This document describes a design for a dual gain control system for a helical feed parabolic reflector antenna. The system uses 5 stepper motors - 4 to control the position of sectors of the parabolic reflector to vary its diameter and gain, and 1 to control the position of the helical feed to vary its number of turns and gain. The microcontroller-based system allows entering the number of steps for each motor from a keypad to control the antenna gains. Simulation results show the antenna gain can be varied +/- 10% by adjusting the reflector diameter or helical feed position.
E.ON Energy Research Center builds first interface between OPAL-RT and RTDS Technologies real-time simulators, opens new collaborative research opportunities
The document describes a project to control the position of a dish antenna using a TV remote. A circuit was designed using an AT89C51 microcontroller, L293D motor driver, TSOP1738 IR receiver, and two geared motors. The TSOP1738 receives IR signals from the TV remote based on the RC5 protocol and sends data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the motors via the L293D to position the dish antenna horizontally and vertically based on the remote button pressed. The project aims to allow remote control of a dish antenna for applications such as DTH reception.
This document summarizes a presentation by Guillaume Boué of OPAL-RT on their rapid control prototyping solutions. The presentation covers an introduction to OPAL-RT, why rapid control prototyping is useful, OPAL-RT technology including their real-time computers and software interface, application highlights in areas like electric motor drives and modular multilevel converters, and a question and answer section. Key benefits outlined are finding errors early to reduce costs, easily building and tweaking control designs in real-time, and efficiently addressing power electronics, electric drive, and power systems challenges.
This document describes the design and implementation of an embedded control system for orienting a radar antenna. The system uses a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to process input from a radar's plane position indicator (PPI) display and control a stepper motor that adjusts the antenna's azimuth position. When a transmitter signal appears as a blip on the PPI, the FPGA commands the stepper motor to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise as needed to align the antenna to the geographic north. The FPGA was programmed using VHDL code to precisely control the stepper motor and achieve antenna orientation within 0.18 degrees. Experimental results showed the system successfully oriented the antenna based on dummy target blips
RT15 Berkeley | Optimized Power Flow Control in Microgrids - Sandia LaboratoryOPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
The document summarizes research on designing nonlinear controllers for microgrid systems with stochastic sources and loads. Key points include:
1) A secure scalable microgrid testbed was developed to experimentally test Hamiltonian surface shaping power flow controllers (HSSPFC).
2) Models of single and multiple DC microgrids were formulated to develop optimal operating points using a dynamic optimizer.
3) An HSSPFC nonlinear distributed controller was designed and experimentally validated on a single DC microgrid testbed with variable sources and loads, demonstrating stable voltage regulation.
OPAL-RT RT14: Power Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) with EtherCAT ProtocolOPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
This document summarizes presentations at the 7th International Conference on Real-Time Simulation Technologies in Montreal from June 9-12, 2014. It includes presentations from OPAL-RT and TRIPHASE on their EtherCAT amplifier solution for power hardware-in-the-loop simulations using OPAL-RT's OP5600 product. There will also be a hands-on demonstration of power hardware-in-the-loop with EtherCAT networking and a discussion of future partnerships between OPAL-RT and TRIPHASE.
This document describes a design for a dual gain control system for a helical feed parabolic reflector antenna. The system uses 5 stepper motors - 4 to control the position of sectors of the parabolic reflector to vary its diameter and gain, and 1 to control the position of the helical feed to vary its number of turns and gain. The microcontroller-based system allows entering the number of steps for each motor from a keypad to control the antenna gains. Simulation results show the antenna gain can be varied +/- 10% by adjusting the reflector diameter or helical feed position.
E.ON Energy Research Center builds first interface between OPAL-RT and RTDS Technologies real-time simulators, opens new collaborative research opportunities
The document describes a project to control the position of a dish antenna using a TV remote. A circuit was designed using an AT89C51 microcontroller, L293D motor driver, TSOP1738 IR receiver, and two geared motors. The TSOP1738 receives IR signals from the TV remote based on the RC5 protocol and sends data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the motors via the L293D to position the dish antenna horizontally and vertically based on the remote button pressed. The project aims to allow remote control of a dish antenna for applications such as DTH reception.
This document summarizes a presentation by Guillaume Boué of OPAL-RT on their rapid control prototyping solutions. The presentation covers an introduction to OPAL-RT, why rapid control prototyping is useful, OPAL-RT technology including their real-time computers and software interface, application highlights in areas like electric motor drives and modular multilevel converters, and a question and answer section. Key benefits outlined are finding errors early to reduce costs, easily building and tweaking control designs in real-time, and efficiently addressing power electronics, electric drive, and power systems challenges.
This document describes the design and implementation of an embedded control system for orienting a radar antenna. The system uses a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to process input from a radar's plane position indicator (PPI) display and control a stepper motor that adjusts the antenna's azimuth position. When a transmitter signal appears as a blip on the PPI, the FPGA commands the stepper motor to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise as needed to align the antenna to the geographic north. The FPGA was programmed using VHDL code to precisely control the stepper motor and achieve antenna orientation within 0.18 degrees. Experimental results showed the system successfully oriented the antenna based on dummy target blips
RT15 Berkeley | Optimized Power Flow Control in Microgrids - Sandia LaboratoryOPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
The document summarizes research on designing nonlinear controllers for microgrid systems with stochastic sources and loads. Key points include:
1) A secure scalable microgrid testbed was developed to experimentally test Hamiltonian surface shaping power flow controllers (HSSPFC).
2) Models of single and multiple DC microgrids were formulated to develop optimal operating points using a dynamic optimizer.
3) An HSSPFC nonlinear distributed controller was designed and experimentally validated on a single DC microgrid testbed with variable sources and loads, demonstrating stable voltage regulation.
OPAL-RT RT14: Power Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) with EtherCAT ProtocolOPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
This document summarizes presentations at the 7th International Conference on Real-Time Simulation Technologies in Montreal from June 9-12, 2014. It includes presentations from OPAL-RT and TRIPHASE on their EtherCAT amplifier solution for power hardware-in-the-loop simulations using OPAL-RT's OP5600 product. There will also be a hands-on demonstration of power hardware-in-the-loop with EtherCAT networking and a discussion of future partnerships between OPAL-RT and TRIPHASE.
SATELLITE DISH POSITIONING CONTROL BY DC MOTOR USING IR REMOTE CONTROL IAEME Publication
In this paper, PIC microcontroller was designed to develop a satellite dish positioning system which can be operated by using a remote control. The main point of using a dish is to receive signal from satellites and other broadcasting sources. In order to get the exact angle of position of the dish, it needs to be adjusted manually. In order to overcome the difficulty of adjusting manually, this paper helps in adjusting the position of the dish through a remote control. Remote control acts as a transmitter whose data is received by an IR receiver which is interfaced to a microcontroller of PIC 16F877A. The remote control sends coded data to the receiver whose output is then sent to the microcontroller.
