IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Concept and realisation_of_an_eib_based_automated_Nguyen Trung
This document describes the concept and realization of an EIB (European Installation Bus)-based automated room climate control system. Sensors measure 36 parameters like temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels in two test rooms. Heating, ventilation, and electricity usage are also monitored. The data is transmitted via EIB to a processing unit and stored in a database. The system aims to provide optimal thermal comfort while reducing energy consumption through decentralized, automated control of each room based on physical models of thermal processes and disturbances like solar gains and user behavior. Extensive testing showed the system is reliable and applicable for residential building climate control.
This document proposes a method for integrated control of natural ventilation and HVAC systems to save energy while maintaining thermal comfort. It summarizes previous research showing that considering indoor factors like internal gains is important for energy savings. The proposed method uses a model guide for comparison (MGFC) to predict indoor air enthalpy changes based on building properties and factors affecting indoor conditions. It then integrates MGFC outputs to control a ventilation system model by triggering HVAC or natural ventilation based on predicted indoor thermal comfort. Testing on a residential building model found the proposed method achieved significant energy savings compared to other methods while maintaining comfort standards.
Sustainable design for building envelope in hot climates; a case study for t...IJAEMSJORNAL
Architectural design is influenced by the actual thermal behaviour of building components, and this in turn depends not only on their steady and periodic thermal characteristics, but also on exposure effects, orientation, surface colour, and climatic fluctuations at the given location. Design data and environmental parameters should be produced in an accurate way for specified locations, so that architects and engineers can confidently apply them in their design calculations that enable precise evaluation of the influence of various parameters relating to each component of the envelope, which indicates overall thermal performance of building. The present paper will be carried out with an objective of thermal behaviour assessment and characteristics of the opaque and transparent parts of one of the very unique components used as a symbolic distinguished element of building envelope, its thermal behaviour under the impact of solar temperatures, and its role in heat exchange related to a specific U-value of specified construction materials alternatives. The research method will consider the specified Hot-Dry weather and new mosque in Baghdad, Iraq as a case study. Also, data will be presented in light of the criteria of indoor thermal comfort in terms of design parameters and thermal assessment for a“model dome”. Design alternatives and considerations of energy conservation, will be discussed as well using comparative computer simulations. Findings will be incorporated to outline the conclusions clarifying the important role of the dome in heat exchange of the whole building envelope for approaching an indoor thermal comfort level and further research in the future.
Air Water System Design using Revit Mep for a Residential Buildingijtsrd
This document describes an air-water system design for a residential building using Revit MEP software. Heating and cooling load calculations were performed for the building spaces using Revit MEP. The peak cooling and heating loads were calculated for each space. These values were used to calculate the tonnage of refrigeration needed for each space and for the total building. Duct design was also performed using Revit MEP based on the calculated air flow rates for each space. The results determined that an HVAC system with a capacity of approximately 21.32 tons of refrigeration would be suitable to condition the residential building.
Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings, June 2010 Innovate UK
Design for future climate: adapting buildings (2010) provides the framework for undertaking a risk assessment and developing an adaptation strategy in the built environment.
Application of Passive Cooling Techniques in Residential Buildings: A Case St...IJERA Editor
This document discusses passive cooling techniques that can be used in residential buildings in Northern Nigeria to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal comfort. It begins by providing background on the climate of Northern Nigeria and how current residential building designs do not consider energy efficiency. It then analyzes two main passive cooling approaches - reducing heat gain through design elements like orientation, insulation, shading and glazing selection; and dissipating heat using evaporative cooling techniques like vegetation, ventilation stacks, roof sprinklers and ponds. The document concludes that applying these passive cooling strategies can significantly decrease energy demands, lower cooling loads and provide a more sustainable and comfortable living environment.
The document discusses energy auditing and the tools used to conduct energy audits. It describes how energy audits identify opportunities to save energy and money through operational and equipment changes. A variety of tools are used in energy audits, including tape measures, light meters, thermometers, infrared cameras, voltmeters, clamp-on ammeters, wattmeters, combustion analyzers, airflow measurement devices, and vibration analysis equipment. The goal of an energy audit is to evaluate how a facility uses energy and identify cost-effective ways to reduce consumption and utility costs.
Concept and realisation_of_an_eib_based_automated_Nguyen Trung
This document describes the concept and realization of an EIB (European Installation Bus)-based automated room climate control system. Sensors measure 36 parameters like temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels in two test rooms. Heating, ventilation, and electricity usage are also monitored. The data is transmitted via EIB to a processing unit and stored in a database. The system aims to provide optimal thermal comfort while reducing energy consumption through decentralized, automated control of each room based on physical models of thermal processes and disturbances like solar gains and user behavior. Extensive testing showed the system is reliable and applicable for residential building climate control.
This document proposes a method for integrated control of natural ventilation and HVAC systems to save energy while maintaining thermal comfort. It summarizes previous research showing that considering indoor factors like internal gains is important for energy savings. The proposed method uses a model guide for comparison (MGFC) to predict indoor air enthalpy changes based on building properties and factors affecting indoor conditions. It then integrates MGFC outputs to control a ventilation system model by triggering HVAC or natural ventilation based on predicted indoor thermal comfort. Testing on a residential building model found the proposed method achieved significant energy savings compared to other methods while maintaining comfort standards.
Sustainable design for building envelope in hot climates; a case study for t...IJAEMSJORNAL
Architectural design is influenced by the actual thermal behaviour of building components, and this in turn depends not only on their steady and periodic thermal characteristics, but also on exposure effects, orientation, surface colour, and climatic fluctuations at the given location. Design data and environmental parameters should be produced in an accurate way for specified locations, so that architects and engineers can confidently apply them in their design calculations that enable precise evaluation of the influence of various parameters relating to each component of the envelope, which indicates overall thermal performance of building. The present paper will be carried out with an objective of thermal behaviour assessment and characteristics of the opaque and transparent parts of one of the very unique components used as a symbolic distinguished element of building envelope, its thermal behaviour under the impact of solar temperatures, and its role in heat exchange related to a specific U-value of specified construction materials alternatives. The research method will consider the specified Hot-Dry weather and new mosque in Baghdad, Iraq as a case study. Also, data will be presented in light of the criteria of indoor thermal comfort in terms of design parameters and thermal assessment for a“model dome”. Design alternatives and considerations of energy conservation, will be discussed as well using comparative computer simulations. Findings will be incorporated to outline the conclusions clarifying the important role of the dome in heat exchange of the whole building envelope for approaching an indoor thermal comfort level and further research in the future.
Air Water System Design using Revit Mep for a Residential Buildingijtsrd
This document describes an air-water system design for a residential building using Revit MEP software. Heating and cooling load calculations were performed for the building spaces using Revit MEP. The peak cooling and heating loads were calculated for each space. These values were used to calculate the tonnage of refrigeration needed for each space and for the total building. Duct design was also performed using Revit MEP based on the calculated air flow rates for each space. The results determined that an HVAC system with a capacity of approximately 21.32 tons of refrigeration would be suitable to condition the residential building.
Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings, June 2010 Innovate UK
Design for future climate: adapting buildings (2010) provides the framework for undertaking a risk assessment and developing an adaptation strategy in the built environment.
Application of Passive Cooling Techniques in Residential Buildings: A Case St...IJERA Editor
This document discusses passive cooling techniques that can be used in residential buildings in Northern Nigeria to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal comfort. It begins by providing background on the climate of Northern Nigeria and how current residential building designs do not consider energy efficiency. It then analyzes two main passive cooling approaches - reducing heat gain through design elements like orientation, insulation, shading and glazing selection; and dissipating heat using evaporative cooling techniques like vegetation, ventilation stacks, roof sprinklers and ponds. The document concludes that applying these passive cooling strategies can significantly decrease energy demands, lower cooling loads and provide a more sustainable and comfortable living environment.
