In this paper, a study was conducted on the sustainable development of solar and wind energy sources. The approach adopted is to exploit the two renewable resources by arriving to determine optimal configurations of photovoltaic and / or wind energy system with storage to provide electricity to a self-contained residential apartment located in the city of Tlemcen , in Algeria. The Tlemcen site showed a more favourable trend to use the photovoltaic system alone on the hybrid PV / wind system because of the low wind speeds of this site. The calculation method used is based on the monthly averages for ten consecutive years, data collected by the Tlemcen Zenâta weather station in order to have a better reliability analysis of an electric power generation system. In addition, the methods used in this study can be used to determine the optimal size of the most economical hybrid system that corresponds to any site in the world and for any requested load.
Photovoltaic Modules Performance Loss Evaluation for Nsukka, South East Niger...IJERA Editor
The Photovoltaic (PV) systems and technology offer excellent reliability when designed with the right implementation tools and based on good technical judgements of components that make up each of the critical sections of solar power system. The PV array is an essential section of a solar power system and it is expected to function to deliver pre – estimated power based on design estimations. There are factors that derail the performance of PV modules; the contributions of these factors are peculiar to specific sites of installation, hence the need to empirically evaluate and characterize installation sites before deployment of PV systems. This paper presents the characterization of Nsukka (South East, Nigeria) environment using decent instrumentation; and consequently highlights the power loss indicators for PV modules in the target site while presenting equally mitigable design.
The usage of thermoelectric generator as a renewable energy sourceTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Currently thermoelectric generators (TEG) are widely used in biomedical, military and space satellite power applications. TEG of high power plants are mostly used in automobile and industrial engines. This paper discusses TEG as a renewable energy source. Here the TEG in the application is used in the thermoelectric generator power plant. The working principle of this thermoelectric generator is on the heat side of the TEG peltier which is coated in metal in the form of aluminum, which is heated by a heater. And the cold side of the TEG Peltier is placed on the heat sink (as a heat dissipation metal). Heatsinks are submerged in water which are submerged about half or more. If the temperature of the metal being heated and the temperature of heat dissipation metal have a certain difference, then the temperature difference causes TEG to start working. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the electrical energy produced will be. However, if the temperature difference is too large it will damage the bismuth semiconductor material used. After TEG starts working it will produce voltage and current.
This document provides technical information about ground energy systems. It begins with an introduction that outlines the benefits of ground energy, such as being renewable, environmentally friendly, and providing both heating and cooling. The basics section explains that ground energy utilizes the constant temperature below the earth's surface for heating and cooling buildings via a heat pump system. It also discusses factors like geology, hydrology, and climate that influence ground energy potential. The document then explores different types of ground energy collection systems like horizontal collectors, energy cages, and energy piles in more detail.
An Analysis of Solar Heating System for Buildingdbpublications
In this paper, the analysis has been carried out for the solar energy technologies (PV) system employed for energy supply in a hostel building for different end uses e.g. heating and electricity. The building is Ramanujam Hostel located in Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur. The building was designed based on current regulations on energy efficiency in buildings. This analysis is designed for minimizing energy consumption by the appropriate choice of the space heating and electricity systems and to find the power capacity of the hostel building. A major part of electricity required for lighting, domestic appliances and the functioning of space heating system is generated through a PV system. The PV systems are installed on the building roof.
This document discusses the estimation and cost analysis of installing a 300 kW roof-top photovoltaic system at the University B D T College of Engineering in Davangere, India. It analyzes the available roof space of 3,000 square meters that can accommodate 1,200 solar panels generating a total of 300 kW of power. The estimated total cost of the system is 24 million rupees with an estimated payback period of 6 years based on energy savings from self-consumption and revenue from excess power exported to the grid. The roof-top PV system would help meet the college's annual energy demand of 264,960 units and generate an estimated 492,750 units annually.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a rooftop solar photovoltaic plant for six buildings on a university campus. It involves using software tools like PV Watts and PvSyst to design the solar systems and calculate expected output. Key aspects covered include panel selection and arrangement, economic considerations, system losses, and layout designs for each building. The goals are to meet part of the energy demand for the buildings and reduce the campus' carbon footprint in line with its sustainability plan.