Tech Vidhya is the premier IT and Telecom training institute of India that is running its quality training courses since last decade and we deliver what we promise. Tech Vidhya is the leading training institute in telecom and IT sector that offers various Telecom, telecommunication, Networking and IT/Software courses in an efficient and friendly manner. We are having the highly qualified and experienced trainers for all the courses. The trainers are updated with the latest technologies and they are working on various live projects on India’s top telecom/IT companies.
2017 Atlanta Regional User Seminar - Residential Battery Storage Systems. Des...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
Sonnen is a leading manufacturer of residential battery storage systems in Europe and the US. They use Opal-RT hardware-in-the-loop systems to test the dynamic operation of bi-directional inverters, optimize battery charging and discharging algorithms using real weather and demand data, validate and test new software releases, and develop algorithms to monitor battery health by measuring impedance. The Opal-RT systems allow accelerated testing without external hardware.
Multi-power rail FLR configurable for Digital CircuitsIRJET Journal
This document proposes a multi-power rail configurable fast load regulator (FLR) for digital circuits. The FLR uses dual 1.8V and 3.3V power rails to improve power efficiency by 40% compared to a single 3.3V rail, especially at lower output voltages of 1.0V. The architecture is optimized so that 80% of the current comes from the 1.8V rail at 1.0V output, decreasing as the output voltage increases toward 1.5V. Protection transistors are added to prevent latch-up by ensuring only one power rail is active at a time. Simulation results show the schematic and layout of the proposed FLR.
RT15 Berkeley | Multi-Terminal Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Test-Bench for Powe...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
The document discusses the development of a multi-terminal power hardware-in-the-loop test bench for power system stability analyses focused on distributed generation. Large increases in inverter-coupled generators like PV and wind are changing power networks, challenging assumptions of conventional stability assessment. The test bench aims to holistically simulate transmission and distribution networks to evaluate stability with more inverter-based generation. It will integrate real inverters using power hardware-in-the-loop simulations to verify their influence on stability at a higher level of detail than software models alone.
2017 Atlanta Regional User Seminar - Using OPAL-RT Real-Time Simulation and H...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
This document summarizes a presentation given by Shuhui Li at an Opal-RT user seminar on February 15, 2017 in Atlanta, GA. The presentation covered Li's research using Opal-RT real-time simulation and hardware-in-the-loop systems for power and energy systems at the University of Alabama. Specific topics included solar energy conversion and grid integration, electric vehicle charging stations, microgrid control, interior permanent magnet motor control for EVs, and an NSF-funded research center on efficient vehicles. Real-time simulation and hardware experiments were shown for various applications including solar PV systems, energy storage, electric vehicle charging, and inverter control for grid-connected microgrids and permanent magnet synchronous motors.
This document provides an overview of antennas and their functions. It defines an antenna as a passive conductor that radiates or receives electromagnetic waves without amplifying energy. It describes how antennas radiate via time-varying electric and magnetic fields that create electromagnetic waves. Key antenna performance parameters are explained such as radiation pattern, beamwidth, gain, directivity, polarization, effective radiated power, and front-to-back ratio. Common antenna types like omni-directional, semi-directional, and highly-directional are characterized. The document also covers antenna tuning techniques including downtilt and discusses smart antennas and their advantages over traditional antennas.
An antenna is a transducer device that converts electric power to radio waves and vice versa. It is generally considered a passive element without external equipment. There are various types of antennas available for different purposes, but panel antennas are commonly used in telecommunications. Panel antennas are made up of multiple long array antennas connected together with separate ports. They are used for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. The standard size for antenna ports is 7/8 female coaxial with a 50-ohm input impedance.
- HYPERSIM is a real-time power system simulator developed by OPAL-RT Technologies for simulating electromagnetic transients.
- It is used for hardware-in-the-loop testing of power system controls and offline simulation of power grids with detailed component models.
- HYPERSIM can simulate large power systems with over 2000 buses and detailed models of components like wind turbines, HVDC systems, and FACTS devices. It supports parallel processing for scalability.
2017 Atlanta Regional User Seminar - Virtualizing Industrial Control Systems ...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
This document discusses virtualizing industrial control systems to create testbeds for cybersecurity research. It describes creating a high-fidelity virtual copy of a physical SCADA system and comparing results between the physical and virtual testbeds under normal and attack conditions. As an example, it details virtualizing a gas pipeline testbed that includes sensors, actuators, a programmable logic controller and human-machine interface. It also discusses expanding the virtual gas pipeline testbed and virtualizing additional systems like a water storage tank and power system using the same approach.
The document discusses Nokia-Siemens Networks, which merged in 2006 and has headquarters in Finland. It provides mobile network services to over 1 billion subscribers through its networks in 150+ countries. The document then describes the base station subsystem (BSS) and its components, including the base transceiver station (BTS), base station controller (BSC), and network switching subsystem (NSS). It provides details on BTS components, transmission units, and tasks performed by the RF team like site surveys, loop breaks, flexi site installations, and intelligent BTS shutdowns.
IRJET- Review on Performance of OTA StructureIRJET Journal
This document reviews several studies on operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) based analog filter circuits. It discusses OTA based single input single output, multi input single output, and single input multi output filter circuit topologies. It also summarizes key contributions from several papers that proposed new OTA based filter circuits, including biquad filters, oscillators, and rectifiers. The proposed circuits aim to achieve features like independently tunable frequency and quality factor responses, low component counts, and suitability for integrated circuit implementation. PSPICE simulation results confirming the theoretical analyses are also mentioned.
RT15 Berkeley | Introduction to FPGA Power Electronic & Electric Machine real...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
FPGA simulation provides high-fidelity models for hardware-in-the-loop testing of electric machines and power electronics. It allows control algorithms to be tested with highly resolved non-ideal behaviors faster and at lower cost compared to physical testing. The document discusses how eFPGAsim utilizes FPGA technologies to simulate electric drive systems with models exported from finite element analysis, improving collaboration between design and control engineers.
RT15 Berkeley | ARTEMiS-SSN Features for Micro-grid / Renewable Energy Sourc...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
This document discusses using real-time simulation technologies to test phasor measurement units (PMUs) and PMU applications. It outlines different solvers for real-time simulation, including real-time phasor simulation and real-time electromagnetic transient simulation. It also discusses communication protocols supported by real-time simulators like IEC 61850 and IEEE C37.118. Examples are provided of how real-time simulation has been used to test PMUs and develop wide-area monitoring, protection, and control systems.