The document discusses energy auditing and the tools used to conduct energy audits. It describes how energy audits identify opportunities to save energy and money through operational and equipment changes. A variety of tools are used in energy audits, including tape measures, light meters, thermometers, infrared cameras, voltmeters, clamp-on ammeters, wattmeters, combustion analyzers, airflow measurement devices, and vibration analysis equipment. The goal of an energy audit is to evaluate how a facility uses energy and identify cost-effective ways to reduce consumption and utility costs.
Effects of nocturnal ventilation and radiant cooling heating floors on indoor...eSAT Publishing House
This document evaluates the effects of nocturnal ventilation and radiant cooling/heating floors on indoor air temperatures in an office building located in a hot arid region. Indoor and outdoor temperatures were measured and compared to simulations using TRNSYS software, with a 7% difference. A parametric study varied floor temperatures to simulate radiant floor heating in winter and cooling in summer, and nocturnal ventilation. Results showed radiant floor heating increased indoor temperatures by 6°C in winter. In summer, ventilation decreased temperatures by 5°C at night, while combining ventilation and radiant cooling lowered temperatures by an additional 0.5°C. Nighttime ventilation significantly impacted indoor temperatures, while radiant floor cooling had a negligible additional
This document summarizes an article from the journal Energy and Buildings. The article presents a model of a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system that includes both physical and empirical submodels. A pre-cooling coil is added to the HVAC system to help control humidity more efficiently. The hybrid model uses principles of thermodynamics and mass conservation to model different subsystems, while also employing an empirical residential load factor method to account for variations in thermal inertia. The full model is verified using theoretical and numerical methods.
Project on energy audit (mahindra & mahindra)Prithu Sureka
The document discusses energy management and audits. It explains that the goal of energy management is to produce goods and services with the least cost and environmental impact. An energy audit helps identify areas of waste and inefficiency to reduce energy costs without affecting production. Benchmarking energy usage internally and comparing to similar industries allows for assessing performance and finding improvement opportunities. The document then provides details on a company's energy conservation initiatives through engineering changes, process improvements, and awareness programs that have reduced energy consumption and costs.
The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is India's code that specifies energy performance requirements for commercial buildings over 100 kW or 120 KVA connected load. ECBC sets minimum energy efficiency standards for design and construction to reduce energy use and costs while maintaining building comfort and function. It defines energy norms per square meter that vary by climate zone and provides design norms for building envelopes, lighting systems, mechanical systems, HVAC systems, electrical systems, and water heating. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency promotes ECBC implementation through guidelines and the Punjab Energy Development Agency has executed energy audits and other activities to propagate ECBC adoption.
Example of natural air ventilation using CFD modellingStephane Meteodyn
Urbawind is a CFD software dedicated to quantify the natural air ventilation of buildings.
Such tool is useful to design green buildings where wind is used to improve the indoor thermal comfort with cross ventilation.
Objective is to determine project improvements from indoor thermal comfort and energy saving points of view.
For example, for a site study of natural air ventilation induced by wind in urban places, you can obtain:
– Mapping of wind speed and pressure
– Assess the natural air ventilation thanks to the computation of the air exchange rate
– Optimise the positions of openings according to the micro climatology
go to : http://meteodyn.com/en/logiciels/cfd-wind-pedestrian-comfort-safety-urbawind-software/#modules-tab
This document provides details on the design of an integrated sustainable building in Beijing, China. It discusses the environmental conditions, HVAC system selection, and other building aspects. A geothermal borefield was designed to support a water source variable refrigerant flow (WS VRF) system. The WS VRF system was chosen over a ground source heat pump system due to its higher performance, control capabilities, and lower noise levels. The design aims to meet ASHRAE standards while minimizing life cycle costs and environmental impacts.
This document analyzes the feasibility of using insulated concrete forms (ICF) in hot and humid climates by comparing the thermal performance of an ICF building to a normal concrete building in Oman over three summer months. Data loggers recorded temperature and humidity inside and outside both buildings. Results showed the ICF building had lower indoor temperatures and humidity. Heat gain calculations also indicated less transmission through the ICF walls. Electricity bills revealed the ICF building consumed 20-40% less energy for cooling. Therefore, the study concludes ICF walls perform better than normal concrete in hot, humid climates and can lower energy use.
Heat loss through wall/slab/foundation joint for high-rise buildings Kathrine Brejnrod
This document provides details on calculating heat loss through the joint between an outer wall and ground slab of a high-rise building. It describes modeling the joint in the simulation program HEAT2 to determine the linear heat transmission coefficient and lowest indoor surface temperature to evaluate heat loss and condensation risk. Both steady-state and transient calculations are performed and compared. The original construction and alternative improvements are analyzed. The report concludes that transient simulation provides a more accurate assessment than steady-state. It suggests an alternative build-up to reduce heat loss and moisture issues at the wall/slab joint.
Integrating hydronics with indoor environmental quality, by Max Rohr | HRAI A...Susan Smith
Explore the ways to address indoor environmental quality with various heating and cooling systems. Hydronic heating/cooling and forced-air hybrid systems are an excellent way to address the complex topic of IEQ. It also discusses the future of IoT control systems that can help orchestrate and manage healthy indoor environments.
The document discusses the development of an optimal green room management system to conserve energy by taking advantage of the thermal inertia effect where a room's temperature does not immediately rise or fall after heating/cooling is turned off. It proposes collecting indoor/outdoor temperature and electricity usage data using a wireless sensor network to build energy-temperature correlation models for each room and develop room scheduling algorithms to maximize energy savings. Experimental validation of the system using an actual sensor network deployment showed potential for 30% energy savings compared to existing room scheduling practices.
This document discusses energy efficient building practices. It defines a green building as one that incorporates energy efficient equipment, indoor air quality, renewable energy sources, and efficient water and landscape use. Green buildings provide benefits like reduced operating costs, improved occupant health and productivity, and incorporation of latest technologies. The document recommends designing buildings to maximize energy performance through simulations and audits, optimize energy usage, increase use of renewable technologies, minimize ozone depletion, and allow for accounting of energy and water consumption. It also suggests plans for building life extension and reuse.
This document is a presentation about climate and building design given by Dr. Mark Jentsch at a workshop in Oman. It discusses how climate impacts building design and how vernacular architecture has traditionally adapted to local climates. However, modern architecture often ignores climatic considerations. It also addresses how the climate is changing globally due to factors like greenhouse gas emissions, and the need to adapt building design to future climate conditions.
Study and Optimization of a Renewable System of Small Power GenerationIJAAS Team
In this paper, a study was conducted on the sustainable development of solar and wind energy sources. The approach adopted is to exploit the two renewable resources by arriving to determine optimal configurations of photovoltaic and / or wind energy system with storage to provide electricity to a self-contained residential apartment located in the city of Tlemcen , in Algeria. The Tlemcen site showed a more favourable trend to use the photovoltaic system alone on the hybrid PV / wind system because of the low wind speeds of this site. The calculation method used is based on the monthly averages for ten consecutive years, data collected by the Tlemcen Zenâta weather station in order to have a better reliability analysis of an electric power generation system. In addition, the methods used in this study can be used to determine the optimal size of the most economical hybrid system that corresponds to any site in the world and for any requested load.
This document provides a summary of a lecture on heat transfer in buildings and climatic design. It covers several topics:
1. Methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation.
2. Factors that affect thermal comfort including air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and clothing insulation.
