Discussions on
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN, 2 Associate Professor @NSM
Ethical Dilemma: The Big Easy? (p.244)
Motivation
Early Theories of Motivation
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & NeharikaVohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15thed., p. 213-251
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Who Are Leaders and What Is Leadership
Define leaders and leadership.
Explain why managers should be leaders.
Early Leadership Theories
Discuss what research has shown about leadership traits.
Contrast the findings of the four behavioral leadership
theories.
Explain the dual nature of a leader s behavior.
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Who Are Leaders and What Is Leadership
Define leaders and leadership.
Explain why managers should be leaders.
Early Leadership Theories
Discuss what research has shown about leadership traits.
Contrast the findings of the four behavioral leadership
theories.
Explain the dual nature of a leader s behavior.
This chapter is very essential for those who are studying OB and as well has a huge importance for everyone else. Attitude is what makes someone successful and someone else unsuccessful. attitude is defined as evaluative statements- either favorable or unfavorable- concerning people, things, objects etc.while job satisfaction is a positive feeling about one's job.
Job involvement refers to a state of psychological identification with work—or the degree to which a job is central to a person’s identity. From an organizational perspective, it has been regarded as the key to unlocking employee motivation and increasing productivity.
Contrast the three components of an attitude.
Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behavior.
Identify the role consistency plays in attitudes.
State the relationship between job satisfaction and behavior.
Identify four employee responses to dissatisfaction.
Ob1 unit 3 chapter - 10 - perception, attribuions, emotions and emotional i...Dr S Gokula Krishnan
Discussions on
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN, 2 Associate Professor @NSM
Case Incident: Predictions That Didn’t Quite Pan Out(p.206)
What is Perception?
Factors that influencing Perception
Person Perception: Making Judgment About Others
Attribution Theory
Common shortcuts in judging others
Individual Decision Making
Impression Management
Case Incident: Is It Okay to Cry at Work(p.128)
Emotions
Emotional Intelligence
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & NeharikaVohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15thed., p. 175-201 & 101-125
Case Incident: Is there a Price for Being to Nice
What is Personality?
Measuring Personality
Determinants of Personality
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
The Big Five Personality Model
Other Personality Traits Relevant to OB
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & Neharika Vohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15th ed., p. 135-150
This chapter is very essential for those who are studying OB and as well has a huge importance for everyone else. Attitude is what makes someone successful and someone else unsuccessful. attitude is defined as evaluative statements- either favorable or unfavorable- concerning people, things, objects etc.while job satisfaction is a positive feeling about one's job.
Job involvement refers to a state of psychological identification with work—or the degree to which a job is central to a person’s identity. From an organizational perspective, it has been regarded as the key to unlocking employee motivation and increasing productivity.
Contrast the three components of an attitude.
Summarize the relationship between attitudes and behavior.
Identify the role consistency plays in attitudes.
State the relationship between job satisfaction and behavior.
Identify four employee responses to dissatisfaction.
Ob1 unit 3 chapter - 10 - perception, attribuions, emotions and emotional i...Dr S Gokula Krishnan
Discussions on
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN, 2 Associate Professor @NSM
Case Incident: Predictions That Didn’t Quite Pan Out(p.206)
What is Perception?
Factors that influencing Perception
Person Perception: Making Judgment About Others
Attribution Theory
Common shortcuts in judging others
Individual Decision Making
Impression Management
Case Incident: Is It Okay to Cry at Work(p.128)
Emotions
Emotional Intelligence
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & NeharikaVohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15thed., p. 175-201 & 101-125
Case Incident: Is there a Price for Being to Nice
What is Personality?
Measuring Personality
Determinants of Personality
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
The Big Five Personality Model
Other Personality Traits Relevant to OB
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & Neharika Vohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15th ed., p. 135-150
Ethical Dilemma: Bounty Hunters (p.94)
What is Attitude?
Components of Attitudes
Does Behavior always follow from attitudes?
What are the major job attitudes?
Job Satisfaction (JS)
The impact of satisfied and dissatisfied employees on the workplace.