This document discusses wireless communication network project antenna installation engineering. It provides diagrams and explanations of different types of radio base stations, antenna systems, remote electrical tilt systems, external hybrid combiner units, tower-mounted amplifiers, repeater solutions, smart radio concepts, and in-building solutions. Examples of metro site installations are also included. The document concludes with brief discussions of new generation technologies and problems of technology.
This document provides guidelines for antenna system planning for GSM and UMTS radio networks. It summarizes key aspects of antenna selection, feeder length planning, tilt planning, diversity planning and installation. Rules are presented for choosing antenna types, using transmultiplexers, height planning, azimuth planning and ensuring compatibility for site sharing. Mounting guidelines are also covered for mast, tower, roof and wall installations. The document is intended as a reference for radio network engineers on the essential issues to consider for effective antenna system planning.
The document discusses the development of India's electricity grid system. It provides details on:
1) How India's interstate and intrastate transmission systems were interconnected in the 1960s to form the national grid overseen by the Government of India. Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL) was established in 1989 to implement this national grid.
2) PGCIL now operates India's transmission network of over 134,000 circuit km at EHVAC and HVDC levels. The network includes 214 substations with a total transformation capacity of 278,862 MVA.
3) The completion of the Raichur-Solapur 765kV transmission line interconnects India's regional grids into a single
This document discusses earth stations, which transmit and receive signals to and from satellites using dish-shaped antennas. It describes the key components of both analog and digital earth station setups. Analog setups transmit one program per channel and require high power, while digital setups can transmit many more programs using compression and more efficient modulation schemes. The components of a digital earth station include encoders, multiplexers, modulators, up/down converters, high power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers, and antennas.
Optimised wireless network using smart mobile terminal antenna SMTA system marwaeng
1) The document presents a novel smart mobile terminal antenna system (SMTA) that uses a switched radiation beam approach to optimize wireless network performance, security, and signal tracking.
2) A key innovation is the dielectrically embedded SMTA (DE-SMTA) that reduces the antenna volume by 80% through embedding in a ceramic material. Testing showed the DE-SMTA maintained consistently high wireless signal levels compared to a fixed beam approach.
3) The SMTA system software performs scans to select the optimal radiation beam every 10 seconds to adapt to the dynamic wireless environment, improving network performance and security by directing signals toward the intended receiver.
Base stations and headsets mobile radio systems radiationmarwaeng
This document discusses techniques to reduce radiation from mobile radio systems, including base stations and mobile handsets. It summarizes methods to improve the efficiency and directivity of base station antennas using smart antennas. It also analyzes the complex near-field radiation effects on users from mobile handsets and proposes a fold-over handset design that extends the antenna away from the head, significantly reducing radiation absorption. Simulations show this design reduces radiation absorption in the head by over 50 times compared to conventional handset designs. The document concludes that improving power efficiency and mitigating radiation in mobile radio systems is important as their use continues to grow rapidly.
Performance evolution of automatic switched beam antenna for indoor WLAN syst...marwaeng
1) The document describes a study that designed a compact low-cost switched-beam antenna array for indoor wireless local area networks (WLANs).
2) It consisted of a 2x2 array of antenna elements and a modified Butler matrix beamforming network. Computer simulations and prototype testing confirmed its performance.
3) Signal strength measurements in an existing WLAN found that the switched-beam antenna improved average received power by 4.37 dB over an omni-directional antenna.
SATELLITE DISH POSITIONING CONTROL BY DC MOTOR USING IR REMOTE CONTROL IAEME Publication
In this paper, PIC microcontroller was designed to develop a satellite dish positioning system which can be operated by using a remote control. The main point of using a dish is to receive signal from satellites and other broadcasting sources. In order to get the exact angle of position of the dish, it needs to be adjusted manually. In order to overcome the difficulty of adjusting manually, this paper helps in adjusting the position of the dish through a remote control. Remote control acts as a transmitter whose data is received by an IR receiver which is interfaced to a microcontroller of PIC 16F877A. The remote control sends coded data to the receiver whose output is then sent to the microcontroller.
Tech Vidhya is the premier IT and Telecom training institute of India that is running its quality training courses since last decade and we deliver what we promise. Tech Vidhya is the leading training institute in telecom and IT sector that offers various Telecom, telecommunication, Networking and IT/Software courses in an efficient and friendly manner. We are having the highly qualified and experienced trainers for all the courses. The trainers are updated with the latest technologies and they are working on various live projects on India’s top telecom/IT companies.
2017 Atlanta Regional User Seminar - Residential Battery Storage Systems. Des...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
Sonnen is a leading manufacturer of residential battery storage systems in Europe and the US. They use Opal-RT hardware-in-the-loop systems to test the dynamic operation of bi-directional inverters, optimize battery charging and discharging algorithms using real weather and demand data, validate and test new software releases, and develop algorithms to monitor battery health by measuring impedance. The Opal-RT systems allow accelerated testing without external hardware.
Multi-power rail FLR configurable for Digital CircuitsIRJET Journal
This document proposes a multi-power rail configurable fast load regulator (FLR) for digital circuits. The FLR uses dual 1.8V and 3.3V power rails to improve power efficiency by 40% compared to a single 3.3V rail, especially at lower output voltages of 1.0V. The architecture is optimized so that 80% of the current comes from the 1.8V rail at 1.0V output, decreasing as the output voltage increases toward 1.5V. Protection transistors are added to prevent latch-up by ensuring only one power rail is active at a time. Simulation results show the schematic and layout of the proposed FLR.
RT15 Berkeley | Multi-Terminal Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Test-Bench for Powe...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
The document discusses the development of a multi-terminal power hardware-in-the-loop test bench for power system stability analyses focused on distributed generation. Large increases in inverter-coupled generators like PV and wind are changing power networks, challenging assumptions of conventional stability assessment. The test bench aims to holistically simulate transmission and distribution networks to evaluate stability with more inverter-based generation. It will integrate real inverters using power hardware-in-the-loop simulations to verify their influence on stability at a higher level of detail than software models alone.
2017 Atlanta Regional User Seminar - Using OPAL-RT Real-Time Simulation and H...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
This document summarizes a presentation given by Shuhui Li at an Opal-RT user seminar on February 15, 2017 in Atlanta, GA. The presentation covered Li's research using Opal-RT real-time simulation and hardware-in-the-loop systems for power and energy systems at the University of Alabama. Specific topics included solar energy conversion and grid integration, electric vehicle charging stations, microgrid control, interior permanent magnet motor control for EVs, and an NSF-funded research center on efficient vehicles. Real-time simulation and hardware experiments were shown for various applications including solar PV systems, energy storage, electric vehicle charging, and inverter control for grid-connected microgrids and permanent magnet synchronous motors.