3. The concept of microclimate and how indoor microclimate impacts user comfort and health.
4. Guidelines for designing buildings for thermal comfort including typical environmental variables like dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity.
This project report summarizes the design of an energy efficient green building with optimized energy use. The building uses various techniques to minimize carbon consumption from electricity usage, including insulating walls and windows, using geothermal cooling systems, installing rainwater harvesting and solar photovoltaic systems. The CAD prototype shows the building layout and design criteria focus on minimizing operational carbon emissions and energy usage/waste. A key feature is the use of geothermal heating and cooling, which can reduce energy consumption by up to 72% compared to traditional systems. The report analyzes costs and energy usage of the building over its lifetime.
The document provides recommendations for sustainable design on a university campus to minimize energy consumption and operating costs while creating a healthy environment. It recommends conducting research on the site ecology, climate, and culture to understand how to meet development plans in balance with nature. It then outlines standards for various sustainable design components like energy efficiency, ventilation, lighting, and passive design to optimize building energy performance, thermal comfort, and natural ventilation. Recommendations include maximizing daylighting, minimizing west-facing glazing, optimizing envelope insulation and glazing selection, and utilizing lighting controls and daylight sensors.
This document proposes a methodology to investigate the effects of strategic vegetation planting on the thermal performance of housing in a tropical environment. The study aims to quantify the temperature reduction and energy savings potential of vegetation for the average tropical residence. The methodology involves examining different planting patterns and structures, quantifying the relationship between vegetation and building energy use through simulations and field measurements, and developing design guidelines based on the results. The research will be conducted on single-family homes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to analyze the impacts of surrounding vegetation of different ages.
Climate change and Architects role and resposibilitiesShereen Khashaba
Engineers and architects can play a role in addressing climate change through their design and construction of more sustainable buildings. Reducing fossil fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector is key as it is currently the largest contributor to carbon dioxide emissions in the US. Targets need to be set to reduce energy consumption from new and renovated buildings by at least 50% compared to current levels by 2030 through sustainable design and use of renewable energy. Aggressive implementation of more stringent building codes that meet these targets can significantly cut CO2 emissions and help address the climate crisis.
C3 - Geothermal reservoir management and sustainable useIceland Geothermal
This document discusses geothermal reservoir management and sustainable use. It begins by classifying geothermal resources as renewable but notes they have both renewable and non-renewable components. Production capacity is controlled by reservoir pressure decline, energy content, water recharge, and boundary conditions. Utilization causes pressure declines which impact flows, boiling, cooling, and chemistry. Long-term management requires monitoring direct and indirect impacts of production and reinjection to maintain pressure and sustainability. Numerical models are used to predict impacts and optimize production schemes. Case studies demonstrate how reinjection supports pressure and temperature. Sustainable development requires meeting needs without compromising future generations by maintaining production over long timescales through monitoring, modeling, and reinjection.
The document discusses a case study that uses the PIEVC process to assess the effects of climate change on buildings. It summarizes the 5 steps of the PIEVC protocol: 1) define the project, 2) gather data, 3) assess risk, 4) engineering analysis, and 5) recommendations. It then provides details of steps 1-3 as applied to a sample 16-story residential building in Toronto, identifying key climate change risks like increased temperature, rainfall, and need for air conditioning. Components at medium-high risk included grounds/drainage, the building envelope, and mechanical drainage systems.
An enhanced adaptive scoring job scheduling algorithm with replication strate...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes an enhanced adaptive scoring job scheduling algorithm with replication strategy for grid environments. The algorithm aims to improve upon an existing adaptive scoring job scheduling algorithm by identifying whether jobs are data-intensive or computation-intensive. It then divides large jobs into subtasks, replicates the subtasks, and allocates the replicas to clusters based on a computed cluster score in order to improve resource utilization and job completion times. The algorithm is evaluated through simulation using the GridSim toolkit.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effects of nocturnal ventilation and radiant cooling heating floors on indoor...eSAT Publishing House
This document evaluates the effects of nocturnal ventilation and radiant cooling/heating floors on indoor air temperatures in an office building located in a hot arid region. Indoor and outdoor temperatures were measured and compared to simulations using TRNSYS software, with a 7% difference. A parametric study varied floor temperatures to simulate radiant floor heating in winter and cooling in summer, and nocturnal ventilation. Results showed radiant floor heating increased indoor temperatures by 6°C in winter. In summer, ventilation decreased temperatures by 5°C at night, while combining ventilation and radiant cooling lowered temperatures by an additional 0.5°C. Nighttime ventilation significantly impacted indoor temperatures, while radiant floor cooling had a negligible additional
This document summarizes an article from the journal Energy and Buildings. The article presents a model of a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system that includes both physical and empirical submodels. A pre-cooling coil is added to the HVAC system to help control humidity more efficiently. The hybrid model uses principles of thermodynamics and mass conservation to model different subsystems, while also employing an empirical residential load factor method to account for variations in thermal inertia. The full model is verified using theoretical and numerical methods.
Project on energy audit (mahindra & mahindra)Prithu Sureka
The document discusses energy management and audits. It explains that the goal of energy management is to produce goods and services with the least cost and environmental impact. An energy audit helps identify areas of waste and inefficiency to reduce energy costs without affecting production. Benchmarking energy usage internally and comparing to similar industries allows for assessing performance and finding improvement opportunities. The document then provides details on a company's energy conservation initiatives through engineering changes, process improvements, and awareness programs that have reduced energy consumption and costs.
The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is India's code that specifies energy performance requirements for commercial buildings over 100 kW or 120 KVA connected load. ECBC sets minimum energy efficiency standards for design and construction to reduce energy use and costs while maintaining building comfort and function. It defines energy norms per square meter that vary by climate zone and provides design norms for building envelopes, lighting systems, mechanical systems, HVAC systems, electrical systems, and water heating. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency promotes ECBC implementation through guidelines and the Punjab Energy Development Agency has executed energy audits and other activities to propagate ECBC adoption.
Example of natural air ventilation using CFD modellingStephane Meteodyn
Urbawind is a CFD software dedicated to quantify the natural air ventilation of buildings.
Such tool is useful to design green buildings where wind is used to improve the indoor thermal comfort with cross ventilation.
Objective is to determine project improvements from indoor thermal comfort and energy saving points of view.
For example, for a site study of natural air ventilation induced by wind in urban places, you can obtain:
– Mapping of wind speed and pressure
– Assess the natural air ventilation thanks to the computation of the air exchange rate
– Optimise the positions of openings according to the micro climatology
go to : http://meteodyn.com/en/logiciels/cfd-wind-pedestrian-comfort-safety-urbawind-software/#modules-tab
This document provides details on the design of an integrated sustainable building in Beijing, China. It discusses the environmental conditions, HVAC system selection, and other building aspects. A geothermal borefield was designed to support a water source variable refrigerant flow (WS VRF) system. The WS VRF system was chosen over a ground source heat pump system due to its higher performance, control capabilities, and lower noise levels. The design aims to meet ASHRAE standards while minimizing life cycle costs and environmental impacts.
This document analyzes the feasibility of using insulated concrete forms (ICF) in hot and humid climates by comparing the thermal performance of an ICF building to a normal concrete building in Oman over three summer months. Data loggers recorded temperature and humidity inside and outside both buildings. Results showed the ICF building had lower indoor temperatures and humidity. Heat gain calculations also indicated less transmission through the ICF walls. Electricity bills revealed the ICF building consumed 20-40% less energy for cooling. Therefore, the study concludes ICF walls perform better than normal concrete in hot, humid climates and can lower energy use.