JS and Job Performance
JS and Organizational Citizenship Behavior(OCB)
JS and Customer Satisfaction
JS and Absenteeism
JS and Turnover
JS and Workplace Deviance
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & Neharika Vohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15th ed., p. 73-90
Discussions on
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN, 2 Associate Professor @NSM
Definition of Conflict
Transitions in Conflict Thought
Conflict Process
Conflict Management Techniques
Negotiation
Bargaining Strategies
The Negotiation Process
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & NeharikaVohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15thed., p. 477-502
Skill Building Exercises – 1 & 2
Case Incident – Left or Right?
Individual Behavior
Individual Goals vs. Organizational Demands
Behavior of Individuals in an Organization
Rational Economic Man
Social Man
Organization Man
Self-actualization Man
Complex Man
Reference:
VSP Rao (2009). Organizational Behaviour,1st ed., Excel Books, p. 99-108
Quality Attributes and Software Architectures Emerging Through Agile Developm...Waqas Tariq
Software architectures play an important role as an intermediate stage through which system requirements are translated into full scale working system. The idea of what a system does, what it does not, and different concerns and requirements can be negotiated and expressed clearly through the software architecture. Software architectures exist to enhance and provide quality attributes, while they are quality attributes and their required level of achievement which can offer numerous number of software architectures for a single software system.
We believe that the agile approach to architecting is problematic because of agilists’ beliefs about how to architect a software system, and how critical quality attributes are to achieve a stable yet flexible architecture. Through this research we clarify these issues, and discuss consequences of agile architecting on achieved level of quality attributes. We are going to pursue the answer to how to architect to achieve required level of quality attributes, while adopting an agile process.
Traditional Nature Sciences Are Unoptimizable Methodologies to Explore Whole ...Waqas Tariq
In allusion to problem of coming true the human’s final objective of scientific exploratory researches, this paper presented a new concept: the optimal methodology for human to explore whole universe. Based on the scientific computing of substance running process in whole universe system, as well as historically statistical summary of traditional natural science researches, this paper discovered that the traditional nature sciences are unoptimizable methodologies to explore whole universe, because nature sciences can just research on external phenomena which can be envisioned or guessed or measured by all possible means and equipments of sciences and technologies, although these nature sciences are just partially optimal methodologies to specially explore the substance phenomena in the existent and developing environments of human.
Consiste en someter a una probeta normalizada realizada con un material a un esfuerzo axial de tracción creciente hasta que se produce la rotura de la probeta. Determinándose con este diversas características de los materiales
Consiste en someter a una probeta normalizada realizada con un material a un esfuerzo axial de tracción creciente hasta que se produce la rotura de la probeta. Determinándose con este diversas características de los materiales<a><img src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />Este obra está bajo una <a>licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional</a>.<br />Creado a partir de la obra en <a>http://es.slideshare.net/plguedez/ensayo-de-traccion-1</a>.
23March 2010Vol. 22 No. 1Engineering Management Journal
HDM Modeling as a Tool to Assist Management With
Employee Motivation: The Case of Silicon Forest
Georgina Harell, Portland State University
Tugrul U. Daim, Portland State University
the various options more than once, and put a number to the
importance of one option over another.
This study shows a pathway to employee motivation more than
the traditional HDM approach which has the end result being one
choice. The group survey results provide a better understanding of
the differences and the specific values of the groups and smaller
sub-groups. For example, management can conclude from this
survey that women’s tangible motivators are pay and bonuses
followed by outside environment and working conditions.