This document provides an overview of antennas and their functions. It defines an antenna as a passive conductor that radiates or receives electromagnetic waves without amplifying energy. It describes how antennas radiate via time-varying electric and magnetic fields that create electromagnetic waves. Key antenna performance parameters are explained such as radiation pattern, beamwidth, gain, directivity, polarization, effective radiated power, and front-to-back ratio. Common antenna types like omni-directional, semi-directional, and highly-directional are characterized. The document also covers antenna tuning techniques including downtilt and discusses smart antennas and their advantages over traditional antennas.
An antenna is a transducer device that converts electric power to radio waves and vice versa. It is generally considered a passive element without external equipment. There are various types of antennas available for different purposes, but panel antennas are commonly used in telecommunications. Panel antennas are made up of multiple long array antennas connected together with separate ports. They are used for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. The standard size for antenna ports is 7/8 female coaxial with a 50-ohm input impedance.
- HYPERSIM is a real-time power system simulator developed by OPAL-RT Technologies for simulating electromagnetic transients.
- It is used for hardware-in-the-loop testing of power system controls and offline simulation of power grids with detailed component models.
- HYPERSIM can simulate large power systems with over 2000 buses and detailed models of components like wind turbines, HVDC systems, and FACTS devices. It supports parallel processing for scalability.
2017 Atlanta Regional User Seminar - Virtualizing Industrial Control Systems ...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
This document discusses virtualizing industrial control systems to create testbeds for cybersecurity research. It describes creating a high-fidelity virtual copy of a physical SCADA system and comparing results between the physical and virtual testbeds under normal and attack conditions. As an example, it details virtualizing a gas pipeline testbed that includes sensors, actuators, a programmable logic controller and human-machine interface. It also discusses expanding the virtual gas pipeline testbed and virtualizing additional systems like a water storage tank and power system using the same approach.
The document discusses Nokia-Siemens Networks, which merged in 2006 and has headquarters in Finland. It provides mobile network services to over 1 billion subscribers through its networks in 150+ countries. The document then describes the base station subsystem (BSS) and its components, including the base transceiver station (BTS), base station controller (BSC), and network switching subsystem (NSS). It provides details on BTS components, transmission units, and tasks performed by the RF team like site surveys, loop breaks, flexi site installations, and intelligent BTS shutdowns.
IRJET- Review on Performance of OTA StructureIRJET Journal
This document reviews several studies on operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) based analog filter circuits. It discusses OTA based single input single output, multi input single output, and single input multi output filter circuit topologies. It also summarizes key contributions from several papers that proposed new OTA based filter circuits, including biquad filters, oscillators, and rectifiers. The proposed circuits aim to achieve features like independently tunable frequency and quality factor responses, low component counts, and suitability for integrated circuit implementation. PSPICE simulation results confirming the theoretical analyses are also mentioned.
RT15 Berkeley | Introduction to FPGA Power Electronic & Electric Machine real...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
FPGA simulation provides high-fidelity models for hardware-in-the-loop testing of electric machines and power electronics. It allows control algorithms to be tested with highly resolved non-ideal behaviors faster and at lower cost compared to physical testing. The document discusses how eFPGAsim utilizes FPGA technologies to simulate electric drive systems with models exported from finite element analysis, improving collaboration between design and control engineers.
RT15 Berkeley | ARTEMiS-SSN Features for Micro-grid / Renewable Energy Sourc...OPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
This document discusses using real-time simulation technologies to test phasor measurement units (PMUs) and PMU applications. It outlines different solvers for real-time simulation, including real-time phasor simulation and real-time electromagnetic transient simulation. It also discusses communication protocols supported by real-time simulators like IEC 61850 and IEEE C37.118. Examples are provided of how real-time simulation has been used to test PMUs and develop wide-area monitoring, protection, and control systems.
This document discusses wireless communication network project antenna installation engineering. It provides diagrams and explanations of different types of radio base stations, antenna systems, remote electrical tilt systems, external hybrid combiner units, tower-mounted amplifiers, repeater solutions, smart radio concepts, and in-building solutions. Examples of metro site installations are also included. The document concludes with brief discussions of new generation technologies and problems of technology.
This document provides guidelines for antenna system planning for GSM and UMTS radio networks. It summarizes key aspects of antenna selection, feeder length planning, tilt planning, diversity planning and installation. Rules are presented for choosing antenna types, using transmultiplexers, height planning, azimuth planning and ensuring compatibility for site sharing. Mounting guidelines are also covered for mast, tower, roof and wall installations. The document is intended as a reference for radio network engineers on the essential issues to consider for effective antenna system planning.
The document discusses the development of India's electricity grid system. It provides details on:
1) How India's interstate and intrastate transmission systems were interconnected in the 1960s to form the national grid overseen by the Government of India. Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL) was established in 1989 to implement this national grid.
2) PGCIL now operates India's transmission network of over 134,000 circuit km at EHVAC and HVDC levels. The network includes 214 substations with a total transformation capacity of 278,862 MVA.
3) The completion of the Raichur-Solapur 765kV transmission line interconnects India's regional grids into a single
This document discusses earth stations, which transmit and receive signals to and from satellites using dish-shaped antennas. It describes the key components of both analog and digital earth station setups. Analog setups transmit one program per channel and require high power, while digital setups can transmit many more programs using compression and more efficient modulation schemes. The components of a digital earth station include encoders, multiplexers, modulators, up/down converters, high power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers, and antennas.
Optimised wireless network using smart mobile terminal antenna SMTA system marwaeng
1) The document presents a novel smart mobile terminal antenna system (SMTA) that uses a switched radiation beam approach to optimize wireless network performance, security, and signal tracking.
2) A key innovation is the dielectrically embedded SMTA (DE-SMTA) that reduces the antenna volume by 80% through embedding in a ceramic material. Testing showed the DE-SMTA maintained consistently high wireless signal levels compared to a fixed beam approach.
3) The SMTA system software performs scans to select the optimal radiation beam every 10 seconds to adapt to the dynamic wireless environment, improving network performance and security by directing signals toward the intended receiver.
Base stations and headsets mobile radio systems radiationmarwaeng
This document discusses techniques to reduce radiation from mobile radio systems, including base stations and mobile handsets. It summarizes methods to improve the efficiency and directivity of base station antennas using smart antennas. It also analyzes the complex near-field radiation effects on users from mobile handsets and proposes a fold-over handset design that extends the antenna away from the head, significantly reducing radiation absorption. Simulations show this design reduces radiation absorption in the head by over 50 times compared to conventional handset designs. The document concludes that improving power efficiency and mitigating radiation in mobile radio systems is important as their use continues to grow rapidly.