Heat loss through wall/slab/foundation joint for high-rise buildings Kathrine Brejnrod
This document provides details on calculating heat loss through the joint between an outer wall and ground slab of a high-rise building. It describes modeling the joint in the simulation program HEAT2 to determine the linear heat transmission coefficient and lowest indoor surface temperature to evaluate heat loss and condensation risk. Both steady-state and transient calculations are performed and compared. The original construction and alternative improvements are analyzed. The report concludes that transient simulation provides a more accurate assessment than steady-state. It suggests an alternative build-up to reduce heat loss and moisture issues at the wall/slab joint.
Integrating hydronics with indoor environmental quality, by Max Rohr | HRAI A...Susan Smith
Explore the ways to address indoor environmental quality with various heating and cooling systems. Hydronic heating/cooling and forced-air hybrid systems are an excellent way to address the complex topic of IEQ. It also discusses the future of IoT control systems that can help orchestrate and manage healthy indoor environments.
The document discusses the development of an optimal green room management system to conserve energy by taking advantage of the thermal inertia effect where a room's temperature does not immediately rise or fall after heating/cooling is turned off. It proposes collecting indoor/outdoor temperature and electricity usage data using a wireless sensor network to build energy-temperature correlation models for each room and develop room scheduling algorithms to maximize energy savings. Experimental validation of the system using an actual sensor network deployment showed potential for 30% energy savings compared to existing room scheduling practices.
This document discusses energy efficient building practices. It defines a green building as one that incorporates energy efficient equipment, indoor air quality, renewable energy sources, and efficient water and landscape use. Green buildings provide benefits like reduced operating costs, improved occupant health and productivity, and incorporation of latest technologies. The document recommends designing buildings to maximize energy performance through simulations and audits, optimize energy usage, increase use of renewable technologies, minimize ozone depletion, and allow for accounting of energy and water consumption. It also suggests plans for building life extension and reuse.
This document is a presentation about climate and building design given by Dr. Mark Jentsch at a workshop in Oman. It discusses how climate impacts building design and how vernacular architecture has traditionally adapted to local climates. However, modern architecture often ignores climatic considerations. It also addresses how the climate is changing globally due to factors like greenhouse gas emissions, and the need to adapt building design to future climate conditions.
Study and Optimization of a Renewable System of Small Power GenerationIJAAS Team
In this paper, a study was conducted on the sustainable development of solar and wind energy sources. The approach adopted is to exploit the two renewable resources by arriving to determine optimal configurations of photovoltaic and / or wind energy system with storage to provide electricity to a self-contained residential apartment located in the city of Tlemcen , in Algeria. The Tlemcen site showed a more favourable trend to use the photovoltaic system alone on the hybrid PV / wind system because of the low wind speeds of this site. The calculation method used is based on the monthly averages for ten consecutive years, data collected by the Tlemcen Zenâta weather station in order to have a better reliability analysis of an electric power generation system. In addition, the methods used in this study can be used to determine the optimal size of the most economical hybrid system that corresponds to any site in the world and for any requested load.
This document provides a summary of a lecture on heat transfer in buildings and climatic design. It covers several topics:
1. Methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation.
2. Factors that affect thermal comfort including air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and clothing insulation.
3. The concept of microclimate and how indoor microclimate impacts user comfort and health.
4. Guidelines for designing buildings for thermal comfort including typical environmental variables like dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity.
This project report summarizes the design of an energy efficient green building with optimized energy use. The building uses various techniques to minimize carbon consumption from electricity usage, including insulating walls and windows, using geothermal cooling systems, installing rainwater harvesting and solar photovoltaic systems. The CAD prototype shows the building layout and design criteria focus on minimizing operational carbon emissions and energy usage/waste. A key feature is the use of geothermal heating and cooling, which can reduce energy consumption by up to 72% compared to traditional systems. The report analyzes costs and energy usage of the building over its lifetime.
The document provides recommendations for sustainable design on a university campus to minimize energy consumption and operating costs while creating a healthy environment. It recommends conducting research on the site ecology, climate, and culture to understand how to meet development plans in balance with nature. It then outlines standards for various sustainable design components like energy efficiency, ventilation, lighting, and passive design to optimize building energy performance, thermal comfort, and natural ventilation. Recommendations include maximizing daylighting, minimizing west-facing glazing, optimizing envelope insulation and glazing selection, and utilizing lighting controls and daylight sensors.
This document proposes a methodology to investigate the effects of strategic vegetation planting on the thermal performance of housing in a tropical environment. The study aims to quantify the temperature reduction and energy savings potential of vegetation for the average tropical residence. The methodology involves examining different planting patterns and structures, quantifying the relationship between vegetation and building energy use through simulations and field measurements, and developing design guidelines based on the results. The research will be conducted on single-family homes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to analyze the impacts of surrounding vegetation of different ages.
Climate change and Architects role and resposibilitiesShereen Khashaba
Engineers and architects can play a role in addressing climate change through their design and construction of more sustainable buildings. Reducing fossil fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector is key as it is currently the largest contributor to carbon dioxide emissions in the US. Targets need to be set to reduce energy consumption from new and renovated buildings by at least 50% compared to current levels by 2030 through sustainable design and use of renewable energy. Aggressive implementation of more stringent building codes that meet these targets can significantly cut CO2 emissions and help address the climate crisis.
C3 - Geothermal reservoir management and sustainable useIceland Geothermal
This document discusses geothermal reservoir management and sustainable use. It begins by classifying geothermal resources as renewable but notes they have both renewable and non-renewable components. Production capacity is controlled by reservoir pressure decline, energy content, water recharge, and boundary conditions. Utilization causes pressure declines which impact flows, boiling, cooling, and chemistry. Long-term management requires monitoring direct and indirect impacts of production and reinjection to maintain pressure and sustainability. Numerical models are used to predict impacts and optimize production schemes. Case studies demonstrate how reinjection supports pressure and temperature. Sustainable development requires meeting needs without compromising future generations by maintaining production over long timescales through monitoring, modeling, and reinjection.
The document discusses a case study that uses the PIEVC process to assess the effects of climate change on buildings. It summarizes the 5 steps of the PIEVC protocol: 1) define the project, 2) gather data, 3) assess risk, 4) engineering analysis, and 5) recommendations. It then provides details of steps 1-3 as applied to a sample 16-story residential building in Toronto, identifying key climate change risks like increased temperature, rainfall, and need for air conditioning. Components at medium-high risk included grounds/drainage, the building envelope, and mechanical drainage systems.
An enhanced adaptive scoring job scheduling algorithm with replication strate...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes an enhanced adaptive scoring job scheduling algorithm with replication strategy for grid environments. The algorithm aims to improve upon an existing adaptive scoring job scheduling algorithm by identifying whether jobs are data-intensive or computation-intensive. It then divides large jobs into subtasks, replicates the subtasks, and allocates the replicas to clusters based on a computed cluster score in order to improve resource utilization and job completion times. The algorithm is evaluated through simulation using the GridSim toolkit.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of bacteria on partial replacement of concrete with fly ash and ggbseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Achieving operational excellence by implementing an erp (enterprise resource ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a comparison of linear regression and support vector machine (SVM) models for predicting construction project duration. A linear regression model was applied to data from 75 construction projects, using the Bromilow time-cost model. This achieved 73% accuracy based on R-squared and 10% error based on MAPE. An SVM model was then applied to the same data, achieving significantly improved prediction accuracy. The document provides background on linear regression, SVM, and the data and variables used to build and evaluate the two models.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Architecture and implementation issues of multi core processors and caching –...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A novel approach on a robot for the blind people which can trained and operat...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a proposed robot system to assist blind people. The robot would use a camera to capture images of objects in front of it. A non-expert user could then train the robot to identify new objects by entering the object name. When recall is requested, the robot would identify objects in its database and announce the name via earphone to the blind person. This allows a non-expert to continuously update the robot's knowledge of household objects, unlike existing systems which require expert training. The proposed system uses an ARM11 processor, camera, earphone, and OpenCV for image processing and object recognition.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document describes a proposed distributed power factor correction system and an automated power factor correction system design using a microcontroller.