Detail analysis and design point of vie on wind power plantfekadewalle
The document provides information about wind resource assessment and wind energy fundamentals. It discusses the need to evaluate wind potential at prospective wind farm sites through wind monitoring studies. Met towers are installed to collect wind speed and direction data over periods of 1-3 years to analyze the site's wind resource. Factors like variation of wind speed with height and roughness of terrain must be considered. The Weibull distribution is commonly used to characterize the wind speed probability at a site. Understanding wind characteristics is important for estimating energy production from wind turbines.
Denmark has ambitious renewable energy targets, aiming to install 1000 MW of solar power by 2020 and 3400 MW by 2030. The country also relies heavily on renewable sources like biomass and wind power, with biomass accounting for 41% of total energy consumption as Denmark imported over 2 million tonnes of wood pellets. Non-renewable sources like coal, oil, and natural gas still make up a portion of the energy mix but are expected to decline as Denmark works to transition fully to renewable energy.
Photovoltaic Modules Performance Loss Evaluation for Nsukka, South East Niger...IJERA Editor
The Photovoltaic (PV) systems and technology offer excellent reliability when designed with the right implementation tools and based on good technical judgements of components that make up each of the critical sections of solar power system. The PV array is an essential section of a solar power system and it is expected to function to deliver pre – estimated power based on design estimations. There are factors that derail the performance of PV modules; the contributions of these factors are peculiar to specific sites of installation, hence the need to empirically evaluate and characterize installation sites before deployment of PV systems. This paper presents the characterization of Nsukka (South East, Nigeria) environment using decent instrumentation; and consequently highlights the power loss indicators for PV modules in the target site while presenting equally mitigable design.
The usage of thermoelectric generator as a renewable energy sourceTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Currently thermoelectric generators (TEG) are widely used in biomedical, military and space satellite power applications. TEG of high power plants are mostly used in automobile and industrial engines. This paper discusses TEG as a renewable energy source. Here the TEG in the application is used in the thermoelectric generator power plant. The working principle of this thermoelectric generator is on the heat side of the TEG peltier which is coated in metal in the form of aluminum, which is heated by a heater. And the cold side of the TEG Peltier is placed on the heat sink (as a heat dissipation metal). Heatsinks are submerged in water which are submerged about half or more. If the temperature of the metal being heated and the temperature of heat dissipation metal have a certain difference, then the temperature difference causes TEG to start working. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the electrical energy produced will be. However, if the temperature difference is too large it will damage the bismuth semiconductor material used. After TEG starts working it will produce voltage and current.
This document provides technical information about ground energy systems. It begins with an introduction that outlines the benefits of ground energy, such as being renewable, environmentally friendly, and providing both heating and cooling. The basics section explains that ground energy utilizes the constant temperature below the earth's surface for heating and cooling buildings via a heat pump system. It also discusses factors like geology, hydrology, and climate that influence ground energy potential. The document then explores different types of ground energy collection systems like horizontal collectors, energy cages, and energy piles in more detail.
An Analysis of Solar Heating System for Buildingdbpublications
In this paper, the analysis has been carried out for the solar energy technologies (PV) system employed for energy supply in a hostel building for different end uses e.g. heating and electricity. The building is Ramanujam Hostel located in Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur. The building was designed based on current regulations on energy efficiency in buildings. This analysis is designed for minimizing energy consumption by the appropriate choice of the space heating and electricity systems and to find the power capacity of the hostel building. A major part of electricity required for lighting, domestic appliances and the functioning of space heating system is generated through a PV system. The PV systems are installed on the building roof.
