This presentation discusses about the following subtopics:
What is a government deficit?
Types of deficit
What is a revenue deficit?
What is a fiscal deficit?
What is a primary deficit?
Difference between Fiscal Deficit and Revenue Deficit
Difference between Primary Deficit and Revenue Deficit
objectives of fiscal policy
,
to accelerate the rate of economic growth:
,
optimum allocation of resources
,
generally following are the objectives of a fiscal
,
equitable distribution of income and wealth:
,
full employment
,
to encourage investment
,
economic stability:
This presentation discusses about the following subtopics:
What is a government deficit?
Types of deficit
What is a revenue deficit?
What is a fiscal deficit?
What is a primary deficit?
Difference between Fiscal Deficit and Revenue Deficit
Difference between Primary Deficit and Revenue Deficit
objectives of fiscal policy
,
to accelerate the rate of economic growth:
,
optimum allocation of resources
,
generally following are the objectives of a fiscal
,
equitable distribution of income and wealth:
,
full employment
,
to encourage investment
,
economic stability:
Public finance chapter 7, difference between public finance and private finance, Principle of Maximum Social Advantage, Canons of Taxation, Types of Tax, Direct and Indirect Tax, Specific and Ad veloram tax,
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
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how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
2. DEFINITION
Fiscal policy can be defined as the policy of the
government regarding changes in taxes, government
spending and government borrowing to affect aggregate
demand in the economy.
A policy under which government uses its expenditure
and revenue program to produce desirable effects and
avoid undesirable effects in the national income,
production and employment.
-Arthur Smith
3. DIFFERENCE
FISCAL POLICY MONETARY
POLICY
• Deals with taxation and
government spendings.
• Deals with money supply.
• Is administered by the
government through
various laws and policies.
• Is controlled by the central
bank (RBI) through
interest rates and lending
rates.
• Measures take time to get • Measures can be
4. OBJECTIVES
• The main objective of fiscal policy is to control inflation or
deflation in the market i.e. maintaining economic stability.
• It helps in diverting resources from undesirable channels to
desirable channels.
• Helps in achieving welfare objectives i.e. basically to reduce
inequalities between rich and poor and increase welfare.
5. STANCES OF FISCAL POLICY
• Neutral: This is the equilibrium phase for the economy. In
this case the government spending is entirely funded by tax
revenue and there is no need of borrowing.
• Expansionary: This is the phase where the government
spending exceeds tax revenue. This happens during the
time of recessions.
• Contractionary: This is the phase where the government
spending is lower than tax revenue. This is undertaken to
pay down government debt.
6. METHODS OF FUNDING
FROM WHERE DOES THE MONEY COME FROM?
• Recovery of loans: The central government grants loans to various
states inside and outside the country. When government recovers
these loans the government gets more money that it can now
utilize for the welfare.
• Disinvestment: Government holds equity or shares of the public
sector enterprises. It can raise funds by selling its holding in the
market. It leads to reduction in assets held by the government.
7. • Borrowings: It basically means that the government is
borrowing money from various institutions be it inside or
outside the country.
The government may choose to borrow funds from public
by issuing bonds or treasury bills. The government can also
borrow funds from financial institutions like world bank or
any other country.
• Taxes: The most effective way for the government is to
increase tax rates or impose new taxes.
8. INSTRUMENTS OF FISCAL POLICY
• Budgetary surplus and deficit
• Government expenditure
• Public debt
• Taxation
9. PUBLIC DEBT
• Public debt refers to borrowing by a government from within
the country or from abroad, from private individuals or
association of individuals or from banking and NBFIs.
It can be classified in three ways:
i. Internal and external
ii. Productive and unproductive
iii.Short term and long term
10. • Internal public debt: When the government borrows from
within the country be it from the citizens or financial institutions
or the central bank.
• This is called internal borrowing.
• External public debt: When the government borrows funds
from international market be it any financial institutions or any
nation in particular.
• Acquiring loan from outside is comparatively difficult as the other
party first studies the financial position of the country and then
only grants a loan.
11. • Productive debt: The debt that is expected to create
assets which will yield income sufficient to pay the principal
amount and the interest on it, is known as ‘productive debt’.
• In other words, they are expected pay their way, they are self-
liquidating.
• Unproductive Debt: On the other hand, unproductive
debt is the debt that is raised for financing unproductive
assets or heavy unproductive expenditures.
• Such a debt is a deadweight debt.
12. • Short Term Loan: The loans which are to be repaid
within a period of one year.
The loan provided usually is for a limited amount.
It is used to fulfil short term needs of the government.
• Long Term Loan : The loans which are to be repaid after
a period of one year.
The loan provided here can be for a huge amount.
It is very helpful for long term projects.
13. TAXATION
• Tax is a legal compulsory payment paid to the government
by the people.
• It is the most common and effective way for the
government to influence the aggregate demand in the
economy.
• There are two types of taxes
i. Direct Tax
ii. Indirect Tax
14. •Direct Tax: It is the tax where the liability to pay
and the incidence lie on the same person.
example: income tax, corporate tax, property tax etc.
•Indirect Tax: When the liability to pay and the
incidence of the tax lie on a different person.
example: sales tax, VAT, service tax etc.
15. • During the time of inflation (when aggregate
demand is more than aggregate supply) the
government increases the tax rates and may also
impose new tax rates.
• This would result in reduction in the money
supply in the economy and will control the
inflationary gap.
16. • During the time of deflation (when aggregate
demand is less than aggregate supply) the
government reduces the tax rates and may also
cut of some taxes temporarily.
• This would result in an increase in the money
supply in the economy and will control the
deflationary gap.
17. BUDGETARY SURPLUS
• It is a situation where the revenue earned by government
is more than the expenditure.
• The surplus amount is used for repayment of loans or can
be kept as a reserve for the future.
• It can also be used to make desired purchases that were
delayed and for the development of the economy.
• It is a sign that the government is running the economy
efficiently.
18. BUDGETARY DEFICIT
• It is a situation where the revenue earned by the
government is less than its expenditure.
• At this time the government reduces its expenditure on
public welfare, increases tax rates and may also opt for
borrowings.
• The surplus from previous years can be used.
• It is a sign that the government is not running
efficiently.
19. GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE
• During the time of inflation the government decides
to reduce its expenditure on public welfare like
police, military, courts, education etc.
• This results in the fall of aggregate demand.
• Which leads to reduction in the inflationary gap.
20. • At the time of deflation (when aggregate demand is
less than aggregate supply) the government decides
to increase its expenditure for the welfare of the
people.
• This injects money in the economy and helps remove
unemployment and increases the aggregate demand.
• It leads to reduction in deflationary gap.
21. FISCAL STRAITJACKET
• The concept of a fiscal straitjacket is a general
economic principle that suggests strict constraints on
government spending and public sector borrowing, to
limit or regulate the budget deficit over a time period.
• This term originated from the definition of straitjacket
(anything that severely confines, constricts, or hinders).
• Various states in the United States have various forms
of self-imposed fiscal straitjackets.