The proposed distributed system would install small power factor correction devices at the user level rather than just at substations. This would inject reactive power closer to the load to improve efficiency. The design uses an ATmega16 microcontroller to measure the phase angle between voltage and current using a zero crossing detector. It also measures the load current using an current sensor and ADC. Based on these measurements, it calculates the required capacitance and controls a capacitor bank to improve the power factor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An efficient monitoring system for sports person using wi fi communicationeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an efficient monitoring system for athletes using Wi-Fi communication. It describes using sensors to monitor athletes' vital signs like blood pressure and movements wirelessly over Wi-Fi. The monitored values are displayed on an LCD screen. It aims to give coaches and medical staff access to athletes' sensor data to analyze performance and health while ensuring athlete privacy and consent for how their data is used.
Analysis of aerodynamic characteristics of a supercritical airfoil for low sp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document presents a model of parallel unit-connected generators to study the influence on third harmonic stator ground fault protection. Circuit models of the generators under normal and fault conditions are developed. Mesh analysis is used to obtain equations relating the third harmonic voltages and currents, which are solved using Cramer's rule. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK to validate the models and study the third harmonic voltage characteristics at the stator neutral and terminal for different fault locations and generator loading conditions. The analysis determines how the third harmonic voltages vary between the normal and faulted states, and how this affects the application of third harmonic protection for the parallel unit connection.
IRJET- Experimental Model Design and Simulation of Air Conditioning System fo...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on modeling and simulating an air conditioning system to reduce energy consumption. The study designed and tested an air conditioning model using MATLAB simulation. Parameters like room dimensions, material properties, and temperature were used to model heat transfer. Experimental tests were conducted in a room to validate the simulation results. Temperature and energy consumption were monitored and found to match closely between the model and experiment. The study concluded the simulated model results are consistent with experimental measuring device results.
Institutional smart buildings energy auditIJECEIAES
Smart buildings and Fuzzy based control systems used in Buildings Management System (BMS), Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) and Building Automation Systems (BAS) are a point of interests among researcher and stake holders of buildings’ developing sector due to its ability to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore this paper will review, investigates define and evaluates the use of fuzzy logic controllers in smart buildings under subtropical Australia’s subtropical regions. In addition the paper also will define the latest development, design and proposed controlling strategies used in institutional buildings. Furthermore this paper will highlight and discuss the conceptual basis of these technologies including Fuzzy, Neural and Hybrid add-on technologies, its capabilities and its limitation.
This article is divided into three parts: the first presents a simulation study of the effect of occupancy level on energy usage pattern of Engineering building of Applied Science Private university, Amman, Jordan. The simulation was created on simulation mechanism by means of EnergyPlus software and improved by using the building’s data such as building’s as built plan, occupant’s density level based on data about who utilize the building throughout operational hours, energy usage level, Heating Ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system, lighting and its control systems and etc. Data regarding occupancy density level estimation is used to provide the proposed controller with random number of users grounded on report were arranged by the university’s facilities operational team. The other division of this paper shows the estimated saved energy by the means of suggested advanced add-on, FUZZY-PID controlling system. The energy savings were divided into summer savings and winter savings. The third division presents economic and environmental analysis of the proposed advanced fuzzy logic controllers of smart buildings in Subtropical Jordan. The economic parameters that were used to evaluate the system economy performance are life-cycle analysis, present worth factor and system payback period. The system economic analysis was done using MATLAB software.
This document discusses the design parameters for optimizing zero energy buildings (ZEBs) using the TARP optimization tool. It describes using EnergyPlus software to simulate a low utilization building at GIET University in India. The initial and optimized building parameters are compared to evaluate the annual energy consumption and reduce usage. Key factors like thermal comfort zones, energy demand, and electricity consumption are analyzed. The goal is to develop an optimized building design approach to help construct more efficient, low-cost ZEBs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses control systems and building automation. It begins with basic definitions of control systems and their purposes, which include maintaining desired conditions while reducing equipment capacity and human labor. The document then provides a brief history of HVAC controls and building automation systems. It discusses current issues and trends, and the future of building automation. Key concepts are defined, including improving energy efficiency through passive solar design, efficient equipment, and renewable energy sources. The document emphasizes the economic, social, and environmental benefits of energy efficient buildings.
Building Energy Simulation project by using eQuestAsadullah Malik
The document is a building energy simulation report that analyzes the energy performance of a single-storey commercial building in Waterloo, Ontario. It summarizes the baseline energy consumption and costs, and runs simulations varying the roof insulation, lighting power density, and heating efficiency. Increasing the heating efficiency to 95% reduced annual natural gas costs by $111 and GHG emissions by 15%. Reducing the lighting power density to code standards cut electricity costs by $322 and GHG emissions by up to 8.5% annually. The report recommends energy efficiency upgrades to lower energy use and utility bills.
Financial Evaluation of Solar Powered Absorption Cooling System for Computer ...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the financial feasibility of a solar powered absorption cooling system for a computer laboratory in Bharatpur, India. It finds that:
1. The system is technically feasible, achieving a solar fraction of 0.52-0.75 depending on the collector area. However,
2. Financially, the system is currently not feasible due to the high initial costs of absorption chillers and solar collectors. It provides only marginal annual savings, resulting in very high payback periods of 67-83 years.
3. A sensitivity analysis found that with reduced total investment costs (e.g. due to technology improvements) and increased electricity prices in the future, the payback period could decrease significantly
An occupancy-based strategy employing computer vision for reducing cooling en...journalBEEI
The energy expended to cool the occupied areas by air conditioners represents a substantial share of the total energy exhausted in buildings. Therefore, developing strategies to reduce this energy is crucial. One of the preponderance strategies adopted to depreciate energy consumption in buildings is the occupancy-based strategy. In this research, an innovative model was established to achieve the goal of reducing cooling energy consumed in buildings based on occupancy-based combined with a constant temperature setpoint strategy in two phases, and each phase engrosses in 20 days. Phase one is to identify the extent of cooling energy employed according to the use of room occupants and its costs in consumption was 276.01 kWh after completion of this phase. Sequentially, constructing phase two intended to reduce cooling energy consumption by employing an automatic air-conditioner (AC) control strategy relying on an improved human detection algorithm with a 25℃ as temperature setpoint, resulting in 112.45 kWh of consumption. To complement the motives for elaboration, the human detection measurement using you only look once (YOLO) improved by applying pre-processing algorithms to reach an average human detection enhancement of 21.2%. The proposed model results showed that potential savings associated with the embraced strategy decreases by more than anticipated as the amount of reduced energy reached 59% savings.
Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Energy Efficient Materials for Resid...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of conventional and energy efficient materials for residential buildings in hot, dry climates. Three case studies of homes in Solapur, India were analyzed, measuring indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity. The home using conventional materials like brick walls and RCC slab had higher indoor temperatures than outdoor. The energy efficient homes using materials like AAC blocks, filler slab, and passive cooling strategies like cool roof and landscaping had lower indoor temperatures. Overall, the energy efficient materials and designs were more effective at providing thermal comfort without mechanical cooling. The study concludes energy efficient buildings can reduce energy consumption and improve indoor environmental conditions compared to conventional designs.
Human Habits and Energy Consumption in Residential BuildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Looks into users’ heating habits in residential buildings.
* Discusses the term ‘rebound’ - the fact that improved efficiency can result in more spending.