This document discusses the estimation and cost analysis of installing a 300 kW roof-top photovoltaic system at the University B D T College of Engineering in Davangere, India. It analyzes the available roof space of 3,000 square meters that can accommodate 1,200 solar panels generating a total of 300 kW of power. The estimated total cost of the system is 24 million rupees with an estimated payback period of 6 years based on energy savings from self-consumption and revenue from excess power exported to the grid. The roof-top PV system would help meet the college's annual energy demand of 264,960 units and generate an estimated 492,750 units annually.
This document discusses the design and analysis of a rooftop solar photovoltaic plant for six buildings on a university campus. It involves using software tools like PV Watts and PvSyst to design the solar systems and calculate expected output. Key aspects covered include panel selection and arrangement, economic considerations, system losses, and layout designs for each building. The goals are to meet part of the energy demand for the buildings and reduce the campus' carbon footprint in line with its sustainability plan.
Detail analysis and design point of vie on wind power plantfekadewalle
The document provides information about wind resource assessment and wind energy fundamentals. It discusses the need to evaluate wind potential at prospective wind farm sites through wind monitoring studies. Met towers are installed to collect wind speed and direction data over periods of 1-3 years to analyze the site's wind resource. Factors like variation of wind speed with height and roughness of terrain must be considered. The Weibull distribution is commonly used to characterize the wind speed probability at a site. Understanding wind characteristics is important for estimating energy production from wind turbines.
Denmark has ambitious renewable energy targets, aiming to install 1000 MW of solar power by 2020 and 3400 MW by 2030. The country also relies heavily on renewable sources like biomass and wind power, with biomass accounting for 41% of total energy consumption as Denmark imported over 2 million tonnes of wood pellets. Non-renewable sources like coal, oil, and natural gas still make up a portion of the energy mix but are expected to decline as Denmark works to transition fully to renewable energy.
Converting waste heat from automobiles to electrical energyRavi Kannappan
1. The document discusses converting waste heat from automobile engines into electrical energy using thermoelectric generators (TEGs). Approximately 70% of energy produced in automobiles is wasted as heat from the exhaust.
2. The authors propose using TEGs to harness this wasted heat energy. TEGs use the Seebeck effect to generate voltage from a temperature difference across two surfaces. The authors aim to generate enough power to charge batteries or light headlights.
3. Preliminary results show a TEG can produce 3.2 Watts of power from a 120 degree Celsius temperature difference, enough to power headlights. The authors conclude TEGs have potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption if applied to automobiles.
“AUTONOMOUS DOMICILE” stands for self-reliant structure or net zero energy building. An autonomous domicile can be defined as a building in which renewable energy is created on the structure itself and same is used for the meeting energy requirements of the structure. This project is mainly constant rated on promotion and optimum use of five components such as Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Rainwater Harvesting, Biogas and Green Building on the structures or buildings to meet their energy requirements and at the same time to reduce the use of non-renewable energy. The installation and orientation of these five components in the structure in such an integrated way so that maximum output can be obtained from the each component have been studied in this project. We have studied in detail about each and every component us as their installation method, the process of energy production, how much input is needed to produce the optimum amount of output from the components and also about their charges of installation.
The document describes a proposed hybrid power plant that can generate power continuously using both traditional and renewable energy sources. It discusses how the power generated depends on factors like the number of photovoltaic panels, wind speed, and solar radiation. Models and equations are presented for calculating the power output from the solar, wind, and hybrid system components. Charts show the relationship between power generated and variables like wind speed and number of photovoltaic panels. The conclusion is that the power output increases with higher wind speeds or more photovoltaic panels. References are also provided on related research about hybrid power systems.
One day seminar on energy conservation tips at your homePranay Shete
This one-day seminar on energy conservation tips at home focuses on providing tips for saving energy in lighting systems, room air conditioners, refrigeration, water heaters, microwave ovens, electric kettles, and computers. It discusses replacing incandescent bulbs with more efficient CFLs and LEDs, using motion sensors and timers, maintaining clean air conditioner filters, ensuring refrigerator seals are tight, insulating water pipes, using sleep modes for electronics, and turning off equipment when not in use. Measurement instruments for auditing energy usage such as electrical meters, combustion analyzers, and ultrasonic flow meters are also outlined.