Performance evolution of automatic switched beam antenna for indoor WLAN syst...marwaeng
1) The document describes a study that designed a compact low-cost switched-beam antenna array for indoor wireless local area networks (WLANs).
2) It consisted of a 2x2 array of antenna elements and a modified Butler matrix beamforming network. Computer simulations and prototype testing confirmed its performance.
3) Signal strength measurements in an existing WLAN found that the switched-beam antenna improved average received power by 4.37 dB over an omni-directional antenna.
Digital communication tutorial
Engineering + education purpose
This tutorial was prepared for the third class of computer networks department IN AL-Bani University College / Baghdad / Iraq.
This tutorial is part of the lectures / digital communication lectures
You will find it in the same website
Forgive me for any wrong by mistake.
My regards
Marwa Moutaz/ M.Sc. studies of Communication Engineering / University of Technology/ Bagdad / Iraq.
[Recommended begginer book]keys to drawing by bert dodsonmarwaeng
The document discusses the history and development of chocolate over centuries. It details how chocolate originated from cacao beans used by the Olmecs and Mayans as currency and medicine. Later, the Aztecs and Europeans discovered chocolate and it became popularized as a drink among European nobility in the 16th century before mass production made it accessible to common people in the 19th century.
The document is a thesis submitted by Harry W. Liu to the University of Toronto for the degree of Master of Applied Science. It investigates the effect of base station antenna configurations on soft handoff and coverage performance in wireless CDMA systems through analytical modeling and simulations. The investigation shows that antenna patterns, downtilting, azimuth configuration, and cell layout can substantially affect the handoff and coverage distributions but their percentage variations are not significant. The model provides a basic framework for optimizing the forward link of CDMA networks.
IRJET- Design and Testing of 10W SSPA based S Band Transmitting ModuleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and testing of a 10W SSPA-based S-band transmitting module for use in a multifunction phased array radar system. The module consists of three amplification stages - a pre-driver, driver, and power amplifier. Each stage was simulated in Agilent ADS software to optimize impedance matching and ensure stability. A CREE GaN HEMT was selected as the power amplifier due to its high gain and efficiency capabilities. The fabricated module was tested using a vector network analyzer to validate the S-parameter measurements meet specifications.
A Novel Configuration of A Microstrip Power Amplifier based on GaAs-FET for I...IJECEIAES
Power Amplifiers (PA) are very indispensable components in the design of numerous types of communication transmitters employed in microwave technology. The methodology is exemplified through the design of a 2.45GHz microwave power Amplifier (PA) for the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications using microstrip technology. The main design target is to get a maximum power gain while simultaneously achieving a maximum output power through presenting the optimum impedance which is characteristically carried out per adding a matching circuit between the source and the input of the power amplifier and between the load and the output of the power amplifier. A "T" matching technique is used at the input and the output sides of transistor for assure in band desired that this circuit without reflections and to obtain a maximum power gain. The proposed power amplifier for microwave ISM applications is designed, simulated and optimized by employing Advanced Design System (ADS) software by Agilent. The PA shows good performances in terms of return loss, output power, power gain and stability; the circuit has an input return loss of -38dB and an output return loss of -33.5dB. The 1-dB compression point is 8.69dBm and power gain of the PA is 19.4dBm. The Rollet's Stability measure B1 and the stability factor K of the amplifier is greater than 0 and 1 respectively, which shows that the circuit is unconditionally stable. The total chip size of the PA is 73.5× 36 mm 2 .
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Three Feet Three Element VHF Antenna for ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a three-foot, three-element VHF antenna for use with an ICOM 2300h transceiver. It aims to address issues like damage caused by reverse currents and high standing wave ratios when frequencies are changed. The antenna was simulated using ANSYS HFSS software. Key parameters like voltage standing wave ratio, bandwidth, directivity, gain and efficiency were evaluated. Results showed the VSWR was below 2.5:1 over the operating band and average power gain was 13dBi, making it suitable for point-to-point communication. A protection coil was also developed to nullify reverse currents and reduce standing wave ratios.
This document describes the design of a remote control information display system for a metro train. It includes chapters on the circuit details, components, breadboard implementation, working, and more. The key aspects are:
1. It uses an IR LED and photodiode pair to track the train's movement and measure distance traveled.
2. An RF transmitter and receiver enable wireless communication between the train and station.
3. A microcontroller controls the various devices and displays information like stations and distance on an LCD screen. It also controls voice chips to announce stations.
This document describes the design of a remote control train information display system. It contains 12 chapters that outline the system components, circuit details, working principles, and implementation. The key components are an IR sensor to detect distance traveled, an RF transmitter and receiver for remote control, a microcontroller to process inputs and control outputs, and a voice chip for station announcements. It provides distance information to passengers and announces upcoming and passed stations remotely.
This document describes the design and components of an automatic HF antenna tuner. The tuner uses a directional wattmeter to measure forward and reflected RF power which is sent to a microcontroller. The microcontroller calculates VSWR and controls stepper motors to adjust a variable capacitor and inductor matching network in order to reduce VSWR and improve power transfer between the transceiver and antenna. Key components include the directional coupler, variable inductor and capacitor matching network, microcontroller, analog to digital converter, and stepper motors. The tuner is tested to ensure it can automatically match the antenna from 3.5 to 30 MHz with a maximum 1.5:1 VSWR.
A Novel Configuration of a Microstrip Microwave Wideband Power Amplifier for ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
RF/microwave power amplifier (PA) is one of the components that has a large effect on the
overall performance of communication system especially in transmitter system and their design is decided
by the parameters of transistor selected. This letter presents a new concept of a wide-band microwave
amplifier using scattering parameters that is often used in the radio frequency communication systemas an
application of the active integrated antenna[1- 2]. This power amplifier operates from 1.75 GHz to 2.15GHz
frequency and it is based on AT-41410 NPN transistor that has a high transition frequency of 10GHz. The
proposed Single Stage PA is designed by microstrip technology and simulated with Advanced Design
System (ADS) software. The simulation results indicate good performances; the small power gain (S21) is
changed between 11.8 and 10dB. For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is varied between -11 and -
22.5dB. Regarding the output reflection coefficient (S22) is varied between -13.1 and -18.7dB over the
wide frequency band of 1.75-2.15GHz and stability without oscillating over a wide range of frequencies.
