The document outlines an IoT-based system designed to respond to vehicle accidents by sending alerts to a control center, which coordinates resources such as ambulances and fire services. It describes the use of various sensors and modules, including a microcontroller, accelerometers, and GSM communications, to monitor accidents and facilitate emergency responses while managing traffic signals to ensure smooth passage for ambulances. The technical specifications of the components involved are also detailed, highlighting their functions and operational capabilities.

1. BULWAARK INTEGRATED
Aditee Apurvaa
IoT developer trainee

2.  If a vehicle meets with an accident,
immediately the alert message with the
location is sent to the Control Center.
 The control center keeps a record, it sends the
signal to the nearby ambulance(from the
accident spot).

3.  The vehicle accident is observed using
vibration sensor and fire sensor, in the control
section the message is received by
microcontroller.
 The system tracks the nearest ambulance and
sends the message to it.
 Also as we are using fire sensor, ein case of fire
a message is sent to the fire stationary.

4.  The Traffic signal section is handled using RF
communication.
 As it senses the ambulance, it will check the
signal of other traffic light in the same route, in
order to avoid collision, if there is no green
light then microcontroller will make the traffic
light green.
 If some other signal section is already green
then it will introduce a delay.

5.  MICROCONTROLLER PIC32MX360F512L
 MEMS ACCELEROMETER ADXL203
 SMOKE SENSOR MQ2
 POWER SUPPLY 5V DC
 GSM MODULE
 GPS MODULE
 RF MODULE

6.  MPLAB IDE
 MQTT Protocol

11.  PIC32MX360F512L specifications:
 80MHz/105DMIPS, 32-bit MIPS M4K Core
 5 Stage pipeline, Harvard architecture
 512K Flash (plus 12K boot Flash)
 32K RAM (can execute from RAM)
 Fast and Accurate 16 channel 10-bit ADC
 Five 16-bit Digital Timers
 Parallel Port PMP16
 2 Comparators
 Internal Oscillator 8 MHz, 32 kHz
 85 I/O Pins
 Pin Count is 100

12.  MQ2 Smoke Sensor:
 Gas sensor (MQ2)module is useful for gas leakage
detecting.
 It can detect LPG,i-butane,
methane,al:cohol,hydrogen,smoke and so on
 Operating voltage:-DC 5V
 Preheat duration:-20s

13.  The output voltage varies by 10mV in response
to every oC rise/fall in ambient
temperature, i.e., its scale factor is 0.01V/ oC.

14.  One of the most common inertial sensors is
the accelerometer, a dynamic sensor capable of a vast
range of sensing. Accelerometers are available that can
measure acceleration in one, two, or three orthogonal
axes. They are typically used in one of three modes:
 As an inertial measurement of velocity and position;
 As a sensor of inclination, tilt, or orientation in 2 or 3
dimensions, as referenced from the acceleration of
gravity (1 g = 9.8m/s2);
 As a vibration or impact (shock) sensor.
 There are considerable advantages to using an analog
accelerometer as opposed to an inclinometer such as a
liquid tilt sensor – inclinometers tend to output binary
information (indicating a state of on or off), thus it is
only possible to detect when the tilt has exceeded some
thresholding angle.

15.  Principles of Operation
 Most accelerometers are Micro-Electro-Mechanical
Sensors (MEMS). The basic principle of operation
behind the MEMS accelerometer is the
displacement of a small proof mass etched into the
silicon surface of the integrated circuit and
suspended by small beams. Consistent with
Newton's second law of motion (F = ma), as an
acceleration is applied to the device, a force
develops which displaces the mass. The support
beams act as a spring, and the fluid (usually air)
trapped inside the IC acts as a damper, resulting in
a second order lumped physical system. This is the
source of the limited operational bandwidth and
non-uniform frequency response of
accelerometers. For more information,
see reference to Elwenspoek, 1993.

17.  Imagine you are standing somewhere on Earth
with three satellites in the sky above you. If you
know how far away you are from satellite A, then
you know you must be located somewhere on the
red circle. If you do the same for satellites B and C,
you can work out your location by seeing where
the three circles intersect. This is just what your
GPS receiver does, although it uses overlapping
spheres rather than circles.
 The more satellites there are above the horizon the
more accurately your GPS unit can determine
where you are.

18.  A GPS tracking system uses the Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network.
This network incorporates a range of satellites
that use microwave signals that are transmitted
to GPS devices to give information on location,
vehicle speed, time and direction. So, a GPS
tracking system can potentially give both real-
time and historic navigation data on any kind
of journey.

19.  GPS provides special satellite signals, which
are processed by a receiver. These GPS
receivers not only track the exact location but
can also compute velocity and time.
 The positions can even be computed in three-
dimensional views with the help of four GPS
satellite signals. The Space Segment of the
Global Positioning System consists of 27 Earth-
orbiting GPS satellites. There are 24 operational
and 3 extra (in case one fails) satellites that
move round the Earth each 12 hours and send
radio signals from space that are received by
the GPS receiver.

21.  A GSM module assembles a GSM modem with
standard communication interfaces like RS-232
(Serial Port), USB etc., so that it can be easily
interfaced with a computer or a microprocessor
/ microcontroller based system. The power
supply circuit is also built in the module that
can be activated by using a suitable adaptor.

22.  GSM MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM
devices that are designed for communication of a
computer with the GSM network.
 It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card
just like mobile phones to activate communication
with the network. Also they
have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment
Identity) number similar to mobile phones for their
identification. A GSM MODEM can perform the
following operations:
1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.
2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.
3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

23.  The MODEM needs AT commands, for
interacting with processor or controller, which
are communicated through serial
communication. These commands are sent by
the controller/processor. The MODEM sends
back a result after it receives a command.
Different AT commands supported by the
MODEM can be sent by the
processor/controller/computer to interact with
the GSM cellular network.

26.  The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The
corresponding frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this
RF system, the digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude
of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is known as Amplitude Shift
Keying (ASK).
 Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many
reasons. Firstly, signals through RF can travel through larger distances
making it suitable for long range applications.
 Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel
even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next,
RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF
communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are
affected by other IR emitting sources.

27.  This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and
an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair
operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter
receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through
RF through its antenna connected at pin4. The
transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The
transmitted data is received by an RF receiver
operating at the same frequency as that of the
transmitter.

 The RF module is often used alongwith a pair of
encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding
parallel data for transmission feed while reception is
decoded by a decoder. HT12E-HT12D, HT640-HT648,
etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair
ICs.