SIMULATION OF SOLAR THERMAL CENTRAL RECEIVER POWER PLANT AND EFFECT OF WEATHE...IAEME Publication
Mathematical model is presented for prediction of thermal losses from central receiver solar thermal power plant. Results obtained are verified with evidence from solar experiments. Code is developed for studying the effect of variation of weather conditions i.e. variation of incident solar radiation, wind speed and ambient temperature during the entire year on the thermal performance of receiver. Thermal losses have its effect on efficiency of the receiver and hence the overall cost of solar thermal to electric power. Radiation and convection losses are the major components of thermal losses. Simulation is done for weather data of Jaipur city of India
IRJET- Design and Development of Electromagnetic Induction Injera MitadIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of an electromagnetic induction injera mitad (EMIM) to improve upon traditionally used electric injera mitads in Ethiopia. EMIM uses electromagnetic induction heating to generate heat for baking injera more efficiently. Laboratory tests show the EMIM reduces power consumption by 50%, decreases initial heating time by 48%, and increases efficiency by around 34% compared to traditional electric mitads, while providing comparable injera quality. The EMIM prototype demonstrates improvements in efficiency and heating performance for baking injera using electromagnetic induction heating principles.
Thermoelectric power generated from computer waste heatAlexander Decker
1) The study evaluated the thermoelectric voltage generated from waste heat of a Dell desktop computer using thermocouples under varying processor workloads.
2) Measurements showed that thermoelectric voltage increased with higher processor workloads and temperatures, ranging from 8.1-9.9 microvolts.
3) The maximum thermoelectric power produced by the thermocouples was estimated to be 0.052 microvolts per degree Celsius, harvested from the computer processor operating at 83.1 degrees Celsius without its heat sink.
This document summarizes a paper that highlights grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems installed in administrative buildings in Egypt. It discusses the government's promotion of PV through initiatives to install systems on 1,000 governmental buildings and a program called "Shamsk ya Masr". Approximately 90 PV systems with a total capacity of 9 MW have been installed on administrative buildings so far. The paper also provides analysis of PV parameters like peak sun hours and performance ratio that have been measured from the installed systems.
This document discusses thermoelectric generators (TEGs). It introduces TEGs and their importance as a renewable energy source that can convert wasted heat into electricity. It describes the basic construction and working of TEGs, and lists some of their applications such as in automobiles and power plants. The document outlines key advantages of TEGs like their long operational life, lack of moving parts, and ability to generate power from waste heat 24/7. It also notes limitations including low efficiency and lack of industry adoption. Finally, it predicts growth in the TEG market and potential future applications utilizing nano-technology.
PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF HYBRID SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM USING THERMOELECTRIC...IAEME Publication
The hybrid solar system assumed to be consist of thermoelectric generator (TEG) and evacuated tube with efficiency extracted under standard condition of 1000 w/m2and ambient temperature 25 C, then the efficiency of hybrid system measured at different solar radiation and temperature. In addition the thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are extracted. The study was done with different figure of merit (ZT) (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4) of thermoelectric generator (TEG). The heat transfer coefficient of evacuated tube 0.89 W/k.m and temperature dependent that transfer coefficient 0.001w/k2. m the calculation and graphs were done by MATLAB program
case study on energy conservation and utilization.tamboliameer
1) The document discusses energy conservation and load distribution analysis conducted at VIIT. It analyzed the institute's energy usage and expenses from 2012-2014.
2) Solar panels were installed in 2013, which led to a decrease in electricity expenses from nearly Rs. 11 lakh in 2012 to Rs. 7.98 lakh in 2013 despite increased campus load.
3) Further energy conservation measures helped reduce expenses further to Rs. 5.14 lakh in 2014, representing over 60% savings from 2012 levels.