Literature Review
The theory of human motivation started as an interest of
psychologists, but managers soon realized the importance of
knowing how to motivate their workforce. The work of human
motivation started as early as the Greeks (Skinner, 1965), and
is still intriguing many researchers today. Motivation through
conditioning responses has been explored in great detail since the
late 19th century. The most famous account of conditioned responses
has to be that of Pavlov’s dog—where a dog was conditioned to
salivate at the sound of a bell by repeatedly reinforcing that after a
certain sound food would be presented. This type of response has
been termed a conditioned reflex. In short, the subject has been
trained to produce a response normally associated with stimulus
A when stimulus B is presented. Pavlov’s work was just the tip
of the iceberg in terms of understanding human behavior in
response to a stimulus (Skinner, 1965). E.L. Thorndike expanded
the knowledge of human behavior by exploring the concept of
learning curves. Thorndike did considerable research examining
how long it took creatures to solve a simple problem, for example,
how to escape from a latched box. Thorndike noted that initially
the creature would take a considerable amount of time to solve the
problem, but after more and more attempts at the same situation
the solution came more and more quickly. Learning curves help
clarify how behavior in complex situations are sorted, emphasized,
and reordered. Thorndike’s work is a pivotal step toward the more
modern concept of operant conditioning (Skinner, 1965).
Operant conditioning is far more complicated than the
simple notion of reflex conditioning illustrated by Pavlov.
Operant conditioning looks at human behavior as a complicated
series of tendencies, and rather than looking at responses as either
happening or not happening, operant conditioning considers
a response as having a probability of occurring. By examining
human behavior as a probability of a response occurring, more
complicated interactions can be examined. There are two points
in operant conditioning—operant reinforcement, where a subject
is conditioned ...
Discussions on
Approaches to the study of OB
Classical Approach
Neo-Classical Approach
Behavioral Approach
Contingency Approach and
Systems Approach
Reference:
VSP Rao (2009). Organizational Behaviour,1sted., Excel Books, p.71-92
Topic: Theories of Motivation
Student Name: Nadia
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Leadership is "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal." The leader may or may not have any formal authority. Students of leadership have produced theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and values, charisma, and intelligence among others.
Ob i motivation concepts & applications- perception & attitudesShivkumar Menon
Organizational Behavior I as part of the XLRI VIL Syllabus
The areas captured are relevant in today's context at the workplace. The concepts and applications delve on people, organization, structure and how behavior of employees and leaders in organizations bring efficiency and effectivity.
Motivation is an action that stimulates an individual to take a course of action, which will result in an attainment of goals, or satisfaction of certain material or psychological needs of the individual. Motivation is a powerful tool in the hands of leaders. It can persuade convince and propel people to act.
Similar to Ob1 unit 3 chapter - 11 - motivation (20)
Circular Flow of Economy / Income
Post COVID 19 Scenarios in the World
Post COVID 19 Scenarios in India
COVID 19 Challenges – Employees
COVID 19 Challenges – Employers
Be Vocal for Local
Discussions on
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN, 2 Associate Professor @NSM
Definition of Power
Bases of Power
Dependence: The Key to Power
Power Tactics
Politics: Power in Action
Causes and Consequences of Political Behavior
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & NeharikaVohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15thed., p. 439-466
Discussions on
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN, 2 Associate Professor @NSM
Leadership
Leadership Theories
Developing Leadership Skills
Leadership Styles
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & NeharikaVohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15thed., p. 393-424
Discussions on
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN, 2 Associate Professor @NSM
Case Incident: Herd Behavior and the Housing Bubble (and Collapse) (p.320)
Defining and Classifying Groups
Stages of Group Development
Group Properties
Group Decision Making
Group versus the Individual
Groupthink and Groupshift
Group Decision making techniques
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & NeharikaVohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15thed., p. 287-313
Ob1 unit 4 chapter - 13 - developing interpersonal awarenessDr S Gokula Krishnan
Discussions on
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN, 2 Associate Professor @NSM
Transactional Analysis (TA)
JohariWindow
Development of Inter-personal Relationship
Principles of changes in awareness
Reference:
KondalkarV G (2007), Organizational Behaviour, 1sted., New Age Publications, p. 129-144
Basic OB Models
OB Models
Comparison of OB Models
Reference:
1. VSP Rao (2009). Organizational Behaviour,1st ed., Excel Books, p.10-13
2. John W Newstrom, Organizational behaviour-Human behaviour at work, 12th ed., McGrawHill Publication, p.30.
Understanding Organizational Behavior
Fundamental Concepts
Organizational processes
Organizational structure
Organizational Change and Innovation processes
Effectiveness in organizations
Limitations and Continuing challenges to OB
Reference:
1. Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & Neharika Vohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15th ed., p. 17-24 &
2. Other Reference Books
Discussions on
- What is Organizational Structure?