* Gives factual proof that direct rebound plays leading role in energy consumption in residential buildings.
This document provides an overview of a course on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The course objectives are to define air conditioning and refrigeration systems, discuss different types and applications, discuss terms associated with performance, and describe underlying scientific principles. Key topics covered include classification of HVAC systems, applications, refrigeration and air conditioning definitions, sensible and latent heat processes, heat transfer methods, and refrigeration capacity units.
Functions of fuzzy logic based controllers used in smart buildingIJECEIAES
The main aim of this study is to support design and development processes of advanced fuzzy-logic-based controller for smart buildings e.g., heating, ventilation and air conditioning, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and indoor lighting control systems. Moreover, the proposed methodology can be used to assess systems energy and environmental performances, also compare energy usages of fuzzy control systems with the performances of conventional on/off and proportional integral derivative controller (PID). The main objective and purpose of using fuzzy-logic-based model and control is to precisely control indoor thermal comfort e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality, air velocity, thermal comfort, and energy balance. Moreover, this article present and highlight mathematical models of indoor temperature and humidity transfer matrix, uncertainties of users’ comfort preference set-points and a fuzzy algorithm.
Energy Audit and Analysis of an Institutional Building under Subtropical Clim...IJECEIAES
Evaluation and estimation of energy consumption are essential in order to classify the amount of energy used and the way it is utilized in building. Hence, the possibility of any energy savings potential and energy savings opportunities can be identified. The intention of this article is to study and evaluate energy usage pattern of the Central Queensland University campus’ buildings, Queensland, Australia. This article presents the field survey results from the audit of an office building and performance-related measurements of the indoor environmental parameters, for instance, indoor air temperature, humidity and energy consumption concerned to the indoor heating and cooling load. Monthly observed energy usage information was employed to investigate influence of the climate conditions on energy usage.
Estimation of HVAC energy saving potential in San Diego apartment units throu...Colin Moynihan
1) The study estimated the potential HVAC energy savings in San Diego apartment units from using passive solar shading devices through EnergyPlus simulations.
2) A maximum summer HVAC energy reduction of 29.6 kWh and peak demand reduction of 17.1 W was found, but this corresponded to a winter increase of 143.8 kWh annually.
3) The shading device was effective at reducing summer cooling loads but increased winter heating loads by blocking beneficial solar gains, resulting in no overall annual energy savings. Variable shading that accounts for seasonal solar angles is needed.
The buildings that aren’t “connected” are the same they were decades ago and have retained fundamentally the same purpose i.e. to provide shelter, temperature control, and safety at the same efficiency level. Globally the built environments account for significant energy use and equivalent production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon footprint. Growing concerns about safety, comfort, global warming, and climate change are leading to technological evolution, that will make the buildings smart, more comfortable, and nearly zero energy buildings. The building architectures are obviously smarter today than they were a few years ago and will continue to do so as the people become more energy aware and efficiency focused. Smart architectures and smart technologies are effective means to make buildings more comfortable, secure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint. Smart metering, smart grid, energy storage, and smart energy management system are some of the technologies that find their use in smart architectures along with ubiquitous digital technologies. These evolving technologies being relatively new can indeed make the buildings smart, intelligent, energy efficient and environmentally sustainable which will attract higher rentals and more resale values in the near future. For commercial real estate, the savings can be impressive. A reduction in energy use is equivalent to an increase in building’s asset value and net operating income. This paper provides a contemporary look at the potential of smart architectures and evolving smart energy technologies to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in built environments. The scope of this paper is limited to the brief overview of these technologies and their applications.
This document discusses designing a fuel cell-based power plant for a home. It begins by introducing fuel cells and their working principles. It then discusses using TRNSYS software to calculate the thermal loads of a historic building and using RETScreen software to compare the costs and feasibility of a conventional power plant versus an innovative fuel cell plant. The document analyzes the specific building's heating, cooling, and electric power requirements and concludes by assessing the feasibility and costs of different plant configurations using RETScreen.
The document discusses various methods to reduce the operational energy usage of buildings. It covers improving the building envelope through more efficient materials with better insulation values and solar heat gain coefficients. It also discusses efficient lighting technologies, energy efficient appliances for heating and air conditioning, using renewable energy sources like wind and solar, and implementing energy monitoring systems. The goal is to work towards net zero buildings that produce as much energy as they consume.
Sustainable Energy Resource Buildings: Some Relevant Feautures for Built Envi...IJERA Editor
Energy has become a critical issue in national and global economic development. Its crucial importance to the nation’s building makes the development of energy resources one of the leading agenda of the present democratic government of Nigeria, towards lifting the nation to the comity of twenty (20) nations with the fastest growing economy in 2020. In achieving this, the building industry and in particular the architectural profession has a leading role to play in adopting education, designs, materials, and technology capable of reducing energy consumption in building within tropic region. This paper, therefore, appraises the important features of energy performance building through the use of sustainable innovative materials and technology that respond to climate condition while being environmentally friendly.
A REVIEW ON ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS - USING PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS, GREEN ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of various strategies to create more energy efficient buildings, including phase change materials (PCMs), green roofs, and heat reflective coatings. It summarizes several studies that have found incorporating PCMs into building materials like walls and roofs can significantly reduce temperature fluctuations and energy consumption for heating and cooling by absorbing and releasing thermal energy during phase changes. Green roofs are also highlighted as providing thermal benefits by keeping roof and indoor temperatures lower compared to bare roofs. Coatings that reflect infrared and sunlight are discussed as another method to decrease energy usage. The document then examines two specific studies in more depth, one analyzing the effects of different PCM variants installed in walls and roofs in Kuwait
Similar to Optimization of energy use intensity in a design build framework (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
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artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimization of energy use intensity in a design build framework
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 11 | NCAMESHE - 2014 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 91
OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY USE INTENSITY IN A DESIGN-BUILD FRAMEWORK S. Sunil Babu1, D. Neeraja2 1M.Tech, Energy and Environmental, VIT University, Tamil Nadu, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of civil Engineering, VIT University, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract The demand for sustainable building is increasing with minimal environmental impact, with increasing energy cost and more concern about environmental issues. In developing countries building does not provide sustainable condition, so the energy efficiency of the building is less. The objective is to analyze the criteria for energy efficiency, resulting in a series of feasible solution that can minimize the usage of energy and thereby reducing the energy demand and providing thermal comfort for the building occupant. And necessary improvement is performed in the building and the modeling is carried out for optimizing energy efficiency. Modeling is done qualitatively to ensure economical factors of building energy efficiency. By optimizing building energy use intensity, it offers sustainable savings in energy consumption. Building fabrics determine the energy use intensity in a residential building. By optimizing the building envelope the sustainable condition is obtained. Reducing energy use intensity from home will lower the energy production from fossil fuels. The building energy performance depends on the energy use intensity; the parameters which determine the energy efficiency of buildings are thermal comfort, water and energy. The simulation program guides the retrofitting of residential building, by optimizing the design-built framework the efficiency is improved in an economical way. Keywords: Sustainable building, energy efficiency, thermal comfort, energy demand, energy performance, energy use intensity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. INTRODUCTION The demand for energy in developing countries is becoming alarming, whereas the means of electricity production remains limited. Due to climatic change, high temperature and humidity, significantly increases the use of air conditioners to attain better thermal comfort. Depletion of fossil fuels and increase in fuel cost leads to an electricity shortage. And, the energy crisis made an effort in reducing the overall energy consumption in building sector. The residential sector in India consumes 37% of energy reflecting the importance of the sector in the national energy scenario. Electricity consumption is mainly influenced by seasonal variation in residential building. Most of the energy consumed for cooling, electrical appliances and water heating, these depend mainly on the ambient temperature. Many cities in India experienced rapid urban growth without any references to the evolving urban environment. This puts a pressure on the energy demand in the country. The demand for comfort conditions in buildings are significantly increased as a result of exposure to uncomfortable outdoor temperature [1].