Compact reconfigurable PIFA antenna for wireless applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents, new compact and multiband frequency reconfigurable planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). The antenna is designed and optimized to cover mobile application devices like GPS, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only a single RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna dimensions are 45.6x39.6x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr = 4.3, loss tangent tan (δ) = 0.002 and 50 Ω coaxial feed line. The proposed antenna has two patches connected by a single PIN diode. The antenna introduces nine resonant frequencies under (S11 ≤ -10 dB) which are: 0.980 GHz, 3.392 GHz, 3.924 GHz, 4.554 GHz, 5.82 GHz, 6.81 GHz, 7.305 GHz, 8 GHz and 8.105 GHz in the ON and OFF states of the PIN diode which are applicable to cover GSM900, WLAN/Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G LTE, UWB, and satellite systems. The obtained maximum simulated gain is 8.45 dB at 6.81 GHz. The lowest return loss is obtained to be -42 dB at 5.854 GHz. Detailed simulation and measurement results are explored and studied in this research. The CST software is used to simulate and optimize the proposed PIFA antenna. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and produced a good agreement with the simulation results.
A trade-off design of microstrip broadband power amplifier for UHF applications IJECEIAES
In this paper, the design of a Broadband Power Amplifier for UHF applications is presented. The proposed BPA is based on ATF13876 Agilent active device. The biasing and matching networks both are implemented by using microstrip transmission lines. The input and output matching circuits are designed by combining two broadband matching techniques: a binomial multi-section quarter wave impedance transformer and an approximate transformation of previously designed lumped elements. The proposed BPA shows excellent performances in terms of impedance matching, power gain and unconditionally stability over the operating bandwidth ranging from 1.2 GHz to 3.3 GHz. At 2.2 GHz, the large signal simulation shows a saturated output power of 18.875 dBm with an output 1-dB compression point of 6.5 dBm of input level and a maximum PAE of 36.26%.
This document summarizes a 20 dBm power amplifier for 60 GHz applications that was fabricated using a 0.13-μm SiGe BiCMOS process. Key features include:
1) A fully-integrated on-chip RMS power detector enables automatic level control, built-in self test, and voltage standing wave ratio protection.
2) The single-stage push-pull amplifier achieves a peak power gain of 18 dB, 1-dB compression point of 13.1 dBm, and peak power-added efficiency of 12.7% at 60 GHz.
3) The amplifier can deliver up to 20 dBm of output power, which is the highest reported for silicon at mm-wave
A Novel Design of Voltage Controlled Oscillator by Using the Method of Negati...IJECEIAES
The objective of this paper is to develop a new design of a voltage controlled microwave oscillator by using the method of negative resistance in order to fabricate VCO with very good performance in terms of tuning rang, phase noise, output power and stability. The use of hybrid microwave integrated circuit technology’s (HMIC) offers a lot of advantage for our structure concerning size, cost, productivity, and Q factor. This VCO is designed at [480MHz; 1.4GHz] frequency for applications in the phase locked loop (PLL) for signal tracking, FM demodulation, frequency modulation, mobile communication, etc. The different steps of studied voltage controlled oscillator’s design are thoroughly described. Initially designed at a fixed frequency meanwhile the use of a varactor allow us to tune the frequency of the second design. It has been optimized especially regarding tuning bandwidth, power, phase noise, consumption and size of the whole circuit. The achieved results and proposed amendment are the product of theoretical study and predictive simulations with advanced design system microwave design software. A micro-strip VCO with low phase noise based on high gain ultra low noise RF transistor BFP 740 has been designed, fabricated, and characterized. The VCO delivers a sinusoidal signal at the frequency 480 MHz with tuning bandwidth 920 MHz, spectrum power of 12.62 dBm into 50 Ω load and phase noise of -108 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz offset. Measurement results and simulation are in good agreement. Circuit is designed on FR4 substrate which includes integrated resonators and passive components.
IRJET- Wireless Power Theft Monitoring System using ZigbeeIRJET Journal
This document describes a wireless power theft monitoring system using Zigbee. It aims to address the problem of power theft in India, where about 30% of electricity production is lost due to transmission losses and theft. The system monitors power consumption at the household level and communicates information to a controlling substation using Zigbee wireless transmission. This allows identification of authorized vs unauthorized power usage and helps control theft. The system was tested in an area of Chhattisgarh, India affected by power theft, with successful results in controlling and monitoring theft. It works by measuring household power usage and transmitting the data to the substation when needed via a Zigbee transmitter operating on battery backup.
A Novel Design of a Microstrip Microwave Power Amplifier for DCS Application ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a 1.80GHz class-A Microwave power amplifier (PA). The proposed power amplifier is designed with single-stage architecture. This power amplifier consists of a bipolar transistor and improved by Collector-Feedback Biasing fed with a single power supply. The aim of this work is to improve the performance of this amplifier by using simple stubs with 50Ω microstrip transmissions lines. The proposed PA is investigated and optimized by utilizing Advanced Design System (ADS) software. The simulation results show that the amplifier achieves a high power gain of 13dB, output power rise up to 21dBm and good impedances matching ;For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is below than - 46.39dB. Regarding the output reflection coefficient (S22) is below than -29.898dB, with an overall size of about 93 x 59mm². By the end; we find that this power amplifier offers an excellent performance for DCS applications.
IRJET- Design of Single Phase High Frequency Inverter for Wireless Charging A...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design of a single phase high frequency inverter using an SG3525A PWM control circuit IC for wireless electric vehicle charging applications. The inverter is capable of producing 12V AC voltage at 85kHz as specified by standards.
2. The design uses the SG3525A IC which contains built-in circuitry for PWM control without complex external circuitry. It also has soft start capability and undervoltage lockout. IRFZ44 MOSFETs are used as switching devices in a full-bridge configuration controlled by the IC.
3. The design was able to produce the target 85kHz, 12V AC voltage for experimental wireless charging purposes. Standards specify operating
Design and Implementation of Reconfigurable AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a reconfigurable antenna that can switch between different frequency bands. It uses PIN diode switching to change the resonant frequency of the antenna. The antenna was designed using a microstrip patch structure on an FR-4 substrate. It was simulated in HFSS software and testing showed it could resonate at either 2.44 GHz or 2.62 GHz depending on the state of the PIN diode switch. This allows the single antenna structure to operate at multiple frequencies, improving performance over conventional fixed-frequency antennas.
IRJET- Wireless RF Energy Harvesting using Inverted F AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to develop a wireless RF energy harvesting system using an inverted F antenna. Key points:
- An array of 20 inverted F antennas will be used to harvest RF energy from surrounding wireless devices like mobile phones and WiFi routers.
- The antennas will capture RF signals and convert them to AC which will then be rectified to DC using Schottky diodes.
- The DC output will be stored in a supercapacitor and can then be used to charge batteries for low-power applications.