- Key Elements in Designing the proper Organizational Structure.
- Common Organizational Designs
- New Design Options
- Why do structures differ?
- Organizational Development
- OD Techniques or Interventions
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & Neharika Vohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15th ed., p. 515-537 & 594-598
Discussions on
Disciplines Contributing to OB
Psychology
Sociology
Anthropology
Social Psychology
Economics & Political Science
Case Incident -2
Article –1
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & NeharikaVohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15thed., p. 14-16
Discussions on
Importance of Interpersonal Skills
What Managers Do?
Management Functions
Management Roles
Management Skills
Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities
Organizational Behaviour
Complementing Intuition with systematic study
Case Incident -1
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins, Timothy A Judge & NeharikaVohra, Organizational Behaviour, 15thed., p. 2-14
Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities to radically reinvent the way we do business. This study explores how CEOs and top decision makers around the world are responding to the transformative potential of AI.
The case study discusses the potential of drone delivery and the challenges that need to be addressed before it becomes widespread.
Key takeaways:
Drone delivery is in its early stages: Amazon's trial in the UK demonstrates the potential for faster deliveries, but it's still limited by regulations and technology.
Regulations are a major hurdle: Safety concerns around drone collisions with airplanes and people have led to restrictions on flight height and location.
Other challenges exist: Who will use drone delivery the most? Is it cost-effective compared to traditional delivery trucks?
Discussion questions:
Managerial challenges: Integrating drones requires planning for new infrastructure, training staff, and navigating regulations. There are also marketing and recruitment considerations specific to this technology.
External forces vary by country: Regulations, consumer acceptance, and infrastructure all differ between countries.
Demographics matter: Younger generations might be more receptive to drone delivery, while older populations might have concerns.
Stakeholders for Amazon: Customers, regulators, aviation authorities, and competitors are all stakeholders. Regulators likely hold the greatest influence as they determine the feasibility of drone delivery.
Senior Project and Engineering Leader Jim Smith.pdfJim Smith
I am a Project and Engineering Leader with extensive experience as a Business Operations Leader, Technical Project Manager, Engineering Manager and Operations Experience for Domestic and International companies such as Electrolux, Carrier, and Deutz. I have developed new products using Stage Gate development/MS Project/JIRA, for the pro-duction of Medical Equipment, Large Commercial Refrigeration Systems, Appliances, HVAC, and Diesel engines.
My experience includes:
Managed customized engineered refrigeration system projects with high voltage power panels from quote to ship, coordinating actions between electrical engineering, mechanical design and application engineering, purchasing, production, test, quality assurance and field installation. Managed projects $25k to $1M per project; 4-8 per month. (Hussmann refrigeration)
Successfully developed the $15-20M yearly corporate capital strategy for manufacturing, with the Executive Team and key stakeholders. Created project scope and specifications, business case, ROI, managed project plans with key personnel for nine consumer product manufacturing and distribution sites; to support the company’s strategic sales plan.
Over 15 years of experience managing and developing cost improvement projects with key Stakeholders, site Manufacturing Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Maintenance, and facility support personnel to optimize pro-duction operations, safety, EHS, and new product development. (BioLab, Deutz, Caire)
Experience working as a Technical Manager developing new products with chemical engineers and packaging engineers to enhance and reduce the cost of retail products. I have led the activities of multiple engineering groups with diverse backgrounds.
Great experience managing the product development of products which utilize complex electrical controls, high voltage power panels, product testing, and commissioning.
Created project scope, business case, ROI for multiple capital projects to support electrotechnical assembly and CPG goods. Identified project cost, risk, success criteria, and performed equipment qualifications. (Carrier, Electrolux, Biolab, Price, Hussmann)
Created detailed projects plans using MS Project, Gant charts in excel, and updated new product development in Jira for stakeholders and project team members including critical path.
Great knowledge of ISO9001, NFPA, OSHA regulations.