The document discusses thermoelectric generators (TEGs), which convert temperature differences directly into electrical power via the Seebeck effect. TEGs have various applications such as powering low-power electronics by harvesting waste heat from sources like the human body, car exhaust, and industrial machinery. While TEGs have advantages like solid-state operation and maintenance-free use, their efficiency is still relatively low compared to other power generation methods. Research continues on improving TEG materials and designs to increase their performance and viability.
Generating Electricity More Efficiently with Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter"Douglas" F. Palte
The document proposes a Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter that can more efficiently convert waste heat from power plants into electricity. It works by ionizing hot coolant and using opposing moving magnetic fields to compress the ions and force them to expand, converting thermal energy into electricity at potentially high efficiency. By recovering most wasted heat, it could significantly reduce global pollution while generating electricity in a commercially viable way.
Generating Thermo-electricity using Graphit and Aluminum moduleCharith Suriyakula
The document describes the design and testing of a simple and low-cost thermoelectric generator made of aluminum and graphite strips. The generator is based on the Seebeck effect to convert heat directly into electricity. Testing showed that increasing the temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions and the number of couples increased the generated voltage. Wider and taller strips also led to higher voltages. Future work could introduce better cooling and new materials to minimize heat transfer and make the design more portable.
This document summarizes a study that simulated and compared the electricity production of three different photovoltaic module technologies - monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon - for a 2kW mini solar plant located in Beni Mellal, Morocco. The study used software tools PVGIS, Tecsol.fr, Simulink, and SOLARGIS to estimate the annual electricity generation for each technology. The results showed that the monocrystalline silicon modules produced the highest annual energy of 3334 kWh, while polycrystalline produced 3312 kWh and amorphous silicon was not specified. Tecsol.fr simulations predicted peak production in August,
IRJET- Computing Electricity Consumption Profiles for the Appliances in a HouseIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the electricity consumption profiles of nine appliances in a single house over one week. It finds that Wednesday had the highest overall energy consumption while Sunday had the lowest. The air conditioner used the most energy of the individual appliances. Most appliances were used between 7-8pm each day, with this daily peak contributing to higher energy use on weekdays compared to weekends. Analyzing appliance usage patterns can provide insights to schedule usage more efficiently and reduce energy costs.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes the present status and potential of various renewable energy sources in Turkey, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. It finds that Turkey has significant potential for renewable energy due to its geography and climate. In particular, it highlights Turkey's large solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy potentials. The document also provides statistics on Turkey's growth in renewable energy production in recent decades, with wind energy growing the fastest. However, it notes Turkey has yet to fully utilize its renewable potential.
Thermoelectric power generator integrated cookstove a sustainable approach of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Techno-Economic Analysis of Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System for the Electrif...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper explores the potential of use of stand-alone hybrid wind/solar energy system in electrification of calibrating equipment of drilling oil rig in Iran. To achieve this, different hybrid energy system configurations based on calibration equipment demand are proposed. This study puts emphasis on the energy production and cost of energy from both wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) in the hybrid system. In addition, to make conditions more realistic, the real meteorological data is used for HOMER software to perform the technical and economic analysis of the hybrid system. Results indicate that the PV array shares more electricity production than the wind turbine generator if both wind turbine and PV array are utilized in the wind/solar hybrid system. Moreover, results show that the operational cost will be reduced by the suggested hybrid system.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF EVACUATED TUBE AND FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTORS IN NORD...IAEME Publication
In this paper the results of the experiments of measuring the performance of evacuated tube and flat plate type solar collectors in Nordic climate conditions are presented. The measurements of the collectors of a given and equal gross surface area were performed in the test installation
environment. While the azimuth of the collectors was preserved constantly by 180°, the vertical incline was varied in order to identify the most suitable value of the thermal performance
Converting waste heat from automobiles to electrical energyRavi Kannappan
1. The document discusses converting waste heat from automobile engines into electrical energy using thermoelectric generators (TEGs). Approximately 70% of energy produced in automobiles is wasted as heat from the exhaust.