In the context of Vellore, overheated outdoor climate of the location has contributed to a lower indoor comfort. The buildings in tropical climate are overheated due to solar gain in the daytime through the building envelope [2]. The climatic conditions affect the temperature and air flow, which thereby affects the thermal comfort of the building. Due to the high intensity of heat transient from building envelope the residential buildings are subject to increase in cooling demand. By significant increase in thermal comfort can improve energy savings. Around of 50% of annual energy is consumed for air-conditioning with an average electric energy ratio of 100 kWh/m2 of floor space. The aimed work will explore all possible parameters that can be modelled under the Energy Simulation program. On the guidelines of ASHRAE standards the Building simulation is done. ASHRAE standard specifies the test procedures for evaluating the technical capabilities and ranges of applicability of computer programs that calculate the thermal performance of the buildings and their HVAC systems. The ASHRAE includes weather data, instructions for building envelopes, Service water heating, and HVAC, Power, Lighting, and Equipment details. Reduction of energy usage in the building has a positive impact on the environment; energy generation mostly has a negative impact on the environment. By reduction of building energy usage there is a positive impact on the economy for the building occupants. Over utilization of energy might deplete the environment and it concerns society, there will be a positive impact on the environment by reduction in energy usage.
The specific problems that signify the importance of energy efficiency in buildings are as follows, growing population,
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 11 | NCAMESHE - 2014 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 92
rising number of buildings, increased living standards, high energy usage and interrupted power supply. The research performance can provide further improvements in the design and knowledge of buildings within the sub-tropical climate. The actual research performance will determine the justification in the advancement of design and knowledge. The four parameters considered such as design variables (geometrical dimensions of building elements such as orientation, roof, wall, window, door, etc.), material properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, transmissivity, etc.) weather data (ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, etc.) and building usage data (electricity, lighting, and etc.). 2. METHODOLOGY The research analysis and methods broadly focused on different phases, in which the main work is divided. In the first step the recognition and annotation of technique are done by a theoretical framework. A methodology of DIN V 18599 series is followed in calculating the overall energy balance of the building. The next step is to propose improvements for energy efficiency of buildings. This part is accomplished by working with the simulation programs Climate consultant 5.4, HEED (Home Energy Efficient Design), Net Zero Energy Building evaluation tool and Ecotect analysis 2011. The following task is to calculate the improved building energy efficiencies, when necessary improvements are followed. 2.1 Climate, Site and Orientation The proposed residential building is located on the geographical coordinates of 12°56’N, 79°20’E located in sub-tropical climate region, within the mean maximum temperature ranges from 28.2°C to 36.5°C and the mean minimum temperature ranges from 17.3°C to 27.4°C and relatively low rainfall [3]. Building orientation is considered according to the interaction with solar radiation as well as wind direction. The building orientation is north-south for habitable rooms. The kitchen receives the maximum amount of sunlight throughout the day. Prior to determining the energy balance, a building is divided into various zones. 2.2 Thermal Behavior of the Building The maximum heat gain in the building zones is due to the interaction of solar radiation. The ambient temperature is higher than the indoor temperature; heat enters the building by convection. The outer surface of the wall will convert the incoming solar radiation to heat and will radiate it into the building zones. The heat gain of the building occurs by conduction, the inner zones of the building have temperature fluctuation by air leakage. Thermal performance of a building depends on the prevailing outdoor temperature.
The building zone comfort is improved by U-value and R- value, lower the U-value and larger the R-value better the insulation effectiveness. Most of the window openings are facing southern wall and thus it makes the maximum uncomfortable condition in peak summer [4].
The overall indoor energy balance is influenced by the building fabric, thus the thermal comfort of the zones is depended mainly on the thermodynamic process. The indoor air temperature increases through windows opening and indirectly by building component. The study building is accompanied by high solar radiation, high humidity and low velocity which results in thermal discomfort of the building zones in most part of the year. Thermal comfort is achieved through ventilation, the total heat gain accounts for 25-28% through windows adding to infiltration. For thermal comfort, the optimum air velocity is 0.7 ms-1 at normal climatic condition. The ventilation rate will be less when the number of Air changer per hour (ACH) is less than the minimum value and thus indoor air quality will be poor. Maximum airflow provides an uncomfortable indoor environment. The window opening relies on occupant behaviour and it provides hygienic airflow in the building zones. ASHRAE RP884 proposed the following algorithm: Tcomf = 0.31 x Ta,out + 17.8 (°C) (1) Where, Tcomf is thermal comfort, Ta,out is mean outdoor dry bulb temperature. The relationship between indoor comfort and outdoor temperature has been expressed (ASHRAE 55-2004) in terms of the monthly mean of the outdoor temperature. Important variations of outdoor temperature occur at much shorter than monthly intervals. Adaptive theory suggests that people respond on the basis of their thermal experience, with more recent experience being more important [5]. A running mean of outdoor temperatures weighted according to their distance in the past may be used to characterize the response [6]. Feasibility comfort mainly depended on window to wall ratio, when feasible factor is greater than 0.25, then visual comfort is potential. The building visual comfort is determined according to the window opening. Window opening is more than lower the thermal comfort of the zone. 2.3 Water Conservation The building is located in relatively lower rainfall region and ground water level is low. To pump required water, lots of energy is required; it depends upon the aquifer level. Lots of energy is utilized to procure, treat and store water, which increases the electricity consumption by reducing building energy efficiency.
Rain water harvesting is flexible and it provides a supplement to the regular water source. And it is used for non-portable purpose. The rainwater harvesting is not present in the building. The efficient use of rainwater can minimize water demand and thereby it improves the energy
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 11 | NCAMESHE - 2014 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 93
efficiency of the building. Water conservation varies
according to the building location, so this factor varies the
efficiency depending upon the climate.
2.4 Electricity Consumption and Demand
The annual electricity consumption of the building is high.
The building mainly depends on the delivered energy from
the central electricity grid. Around 2 to 4 hours of electricity
shut down every day. Inverters are used in building to
overcome the electricity shortage, the inverter consumes of
lots of energy to charge batteries, and thus it increases the
electricity consumption and reduces the building energy
efficiency.
Energy intensity is a measure of the building energy
efficiency. The standard of living determines the electricity
consumption of the building. Electricity consumption varies
with respect to season. The electrical appliances depend on
the occupant living standard and thermal comfort.
2.5 Simulation Parameters
To perform the simulation certain parameter need to be
finalized and set in the simulation program, such as the
dimension and location of the proposed window, depth and
pattern of the shading device and glazing specification
(Visible Light Transmission), internal reflectance of
floor/wall and ceiling, outdoor luminance and sky condition.
The procedure adopted for analysis is as follows to develop
the model of the building, load the weather data as per the
location of the building, assign building material properties,
draw the analysis grid at a work plane height of 1200 mm
from floor finish, Set the outdoor design sky condition data
as per the climate data to be selected and start the simulation
process as per ECBC.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the analysis done, the factor for each zone does
not satisfy the recommended factor by Energy Conservation
Building Code (ECBC) and Green Rating for Integrated
Habitat Assessment (GRIHA).
As the total heat gain is positive, it represents the building
heat transfer. During the May month, maximum value of
heat is observed in the zones. The U-factor varies depending
on the envelope element, as shown in table 1. By standard
insulating the building thermal behavior can be optimized
and which lowers the heat transfer from the outdoor
environment. Maximum radiation is received in the south
facing wall, during summer it attains a peak temperature.