User level knowledge of MRP/SAP, MS Project, Powerpoint, Visio, Mastercontrol, JIRA, Power BI and Tableau.
I appreciate your consideration, and look forward to discussing this role with you, and how I can lead your company’s growth and profitability. I can be contacted via LinkedIn via phone or E Mail.
Jim Smith
678-993-7195
jimsmith30024@gmail.com
The Team Member and Guest Experience - Lead and Take Care of your restaurant team. They are the people closest to and delivering Hospitality to your paying Guests!
Make the call, and we can assist you.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
Oprah Winfrey: A Leader in Media, Philanthropy, and Empowerment | CIO Women M...CIOWomenMagazine
This person is none other than Oprah Winfrey, a highly influential figure whose impact extends beyond television. This article will delve into the remarkable life and lasting legacy of Oprah. Her story serves as a reminder of the importance of perseverance, compassion, and firm determination.
1. 10/11/2016
1
Unit – 3 CHAPTER - 11
MOTIVATION
MBA 12 ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR - 1
Delivered By,
Dr. S. Gokula Krishnan, PhD.,
Associate Professor – OB, HR & Data Analytics,
Nehru School of Management,
Nehru College of Engineering & Research Centre.
E-mail : prof.gokulakrishnan@gmail.com
Discussions on
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM2
Ethical Dilemma:The Big Easy? (p.244)
Motivation
EarlyTheories of Motivation
ContemporaryTheories of Motivation
Reference:
Stephen P Robbins,TimothyA Judge & NeharikaVohra, Organizational
Behaviour, 15th ed., p. 213-251
2. 10/11/2016
2
Ethical Dilemma: The Big Easy?
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM3
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM4
As you know, college is an expensive proposition. Students, parents,
donors, and the government invest millions of dollars every year. Thus,
there may be an incumbent responsibility on students to ensure they are
learning. However, consider the following results from a recent study of
time use by more than 3,000 undergraduates:
Questions
1. One article commented that college students are “frittering away their
time at an astonishing rate.” Do you agree this is what the data show? Why
or why not?
2. Do you think students have an ethical responsibility to spend more time
studying?Why or why not?
3. One study suggested that full-time students in 1961 studied an average
of 40 hours per week, compared to 27 hours now. Does this apparent
trend concern you? Do you think that, as some experts have claimed, our
economic competitiveness would increase if college students studied
more?
3. 10/11/2016
3
Motivation
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM5
Motivation The processes that account for an individual’s intensity,
direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
Three key elements (Intensity, Direction & Effort)
Intensity describes how hard a person tries. This is the element most of
us focus on when we talk about motivation.
However, high intensity is unlikely to lead to favorable job-performance
outcomes unless the effort is channeled in a direction that benefits the
organization. Therefore, we consider the quality of effort as well as its
intensity. Effort directed toward, and consistent with, the organization’s
goals is the kind of effort we should be seeking.
Finally, motivation has a persistence dimension. This measures how long
a person can maintain effort. Motivated individuals stay with a task long
enough to achieve their goal.
Theories of Motivation
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM6
EarlyTheories of Motivation
• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
theory
• Theory X &TheoryY – Douglas
McGregor
• Herzberg’s two factor theory
• McClelland’s theory of needs
ContemporaryTheories of
Motivation
• Self-determination theory
• Cognitive evaluation theory
• Goal-setting theory
• Self-efficacy theory
• Reinforcement theory
• Equity of theory
• Expectancy theory
• ERGTheory
• Job design theory
• Theory Z
• Carrot and stick theory
4. 10/11/2016
4
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM7
Physiological. Includes hunger, thirst,
shelter, sex, and other bodily needs.
Safety. Security and protection from
physical and emotional harm.
Social. Affection, belongingness,
acceptance, and friendship.
Esteem. Internal factors such as self-
respect, autonomy, and achievement, and
external factors such as status,
recognition, and attention.
Self-actualization. Drive to become
what we are capable of becoming;
includes growth, achieving our potential,
and self-fulfillment.