2. The authors propose using TEGs to harness this wasted heat energy. TEGs use the Seebeck effect to generate voltage from a temperature difference across two surfaces. The authors aim to generate enough power to charge batteries or light headlights.
3. Preliminary results show a TEG can produce 3.2 Watts of power from a 120 degree Celsius temperature difference, enough to power headlights. The authors conclude TEGs have potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption if applied to automobiles.
“AUTONOMOUS DOMICILE” stands for self-reliant structure or net zero energy building. An autonomous domicile can be defined as a building in which renewable energy is created on the structure itself and same is used for the meeting energy requirements of the structure. This project is mainly constant rated on promotion and optimum use of five components such as Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Rainwater Harvesting, Biogas and Green Building on the structures or buildings to meet their energy requirements and at the same time to reduce the use of non-renewable energy. The installation and orientation of these five components in the structure in such an integrated way so that maximum output can be obtained from the each component have been studied in this project. We have studied in detail about each and every component us as their installation method, the process of energy production, how much input is needed to produce the optimum amount of output from the components and also about their charges of installation.
The document describes a proposed hybrid power plant that can generate power continuously using both traditional and renewable energy sources. It discusses how the power generated depends on factors like the number of photovoltaic panels, wind speed, and solar radiation. Models and equations are presented for calculating the power output from the solar, wind, and hybrid system components. Charts show the relationship between power generated and variables like wind speed and number of photovoltaic panels. The conclusion is that the power output increases with higher wind speeds or more photovoltaic panels. References are also provided on related research about hybrid power systems.
One day seminar on energy conservation tips at your homePranay Shete
This one-day seminar on energy conservation tips at home focuses on providing tips for saving energy in lighting systems, room air conditioners, refrigeration, water heaters, microwave ovens, electric kettles, and computers. It discusses replacing incandescent bulbs with more efficient CFLs and LEDs, using motion sensors and timers, maintaining clean air conditioner filters, ensuring refrigerator seals are tight, insulating water pipes, using sleep modes for electronics, and turning off equipment when not in use. Measurement instruments for auditing energy usage such as electrical meters, combustion analyzers, and ultrasonic flow meters are also outlined.
SIMULATION OF SOLAR THERMAL CENTRAL RECEIVER POWER PLANT AND EFFECT OF WEATHE...IAEME Publication
Mathematical model is presented for prediction of thermal losses from central receiver solar thermal power plant. Results obtained are verified with evidence from solar experiments. Code is developed for studying the effect of variation of weather conditions i.e. variation of incident solar radiation, wind speed and ambient temperature during the entire year on the thermal performance of receiver. Thermal losses have its effect on efficiency of the receiver and hence the overall cost of solar thermal to electric power. Radiation and convection losses are the major components of thermal losses. Simulation is done for weather data of Jaipur city of India
IRJET- Design and Development of Electromagnetic Induction Injera MitadIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of an electromagnetic induction injera mitad (EMIM) to improve upon traditionally used electric injera mitads in Ethiopia. EMIM uses electromagnetic induction heating to generate heat for baking injera more efficiently. Laboratory tests show the EMIM reduces power consumption by 50%, decreases initial heating time by 48%, and increases efficiency by around 34% compared to traditional electric mitads, while providing comparable injera quality. The EMIM prototype demonstrates improvements in efficiency and heating performance for baking injera using electromagnetic induction heating principles.
Thermoelectric power generated from computer waste heatAlexander Decker
1) The study evaluated the thermoelectric voltage generated from waste heat of a Dell desktop computer using thermocouples under varying processor workloads.
2) Measurements showed that thermoelectric voltage increased with higher processor workloads and temperatures, ranging from 8.1-9.9 microvolts.
3) The maximum thermoelectric power produced by the thermocouples was estimated to be 0.052 microvolts per degree Celsius, harvested from the computer processor operating at 83.1 degrees Celsius without its heat sink.
