The document discusses various theories related to organizational behaviour and motivation. It defines key concepts like attitudes, perception, personality traits and provides explanations of several motivation theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, McClelland's needs theory, equity theory, goal setting theory and McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y. It also covers learning theories including classical conditioning, operant conditioning and cognitive learning theory, and discusses the big five personality traits of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness.

1. **NOTE**Ma’m divided motivational theories in 2 questions, but I’ve combined it, so that makes total 9 questions. Please don’t get confuse that there are only 9 Answers here.***ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR**Ans.1 Organizational Behaviour ImportanceOB provides a way for understanding human behaviour in the organisation. For shaping human behaviour in a definite direction for achieving predetermined objectives, managers must know how the people in the organisation behave. OB provides for understanding human behaviour in all directions in which human beings interact. So, OB can be studied at individual level, interpersonal level, group level and intergroup level.Individual Level: - The behaviour of human beings as a social man is the first issue in behavioural science. It provides for analysing why and how an individual behaves in a particular way. OB integrates all the factors which affect the human behaviour so as to understand it.Interpersonal Level: - Human behaviour can be understood at the level of interpersonal interaction. Such interpersonal interaction is normally in paired relationship which represents man’s most natural attempt at socialism. OB provides means to understand these interpersonal relations with the help of different methods.Group Level: - Though people interpret anything at their individual level, they are often modified by group pressure which then becomes a force in shaping human behaviour. OB helps in understanding the human behaviour in a group as how the group behaves in its norms, consistency, goals, procedures, communication pattern, leadership and membership. Intergroup Level: - The organisation is made up of many groups. Intergroup relations may be in the form of co-operation or competition. Understanding this behaviour is very important for the managers in the organisation as it is this relationship which helps the organisation in achieving its objectives. OB helps in understanding and achieving co-operative group relationships through interactions, rotation of members among groups, avoidance of win-lose situations, and focus on the total group objectives. Ans 2.Learning is the process by which new behaviours are acquired. It is generally agreed that learning involves changes in behaviour, practicing new behaviours, and establishing permanency in the change.Nature of LearningLearning involves a change in behaviour though, not necessary that the change is an improvement over previous behaviour.

2. The behavioural change must be permanent.

3. The behavioural change must be based on some form of practice or experience.

4. The practice or experience must be reinforced in order for learning to occur.Theories of Learning Conditioning Theory: - Conditioning is the process in which an ineffective object or situation becomes so much effective that it makes the hidden response noticeable. In the absence of this stimulus hidden response is the natural or normal response. Conditioning has 2 main theories: -

5. Classical Conditioning: - It states that behaviour is learned by repetitive association between a stimulus and a response. Elements always present in this theory are: -1. Unconditional Stimulus like food which causes to react in a certain way. Unconditional Response takes place whenever the unconditional stimulus is presented.

6. Conditional Stimulus – The object that does not initially bring about the desired response.

7. Conditioned stimulus – a particular behaviour that the organism learns to produce.Ivan Pavlov’s demonstration: - When Pavlov presented a piece of meat to a dog it salivated (Unconditional Response). On the other hand, when he merely rang a bell (neutral stimulus), the dog had no salivation. This shows ringing of bell is having no effect on the dog. Then Pavlov accompanied meat with ringing of bell. Dog salivated. The experiment was repeated several times. Now, Pavlov just rang the bell without presenting the meat. The dog now salivated. Now in the new situation, the dog has been classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of the bell.Operant Conditioning: - Operant is defined as behaviour that produces effects. This conditioning suggests that people emit responses that are rewarded and will not emit responses that are either not rewarded or punished. Operant conditioning implies that the behaviour is voluntary and it is determined, maintained and controlled by its consequences. The operant conditioning involves the relationship between the three elements: -

8. Stimulus situation (Important event in the situation),

9. Behavioural response to the situation, and

10. Consequence to the response to the person. e.g. Application of brake by a vehicle driver to avoid accident.Here, the possibility of accident without application of brake is stimulus situation, application of brake is behaviour and avoidance of accident is the consequence of behaviour.Cognitive Learning Theory: - Cognition approach emphasises the positive and free will aspect of human behaviour. Cognition refers to an individual’s ideas, thought, knowledge interpretation, and understanding about himself and his environment. Cognition in learning implies that organism learns the meaning of various objects and events and learned responses depend on the meaning assigned to stimuli. Tolman’s Demonstration: - A rat was trained to turn right in T – Shaped maze in order to obtain food. Then the rat was started from the opposite side of maze. The rat as trained (conditioned) should have turned right but the rat turned toward where the food was placed. Tolman concluded that, the rat formed a cognitive map to figure out how to get the food and reinforcement was not a precondition for learning to take place.

11. Social Learning Theory: - It combines and integrates both behaviouristic and cognitive concepts. It points that learning can also take place via modeling. Modeling process involves observational learning. Learning does not result from discrete stimulus-response-consequence connections. Instead, learning can take place through imitating others.

12. According to Social Learning Theory, learning occurs in two steps:

13. 1. The person observes how others act and then acquires a mental picture of the act and its consequences. (Rewarding or Punishment)

14. 2. The person acts out the acquired image and if the consequences are positive he will tend to do it again. If the consequences are negative, the person will not do it again.

15. Ans. 3.