Lower order Needs: Needs that are
satisfied externally; Physiological Needs
and Safety Needs
Higher order Needs: Needs that are
satisfied internally; Social, Esteem and
Self-actualization needs
Herzberg’s two factor theory
MOTIVATION FACTORS HYGIENE FACTORS
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM8
Achievement
Recognition
Work itself
Responsibility
Advancement
Growth
Company policy & administration
Supervision
Interpersonal relationship with superiors
Interpersonal relationship with peers
Interpersonal relationship with
subordinates
Salary
Working conditions
Personal life
Security
Status
Two-factor theory A theory
that relates intrinsic factors to job
satisfaction and associates extrinsic
factors with dissatisfaction.Also
called motivation hygiene
theory.
5. 10/11/2016
5
Theory X & Theory Y –
Douglas McGregor
McClelland’s theory of
needs
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM9
Theory X The assumption
that employees dislike
work, are lazy, dislike
responsibility, and must be
coerced to perform.
Theory Y The assumption
that employees like work,
are creative, seek
responsibility, and can
exercise self-direction.
McClelland’s theory of
needs A theory that states
achievement,power,and affiliation
are three important needs that help
explain motivation.
● Need for achievement
(nAch) is the drive to excel, to
achieve in relationship to a set of
standards.
● Need for power (nPow) is the
need to make others behave in a way
they would not have otherwise.
● Need for affiliation (nAff) is
the desire for friendly and close
interpersonal relationships.
Theory X and Theory Y
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM10
UnderTheory X, the four assumptions held by managers are:
Employees inherently dislike work and whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it.
Since employees dislike work, they must be coerced, or threatened with punishment
to achieve the goals.
Employees will avoid responsibilities and seek formal direction whenever possible.
Most workers place security above all other factors associated with and will display
little ambition.
Positive assumptions ofTheoryY:
Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play.
People will exercise self-direction and self-control if they are committed to the
objectives
The average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility.
The ability to make innovative decisions is widely dispersed throughout the
population and is not necessarily the sole province of those in management positions.
Theory X assumes that lower-order needs dominate individuals; whereas Theory
Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals.
According to himTheoryY assumptions were more valid thanTheory X.
6. 10/11/2016
6
Contemporary Theories
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM11
Self-determination theory A theory of motivation that is concerned
with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects
of extrinsic motivation.
Cognitive evaluation theory A version of self-determination theory
which holds that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been
previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of
motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling.
Goal-setting theory A theory that says that specific and difficult goals,
with feedback, lead to higher performance.
Management By Objectives (MBO) A program that encompasses
specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on
goal progress.
Self-efficacy (also known as social cognitive theory or social learning
theory ) refers to an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of
performing a task.
Albert Bandura, proposes four ways self-efficacy can be increased: 1.
Enactive mastery, 2. Vicarious modeling,Verbal persuasion and 4. Arousal.
Reinforcement theory
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM12
Reinforcement theory A theory that says that behavior is a function of its consequences.
Components of ReinforcementTheory
Operant conditioning theory, probably the most relevant component of reinforcement
theory for management, argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to
avoid something they don’t want. Unlike reflexive or unlearned behavior, operant behavior is
influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement brought about by its consequences.
Therefore, reinforcement strengthens a behavior and increases the likelihood it will be
repeated
Social-learning theory The view that we can learn through both observation and direct
experience.
Models are central to the social-learning viewpoint. Four processes determine their influence on an
individual:
Attentional processes. People learn from a model only when they recognize and pay attention to its
critical features. We tend to be most influenced by models that are attractive, repeatedly available,
important to us, or similar to us in our estimation.
Retention processes. A model’s influence depends on how well the individual remembers the
model’s action after the model is no longer readily available.
Motor reproduction processes. After a person has seen a new behavior by observing the model,
watching must be converted to doing. This process demonstrates that the individual can perform the
modeled activities.
Reinforcement processes. Individuals are motivated to exhibit the modeled behavior if positive
incentives or rewards are provided. Positively reinforced behaviors are given more attention, learned
better, and performed more often.
7. 10/11/2016
7
Equity Theory/Organizational Justice
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM13
Equity theory A theory that says that individuals compare their job inputs and
outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.