- Simulation software HFSS was used to design and optimize the inverted F antenna, achieving a maximum gain of 3.1 dB. PCB design software KiCad was used to lay
A simple design and fabrication of polarization reconfigurable antenna for in...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a simple microstrip patch antenna (MPA) that can reconfigure its polarization states from linear to circular polarization in real-time by means of a PIN diode. An antenna is fed by a 50 Ω coaxial cable through the substrate of Teflon with relative permittivity of 2.15. The proposed antenna possesses a simple patch with a one-sided corner truncated to achieve polarization reconfigurability. A PIN diode is loaded to connect the main patch with a truncated corner and further maintain dual polarization states such as linear polarization (LP) and circular polarization (CP). Advanced design system (ADS) was used as a simulator to simulate the antenna, and a good understanding was obtained between simulated and measured results. Measured results showed a good agreement with simulated results at all working frequencies of interest. It shows minimum reflection coefficient gain with -10 dB scattering bandwidth 100 MHz for LP states and 170 MHz for CP states. It also shows an axial ratio of 1.56 dB for CP, and the cross-polarization level is also in a satisfying range.
This document describes the design and implementation of an embedded control system for orienting a radar antenna. The system uses a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to process input from a radar's plane position indicator (PPI) display and control a stepper motor that adjusts the antenna's azimuth position. When a target blip appears on the PPI, the FPGA commands the stepper motor to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise as needed to align the antenna to geographic north. Experimental results showed the system could successfully orient the antenna to within 0.18 degrees using the FPGA and stepper motor control approach.
This document describes the design and implementation of an embedded control system for orienting a radar antenna. The system uses a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to process input from a radar's plane position indicator (PPI) display and control a stepper motor that adjusts the antenna's azimuth position. When a test transmitter is activated, it creates a dummy target blip on the PPI. A potentiometer is used to measure the blip's azimuth angle. The FPGA receives the angle measurement and commands the stepper motor to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise until the antenna is aligned to geographic north. The design was tested by generating four blips at different angles and orienting the antenna to within
Similar to Highly reliable & adaptive smart phased array antenna with gain adjustment and beam forming capabilities for space application (20)
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
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in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
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suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
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Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
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Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
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Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
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The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
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This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
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2. A. Architecture ofPhased Array Antenna Network
Architecture for phased array antenna includes RF
transmitter with its output connected to equally balanced 1:16
output Wilkinson power divider. Then at each output of
Wilkinson power divider a high power 360' controlled
electronic phase shifter is used providing individual element
scanning capability however provided the correct phase these
elements can be used to generate high gain beam [10]. After
phase shifters power amplifiers are used, these power
amplifiers regenerate the power lost at Wilkinson power
divider output and phase shifters in form of insertion losses
through the gain of the amplifier. Output of power amplifiers
get connected to 16 independent coax fed elements of
circularly polarized electronically steerable phased array
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) OAC PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN ) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
LATCH (EN ) PHASE SHIFTER (Vent)
antenna. EIRP equation for whole system comes out to be: FigJ. Digital Network diagram for electronically steerable phased array
EIRP = TXoutpucLosses+ Gain+ Gantenna (1)
PHASE SHIfTER PQWERAMPlIFIER
PHASE SHIFTER POWERAMPLIFIER
PHASE SHIFTER POWERAMPLIAER
PHASE SHIFTER POWERAMPLIFIER
PHASE SHIFTER PQWERAMPlIFIER
PHASE SHIFTER POWERAMPLIFIER
PHASE SHIFTER POWERAMPLIFIER r 16 ELEMENTS
1:16 CIRCULARLY
I
TXOUTPUT
P
WILKINSON
H PHASE SHIFTER POWERAMPLIFIER r
POLARIZED PHASED
POWER POWER H PHASE SHIfTER POWERAMPLIFIER r ARRAY ANTENNA
DIVIDER
PHASE SHIFTER PQWERAMPIIFIER
PHASE SHIfTER POWERAMPLIFIER
PHASE SHIFTER POWERAMPliFIER
PHASE SHIfTER POWERAMPLIFIER
PHASE SHIFTER POWERAMPLIFIER
PHASE SHIfTER POWERAMPLIFIER
PHASE SHIfTER POWERAMPLIFIER
Fig.2. Architecture diagram for electronically steerable phased array antenna
B. Digital Network For SMART electronically steerable
phased array antenna
Digital Network for phased array antenna is responsible for
electronic steering of the antenna beam by providing
appropriate voltage to get certain phase shift. It is also
responsible for gain adjustments for the antenna & is also
responsible for switching of antennas & taking decision which
elements to switch on & which elements to switch off. Hence
digital network makes an antenna a SMART ANTENNA
having both switched beam and adaptive array configuration
simultaneously through algorithms [2].
125
antenna
The brain of digital network is the onboard computer
having algorithms fed into it giving command to latch which
enables & disables and act as a switch for each element to turn
on or off as per requirement. DACs are used to provide
acceptable voltage levels to phase shifters as inputs so they
may provide a certain required phase change, as the phase
shifters are voltage controlled. Phase error depends on the
levels of voltage that DACs can provide and phase shifters can
support.
III. RESULTS FOR SIMULAnON, TESTING &
MEASUREMENTS
A. Gain measurementsfor beamforming network
The gain measurements for beamforming network can be
made without actually changing the phase shifts of phase
shifters so their involvement is not considered here as it will
not scan the beam in other directions. Below is the table
containing the list of gain measurements for different
configurations of ON antenna elements with gain variation,
for covering gain values of all possible combinations.
TABLE!
POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS & GAIN MEASUREMENTS FOR SMART
PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
12870
11440
8008
4368
1820
560
120
16
I
E c= 65536
14.3 ±O.I
14.8 ±O.I
15.2 ±O.I
15.6 ±O.I
16.05 ±O.I
16.4 ±0.05
16.7 ±0.05
17 ±0.05
17.28 0
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on February 21,2012 at 11:24:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
3. 8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
12870
11440
8008
4368
1820
560
120
16
1
Ec= 65536
14.3 ±0.1
14.8 ±0.1
15.2 ±0.1
15.6 ±O.I
16.05 ±O.I
16.4 ±0.05
16.7 ±0.05
17 ±0.05
17.28 0
B. Adaptive phased array antenna gain possibilities
By utilizing the concept of beamforming network &
applying phases to phase shifters, we can increase by the
possibilities of outcomes by many folds. This helps the
antenna to adapt its beam according to the requirements. For
360 ' digital controlled phase shifters number of bits
determines the levels of phase shifts possible. This
phenomenon is illustrated with the help of table mentioned
below:
TABLE II
ADAPTIVE BEAM COMBINATION POSSIBILITIES FOR SMART
PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA
No of Bit
Bits Possible
outcomes
No N/A
phase
shifters
2 4
5 32
6 64
8 256
10 1024
Possible
Combinations
(C)
65536
262144
2097152
4194304
16777216
67108864
Possible
Permutations
(P)
5.687403955x10
13
2.27496 I 582xl0
14
1.8 I 9969266xl0
15
3.63993853 I xlO
ls
1.4559754 I 2xl0
16
5.82390 165x l 0
16
Although all these are combinations are theoretically
possible however implementation & testing of all these
possibilities is not scope of our application.