This document summarizes a paper that highlights grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems installed in administrative buildings in Egypt. It discusses the government's promotion of PV through initiatives to install systems on 1,000 governmental buildings and a program called "Shamsk ya Masr". Approximately 90 PV systems with a total capacity of 9 MW have been installed on administrative buildings so far. The paper also provides analysis of PV parameters like peak sun hours and performance ratio that have been measured from the installed systems.
This document discusses thermoelectric generators (TEGs). It introduces TEGs and their importance as a renewable energy source that can convert wasted heat into electricity. It describes the basic construction and working of TEGs, and lists some of their applications such as in automobiles and power plants. The document outlines key advantages of TEGs like their long operational life, lack of moving parts, and ability to generate power from waste heat 24/7. It also notes limitations including low efficiency and lack of industry adoption. Finally, it predicts growth in the TEG market and potential future applications utilizing nano-technology.
PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF HYBRID SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM USING THERMOELECTRIC...IAEME Publication
The hybrid solar system assumed to be consist of thermoelectric generator (TEG) and evacuated tube with efficiency extracted under standard condition of 1000 w/m2and ambient temperature 25 C, then the efficiency of hybrid system measured at different solar radiation and temperature. In addition the thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are extracted. The study was done with different figure of merit (ZT) (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4) of thermoelectric generator (TEG). The heat transfer coefficient of evacuated tube 0.89 W/k.m and temperature dependent that transfer coefficient 0.001w/k2. m the calculation and graphs were done by MATLAB program
case study on energy conservation and utilization.tamboliameer
1) The document discusses energy conservation and load distribution analysis conducted at VIIT. It analyzed the institute's energy usage and expenses from 2012-2014.
2) Solar panels were installed in 2013, which led to a decrease in electricity expenses from nearly Rs. 11 lakh in 2012 to Rs. 7.98 lakh in 2013 despite increased campus load.
3) Further energy conservation measures helped reduce expenses further to Rs. 5.14 lakh in 2014, representing over 60% savings from 2012 levels.
The document discusses thermoelectric generators (TEGs), which convert temperature differences directly into electrical power via the Seebeck effect. TEGs have various applications such as powering low-power electronics by harvesting waste heat from sources like the human body, car exhaust, and industrial machinery. While TEGs have advantages like solid-state operation and maintenance-free use, their efficiency is still relatively low compared to other power generation methods. Research continues on improving TEG materials and designs to increase their performance and viability.
Generating Electricity More Efficiently with Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter"Douglas" F. Palte
The document proposes a Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter that can more efficiently convert waste heat from power plants into electricity. It works by ionizing hot coolant and using opposing moving magnetic fields to compress the ions and force them to expand, converting thermal energy into electricity at potentially high efficiency. By recovering most wasted heat, it could significantly reduce global pollution while generating electricity in a commercially viable way.
Generating Thermo-electricity using Graphit and Aluminum moduleCharith Suriyakula
The document describes the design and testing of a simple and low-cost thermoelectric generator made of aluminum and graphite strips. The generator is based on the Seebeck effect to convert heat directly into electricity. Testing showed that increasing the temperature difference between the hot and cold junctions and the number of couples increased the generated voltage. Wider and taller strips also led to higher voltages. Future work could introduce better cooling and new materials to minimize heat transfer and make the design more portable.
This document summarizes a study that simulated and compared the electricity production of three different photovoltaic module technologies - monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon - for a 2kW mini solar plant located in Beni Mellal, Morocco. The study used software tools PVGIS, Tecsol.fr, Simulink, and SOLARGIS to estimate the annual electricity generation for each technology. The results showed that the monocrystalline silicon modules produced the highest annual energy of 3334 kWh, while polycrystalline produced 3312 kWh and amorphous silicon was not specified. Tecsol.fr simulations predicted peak production in August,
IRJET- Computing Electricity Consumption Profiles for the Appliances in a HouseIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the electricity consumption profiles of nine appliances in a single house over one week. It finds that Wednesday had the highest overall energy consumption while Sunday had the lowest. The air conditioner used the most energy of the individual appliances. Most appliances were used between 7-8pm each day, with this daily peak contributing to higher energy use on weekdays compared to weekends. Analyzing appliance usage patterns can provide insights to schedule usage more efficiently and reduce energy costs.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document summarizes the present status and potential of various renewable energy sources in Turkey, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. It finds that Turkey has significant potential for renewable energy due to its geography and climate. In particular, it highlights Turkey's large solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy potentials. The document also provides statistics on Turkey's growth in renewable energy production in recent decades, with wind energy growing the fastest. However, it notes Turkey has yet to fully utilize its renewable potential.
