FPGA. Figure (3) below shows the block diagram of the
system design.
Figure (3) the block diagram of the system
3. Orientation of Radar Antenna
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10127578 www.iosrjournals.org 77 | Page
Hardware component
The hardware components for the electronic circuit design are:
Breadboard:
Breadboard (protoboard) is a construction base for a one-of-a-kind electronic circuit, a prototype.
Because the solder less breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable, and thus can be used for temporary
prototypes and experimenting with circuit design more easily. A variety of electronic systems may be
prototyped by using breadboards.
Potentiometer:
It is used as a means of pointing to the blip on the PPI of the Radar.
ADC8080:
It is used to transform the analog signal from the PPI of the Radar into digital format to be fed to the FPGA for
processing.
HD74LS373 Latching IC:
The HD74LS373 is eight bit is register I/O mapped used as a buffer, which stores signals for future
use. Different types of latches are available HD74LS373 octal D-type transparent latch will be used in this
system. This type of latch is suitable for driving high capacitive and impedance loads.
ULN 2893A Darlington IC:
The ULN2803A is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor array. The device consists of
eight NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diodes for switching
inductive loads. The collector-current rating of each Darlington pair is 500 mA. .The Darlington pairs may be
connected in parallel for higher current capability.
Lab link cable:
The lab link cables are used as a connection means in the circuit right from the PPI of the Radar up to
the stepper motor.
Stepper motor:
A stepper motor is used for the procedure of orientation of the antenna of the Radar .The number of
steps of the stepper motor is (200 steps / revolution). Equation (1) gives the value of the step angle of the stepper
motor.
One revolution 3600
Step angle = -------------------- = -------------- = 1.8 Degree --------------- (1)
200 200
III. Algorithm
The algorithm is based on supplying the FPGA through the ADC with the azimuth angle appeared on
the PPI of the Radar in the digital format .The FPGA in its turn processes the data and issues a correction
command to the stepper motor in order to align the antenna to the geographical north (00
) . The orientation
procedure of the Radar antenna is as follows;
.. The transmitter issues a signal.
.. The PPI of the Radar displays the transmitter signal as a dummy target on the PPI.
.. A potentiometer points to the blip (target) to convey the azimuth angle.
.. The ADC transforms the DC voltage into digital format.
.. The FPGA processes the digital data.
.. The FPGA issues correction command to the stepper motor through the interface.
.. The stepper motor aligns the antenna to the geographical north (00
).
VHDL programming language is used for programming the FPGA by the computer the algorithm is:
Start
Initialization:
… Program port (A1) of FPGA as input.
… Program port (A2) of FPGA as output.
--- Put transmitter mode to (OFF).
--- Adjust the plane position indicator (PPI) of the Radar to the geographical north (00
).
4. Orientation of Radar Antenna
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10127578 www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
--- Clear output to stepper motor.
Processing:
--- Put transmitter mode to (ON).
---- Call orientation subroutine.
End
Orientation subroutine:
Blip detection:
--- Observe the blip on the PPI of the Radar.
… Move the slide of the potentiometer to coincide with the blip on the PPI.
… Check the incoming azimuth value of the blip.
--- If the azimuth value equals zero, then go to terminate the subroutine.
--- If the azimuth value does not equal zero, then go to antenna position correction.
… Go to blip detection.
Antenna position correction:
… If the azimuth value is positive, then rotate the stepper motor one-step anticlockwise.
… If the azimuth value is negative, then rotate the stepper motor one-step clockwise.
--- Go to blip detection.
Terminate:
Return.
IV. Results
A transmitter tuned to the Radar receiver frequency is used to generate a blip (dummy target) on the
PPI display of the Radar. when applying the algorithm in paragraph (III) above, we observe the location of the
blip on the PPI .Based on the blip azimuth angle, the program in the FPGA performs the alignment of the
antenna with the blip appearance on the PPI of the Radar .The alignment processing continues till we get the
antenna exactly heading to the geographical north (0 Degrees). Each step movement of the stepper motor makes
an antenna azimuth angle correction of (1.8 Degrees) .A mechanical gearing mechanism is implemented to
enhance the stepper motor angle resolution up to of (0.18 Degrees). Table (1) below shows the results obtained
from the generation of four different dummy blips (targets) on the PPI display of the Radar and performing
antenna orientation procedure on them
Table (1) the results obtained from generating a blip (target) on the PPI display of the Radar
Blip azimuth angle on PPI (Degrees) No. of steps of stepper motor Alignment result
+ 180
East 100 anticlockwise Geographical north ( 00
)
-90
West 50 clockwise Geographical north ( 00
)
+ 270
East 150 anticlockwise Geographical north ( 00
)
-13.50
West 75 clockwise Geographical north ( 00
)
Note: The alignment (orientation) can be done by pointing towards (East, South, and West) As well.
V. Conclusion
The functionality of the design starts with activating a transmitter tuned to the Radar frequency. A
dummy blip (target) appears on the PPI display of the Radar. Any antenna azimuth angle deviation from the
geographical north will be subjected to correction procedure. Based on the blip appearance on the PPI, the
FPGA program performs the correction by commanding the stepper motor to rotate clockwise or anticlockwise.
The processing outcome is to put both the antenna and the PPI display on (00
). The alignment procedure
(orientation) makes us avoiding azimuth data capture errors by the Radar.
References
[1]. Mr.N.Sai Pavan, Mr.Ramavenkateswaran.N: MODELLING OF TH STABILIZATIONAND TRACKING CONTROL SYSTEM
FOR ANTENNA, International Journal Of Advanced Research In Computer And Communication Engineering, June 2014.
[2]. Boban Temelkovskia And Jugoslav Achkoskia “Modeling And Simulation Of Antenna Azimuth Position Control System
“International Journal Of Multidisciplinary And Current Research,2014.
[3]. Xiaodong Zhang, Junjun He, And Chunlei Sheng, “Anapproach Of Micro-Stepping Control For The Step Motors Based On FPGA,”
IEEE International Conference On Industrial Technology, Pp. 125 - 130, Dec. 2005.
[4]. Ngoc Quy Le1 And Jae Wook Jeon2” An Open-Loop Stepper Motor Driver Based On FPGA” International Conference On
Control, Automation And Systems 2007Oct. 17-20, 2007 In COEX, Seoul, Korea
[5]. Arvind Kumar1, Mrs. M. Valarmathi2” High Precision Stepper Motor Controller Implementation On FPGA With GUI On
Labview”International Journal Of Advanced Research In Electrical, Electronics And Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 2, Issue 4,
April 2013