The occurrence of thermal comfort in the building can be
achieved below 27.46°C with considering the WWR. If
WWR is minimized, the air flow would not be effective.
The passive adaptive index of the building is 0.81, as shown
in Fig. 1. The peak temperature would be 31°C, by window
opening an air velocity of 0.6mps and thus temperature
become 27.2°C and it is considered comfortable by
ASHARE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air Conditioning Engineers). By window opening there is a
chance of a decrease in thermal comfort, these can be
optimized with adaptability index. Using predicted mean
value (PMV) model the comfort zone value of the people in
residential building is calculated, as shown in Fig. 2. Dry
bulb temperature variation influences the comfort band.
Table -1: Building Envelope
Envelope element
Design case
Assembly
structure
"U" Factor
(Btu/h·ft2·°F
)
Roof
As per ASHRAE
90.1.2007 0.063
Wall above grade
Cement Concrete
Blocks 0.375
Wall below grade NA 0.375
Floor
As per ASHRAE
90.1.2007 0.350
Glass
As per
manufacturer
catalogue 0.998
Fig -1: Adaptability index of the study building
Fig -2: Thermal comfort of the study building using Ecotect
analysis 2011.
Average daylight factor of the overall zones in a building is
2.34% and average day lighting level is 201.34. By
0 10 20 30 40 C
C
0
10
20
30
40
Zone Temperature >>
Outside Air Temperature >>
Index: 0.76
ADAPTABILITY INDEX - Study 1st January - 31st December
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 11 | NCAMESHE - 2014 | Jun-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 94
providing proper visual comfort, the artificial lighting can be reduced in the building. Daylight factor depends on the window opening and the orientation. Windows on the south facing wall as higher visual comfort, when compared to the other wall facings. Due to obstruction the feasibility factor is less than 0.25 in the kitchen zone, by removing obstruction the daylight factor is 2.70% and for living zone it is 2.07%, as shown in Fig. 3 & Fig. 4.
Fig -3: Daylight factor of the kitchen zone using HEED
Fig -4: Daylight factor of the living zone using HEED
Fig -5: Daylight analysis of the study building using Ecotect analysis 2011
The daylight factor in the southern zone (living region) is higher, as shown in Fig.5. Thus the thermal comfort in the bedrooms is very poor. Thus, by optimizing the window wall ratio (WWR), the daylight factor can be optimized. Higher visual comfort in these zones leads to the utilization of mechanical cooling, thereby increases in energy utilization, by optimized WWR the energy efficiency is improved. Proper selection of glazing can reduce the heat transfer through the air flow.
A month by month assessment is complicated and thus separate primary energy factor is calculated for summer and winter of a year. The primary energy factors relating to the provision of delivering energy comprise all the factors of primary energy with all preceding activities. The energy chains are determined by modeling with these factors. The efficiency of building varies with respect to the ambient temperature and there is no much fluctuation of energy use intensity, it depends mainly on seasonal comfort. Fabric loss is high and which reduces the building energy efficiency, as shown in Fig 6. Sol-air gain is higher and which fluctuates the thermal comfort of the building, as shown in Table 2. Table -2: Passive Gains Breakdown
Category
Losses
Gains
Fabric
71.50%
20.40%
Sol-air
0.00%
58.30%
Solar
0.00%
6.70%
Ventilation
21.10%
6.50%
Internal
0.00%
6.40%
Inter-zonal
7.30%
1.70%
By upgrading the building fabric and insulting it qualitatively improves energy performance of a building. The energy performance index (kWh/m2/year) for a non air- conditioned zone is 45 and for an air-conditioned zone is 135. Percentage reduction in energy performance compared to the benchmarked energy efficiency is 42.7%. Energy performance index of building is 34.13 kWh/m2/year.
Fig -6: Passive gains breakdown of the study building
The annual energy performance of a building depends on the total area of the building. The energy balance is calculated in accordance with DIN V 18599 series, it interacts with the building energy usage and building factors considered within the building series. The energy quality of the building is compared with the measured energy rating in a qualitative
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manner. From the series, the primary and delivered energy of the particular building is optimized, as shown in table 3. Table -3: Annual Energy Performance
Total area (m2)
148.52
Total annual predicted energy performance (kWh)
8345.27
Energy performance Index (kWh/m2/year) 24*7
34.13
Percentage reduction in energy performance compared to the benchmarked energy performance
42.78%
The energy need for cooling of the building is determined by iteration method. All energy sources are compared with a heat sink that depends on the building energy usage. The characteristics of each area served by building zone and it is grouped together and optimized to provide energy efficiency. The internal gain of the building fluctuates with respect to the building envelope. The series group the building zone with respect to the optimized condition.
The optimized building energy efficiency is 68.4% in peak summer and 77% in winter. By optimizing the building primary parameters, the energy efficiency is improved. The major loss of energy is due to building fabric, by proper insulation of the building envelope, the loss is being reduced. Residential building should be ventilated properly, to provide a better indoor environment, 5 air changes per hour occurs in the building zones. Thus, the airborne diseases are reduced and improve thermal comfort. 4. CONCLUSIONS
By incorporating, renewable energy source in a building which significantly reduces the usage of delivering energy in the building during an operation. Passive solar strategies can be utilized to reduce the energy consumption. By optimizing, the building envelope the energy efficiency is improved. The building comprises of a minimum energy efficient factor as recommended by GRIHA rating system for the regularly occupied zones. 7% of total CO2 emissions from the building envelope relate to building materials. The cooling demand can be reduced by proper ventilation. The building energy efficiency improves 18% in summer comfort and 13% in the winter. The baseline energy performance provides the rating method in the ASHARE standard 90.1-2007, and the building is optimized for the standard. Water conservation is also an important factor in determining the energy efficiency of the building. By generating the energy, it reduces the purchased energy from the grid. By optimizing the building to the standard, the efficiency is increased. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank occupants for allowing to use their house to conduct the study.
REFERENCES
[1]. K.S. Ahmed, “Comfort in urban spaces: defining the boundaries. of outdoor thermal comfort for the tropical urban environments”, Energy Build. 35:103, 2003.
[2]. P. Prianto, Depecker, “Optimization of architectural design elements in tropical humid region with thermal comfort approach”, Energy and Buildings, 35:273–280, 2003 [3]. G. Balamurugan, Dr. S. Rajendran, V. Tirukumaran, Impacts of climate, topography and weathering profile on hydrology and water resource assessment in semi- arid terrain. Using Earth observation- 1 ALI, ASTER-DEM and GIS techniques. International journal of Geomatics and Geosciences volume 1, No 2, 2010. [4]. B. Givoni, “Passive and low energy cooling of buildings”, New York, International Thomson Publishing ITP, 1994. [5]. P.O. Fanger & J. Toftum, “Extension of the PMV model for non air-conditioned buildings in warm climates” , Energy and buildings, 34, 533-536,2002. [6]. Al-Tamimi & S.F. Syed Fadzil, “ Experimental and simulation study for thermal performance analysis in residential buildings in Hot-humid climate (comparative study)”, Journal of Science and Technology, 15 (1), 17-25, 2010. BIOGRAPHIES
S. Sunil Babu, pursing M. Tech Energy and Environmental from VIT university, Vellore. Presently working on M.Tech project entitled “Optimization of energy use intensity in residential building”. Also worked on a project entitled optimization of biomass power plant and co-firing station
Dr. D. Neeraja, Assistant Professor in Department of civil Engineering from VIT university. She has versatile knowledge on green building materials. Recently, worked on “Experimental investigations on strength characteristics of steel fiber Re-enforced concrete”