The referent an employee selects adds to the complexity of equity theory . There are
four referent comparisons:
Self–inside. An employee’s experiences in a different position inside the employee’s
current organization.
Self–outside. An employee’s experiences in a situation or position outside the employee’s
current organization.
Other–inside. Another individual or group of individuals inside the employee’s
organization.
Other–outside. Another individual or group of individuals outside the employee’s
organization.
Based on equity theory, employees who perceive inequity will make one of six choices:
Change inputs (exert less effort if underpaid or more if overpaid).
Change outcomes (individuals paid on a piece-rate basis can increase their pay by
producing a higher quantity of units of lower quality).
Distort perceptions of self (“I used to think I worked at a moderate pace, but now I
realize I work a lot harder than everyone else.”).
Distort perceptionsof others (“Mike’s job isn’t as desirable as I thought.”).
Choose a different referent (“I may not make as much as my brother-in-law, but I’m
doing a lot better than my Dad did when he was my age.”).
Leave the field (quit the job)
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM14
8. 10/11/2016
8
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM15
Distributive justice Perceived fairness of the amount and
allocation of rewards among individuals.
Procedural justice The perceived fairness of the process used
to determine the distribution of rewards.
Interactional justice The perceived degree to which an
individual is treated with dignity, concern, and respect.
Organizational justice An overall perception of what is fair in
the workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, and
interactional justice.
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM16
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Expectancy Theory
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM17
One of the most widely accepted explanations of motivation is
VictorVroom’s expectancy theory.
Effort–performance relationship. The probability perceived
by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead
to performance.
Performance–reward relationship. The degree to which the
individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to the
attainment of a desired outcome.
Rewards–personal goals relationship. The degree to which
organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or
needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the
individual.
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM18
10. 10/11/2016
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Job design theory
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM19
The way the elements in job are organized
Elements of job design theory are:
1)The Job Characteristics’ Model (JCM)
2) Social Information Processing Model (SIP)
The Job Characteristics Model (JCM):
It proposes that any job can be described in terms of five core job
dimensions.
1. Skill variety: The degree to which the job requires a variety of different
activities so the worker can use a number of different skills and talent. E.g.
interacts with customers
2. Task identity: The degree to which job requires completion of a whole
and identifiable piece of work. E.g. cabinetmaker who designs a piece of
furniture.
3. Task significance: The degree to which the job has a substantial impact
on the lives or work of other people. E.g. a job scoring high on significance
would be a nurse handling the diverse needs of patients in a hospital intensive
care unit.
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM20
4. Autonomy: The degree to which the job provides substantial
freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling
the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it
out. E.g. Salesperson without supervision
5. Feedback: The degree to which carrying out the work activities
required by the job results in the individual obtaining direct and clear
information about the effectiveness of his or her performance.
The core dimensions can be combined into a single predictive
index, called the Motivating potential score (MPS), which is
calculated as follows:
Social Information Processing Model (SIP):
Employees adopt attitudes and behaviors in response to the social cues
provided by others with whom they have contact.
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Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM21
Dr. S. GOKULA KRISHNAN,Associate Professor @NSM22
Carrot and StickTheory
The "carrot and stick" approach (also "carrot or stick approach") is
an idiom that refers to a policy of offering a combination of rewards
and punishment to induce behavior. It is named in reference to a cart driver
dangling a carrot in front of a mule and holding a stick behind it. The mule would
move towards the carrot because it wants the reward of food, while also moving
away from the stick behind it, since it does not want the punishment of pain, thus
drawing the cart.
The idiom is used in the field of International Relations to describe
the realist concept of 'hard power'. The carrot can stand for tax cuts or other
benefits, the stick can stand for the use of (psychological) violence and threats by
the government.
In modern usage, the idea has also come to be used in a related idiom, "the carrot
or the stick." This refers to the process of weighing and/or deciding whether a
desired behavior would be better induced via the enticement of benefits or the
threat of punishments.
Theory Z is a name for various theories of human motivation built on Douglas
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y. Theories X, Y and various versions of Z have
been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational
communication and organizational development.