C. Phased array antenna gain measurement results
Gain for the phased array antenna comes out to be 17.28 dB
and has been measured and tested in anechoic chamber
facility. Grating lobes were not present due to proper inter
element spacing and side lobes have been very low indicating
high performance results as well. Measurement Results for
gain are well matched to simulation results in Ansoft HFSS
vII.
126
dB(GainTotal)
l-dB(Ga01Total)1
2o ,--------------------,
10 +---------r--r--------�
C
.g,-1O +--------+-/----I-i-"c------�
iil
"0
-20 +--�-+_-__r--f-----+_I_-�-_+-�
-30 -j----"----------------=-----j
�0 L-
------------------�
deg{The'a,
Fig.4. Gain measurements for electronically steerable phased array antenna
D. Phased Array antenna axial ratio measurement results
Circular polarization is very critical in satellite
communication & particularly axial ratio is very important
criteria for determining circular polarization as it takes place
when phase difference between electric field components is
90) and are equal in amplitude. Circular polarization is useful
when considering seeing through rain conditions in cases of
radars and satellite communication [3]. An excellent axial
ratio< O.IdB has been achieved through two techniques, first
truncating independent elements and then using elements in
rotated truncated comer configuration further improving the
axial ratio for the entire phased array. Measurement Results
for gain are well matched to simulation results in Ansoft
HFSS vII.
40
35
30
025
.�
"ii 20
·x
�
!g 15
10
o
dB(AxiaiRatioValue)
I-dB{AxiaIRaliov.kJ·,1
� )
/ I
r V I
u
f
) V .. �V V
� � : � � � � � � � 0 � � � � � � � : � �
deg(The,a,
Fig.5. Axial ratio measurements for electronically steerable phased array
antenna
E. Phased array antenna reflection coefficient (s-ll)
measurements
The reflection coefficient is the easiest to measure among
measurements for phased array antenna and is done through
network analyzer. We have used Rohde & Schwarz network
analyzer for our testing. Bandwidth of approximately 150MHz
is achieved which is sufficient for our application.
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on February 21,2012 at 11:24:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
4. dB(S(WavePort1.WavePort1)) I - dB(S(WavoPort1 .WavePortl »I
-5 +_-----��----------���
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(J)
:>
-� +------------���-----�
-25 "--___________________........J
Frequency (GHz)
Fig.6. S-II parameter measurements for electronically steerable phased array
antenna
IV.PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA RELIABILITY
ANALYSIS
Reliability is an extremely important parameter when
considering an antenna or any other component for space
application [11]. However phased array antenna's reliability
depends on phase shifters, power amplifiers, cables &
connections made. The array gain is increased by 3dB if the
number of elements is doubled; similarly if the elements are
reduced to half then gain will be reduced by 3dB. As per
normal link margin analysis it is recommended to have link
margin of 3dB to ensure safe transmission of data and ensure
safe communication. Reliability of phased array antenna can
be verified by turning off certain switches at a time so that
gain degradation verifY that up till how many elements failed
the link will still remain established.
20
18
2
o
Phased ArrayAnlenna R.liabil�y Analysis I -Gain degradation (dB)I
/
I
7
/
7
/
�
----------
-----
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
t�o of OFF Antenna Elements
Fig.7. Reliability & Failure Analysis for electronically steerable phased array
antenna
127
This graph shows that as number of OFF antenna element
increase the gain degradation also increases, however till half
of the elements fail we can ensure that the link will be
established easily as per 3dB margin analysis. This shows
antenna subsystem is highly reliable as link will be established
even if 8 out of 16 elements fail.
V. CONCLUSION
The SMART phased array antenna mentioned in the paper
has the capability of electronic beam steering i.e. adaptive
beam scanning along with independent switched beam
generation capability such that fixed beam and independent
scanned beams can be generated simultaneously while
adjusting gain through the use of digital network involved in
the architecture. Spillover loss can be eliminated as elements
can be independently phase scanned to increase efficiency.
Mentioned is a highly reliable configuration as compared to
others configurations as gain degradation is not catastrophic.
However phased array antennas have high data rates & fast
reaction times as compared to other configurations making
them the ultimate choice in modem & futuristic space
applications
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Institute of Space Technology for
providing us the opportunity to work on this extensive
research project. I would also like to thank Pakistan Space &
Upper Atmosphere Research Commission for providing us the
opportunity to use their anechoic chamber facility for Antenna
measurement analysis. In the end I would also like to thank
my family for supporting me at every moment, without them
it could not have been possible.
REFERENCES
[I] u. Bahl & P. Bhartia, Microstrip antennas, 1981
[2] Constantine A Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis & Design, 3rd Edition.
[3] Hubregt J Visser, Array & Phased array Antenna Basics.
[4] A 32-GHz Microstrip Array Antenna for micro spacecraft Application by
1. Huang.
[5] Y. Lu, D. G. Fang, and H. Wang , "A wideband circularly polarized 2*2
sequentially rotated patch antenna array".
[6] Wonkyu Choi', Cheolrig Pyo. and Jaeick Choi, "Broadband circularly
polarized Comer-truncated Square Patch Array Antenna".
[7] C.-H. Liang, L. Li, and x.-J. Dang,"lnequality condition for grating lobes
of planar phased array".
[8] Thinh Q. Ho*, Charles A Hewett, Lilton N. Hunt, "Lattice Spacing Effect
on Scan Loss for Bat-Wing Phased Array Antennas".
[9] M. G Bray* , D. H. Werner, D. W. Boeringer and D. W. Machuga, "
Thinned Aperiodic Linear Phased Array Optimization for Reduced Grating
Lobes During Scanning with Input Impedance Bounds".
[10] 1. Ehmouda, Z. Briqech, and A Amer , "Steered Microstrip Phased
Array Antennas".
[11]Afromeev, A S.;Kaplun, V. A;Kuzmenko, T. P.;Nakonechnyi, A N.;Sap
alev, V. I., "Reliability analysis of phased-array antennas by the method of
accelerated simulation".
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