Thermoelectric power generator integrated cookstove a sustainable approach of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Techno-Economic Analysis of Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System for the Electrif...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper explores the potential of use of stand-alone hybrid wind/solar energy system in electrification of calibrating equipment of drilling oil rig in Iran. To achieve this, different hybrid energy system configurations based on calibration equipment demand are proposed. This study puts emphasis on the energy production and cost of energy from both wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) in the hybrid system. In addition, to make conditions more realistic, the real meteorological data is used for HOMER software to perform the technical and economic analysis of the hybrid system. Results indicate that the PV array shares more electricity production than the wind turbine generator if both wind turbine and PV array are utilized in the wind/solar hybrid system. Moreover, results show that the operational cost will be reduced by the suggested hybrid system.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF EVACUATED TUBE AND FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTORS IN NORD...IAEME Publication
In this paper the results of the experiments of measuring the performance of evacuated tube and flat plate type solar collectors in Nordic climate conditions are presented. The measurements of the collectors of a given and equal gross surface area were performed in the test installation
environment. While the azimuth of the collectors was preserved constantly by 180°, the vertical incline was varied in order to identify the most suitable value of the thermal performance
The document summarizes a study analyzing the feasibility of a hybrid renewable energy system for a remote field location in Ladakh, India. Wind and solar data were collected at the site over a year. Currently, the location relies on expensive diesel generators. The study uses Homer software to model a system combining 10 wind turbines, solar PV, batteries, and one existing diesel generator. This hybrid system could meet the location's needs while reducing diesel consumption by 23.5% and lowering the cost of electricity compared to the current system. Challenges of developing off-grid hybrid systems for remote areas are also discussed.
Reviewing the factors of the Renewable Energy systems for Improving the Energ...IJERA Editor
Electricity demand around the globe has increased alarmingly and is increasing at high rates. Therefore,
electricity supply by the conventional resources is not sufficient right now and the generation of electricity by
these resources is causing pollution worldwide. As the recent world is moving towards the alternative and
renewable resources of energy that include sun, wind, water, and air. This paper focuses on reviewing the
renewable energy sources used to improve the energy efficiency. This paper presents how the maximum power
generation capacity can be achieved using these sources. Main focus of this paper is on solar and wind power
that is freely available all around the globe. This paper concludes that there are certain factors that should be
considered while generating power from these sources. The factors include the calculation of radiation data,
storage size and capacity calculation, and geographic dispersion of the plants.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of field roughness, power losses, and turbulence intensity on electricity production for an onshore wind farm in Kitka, Kosovo. The study analyzed wind data collected from an onsite met mast from August to December 2017. It estimated annual energy production for the wind farm using wake and loss models. Turbulence intensity was estimated to be 9-12% at hub height based on wind speed data. The roughness of the terrain was found to be less than the added roughness of wind turbines. Despite differences in elevation between turbines, the site roughness index was found to be mostly consistent, allowing similar turbines to be installed without affecting energy production quality.
This experimental work is looking at the properties of photovoltaic/thermal (PV-T) system, which had designed to increase the output power of the PV panel for the climate of Zarqa, Jordan. Operating temperature of the PV module has a significant impact on the performance of the PV module. However, most of the radiation energy absorbed by the PV panel is converted into heat, which is normally lost and provides no value. In order to decrease the operating temperature of the PV panel, a water cooling system with a control system had designed. Experimentally, when the PV module was operating under active water-cooling condition using the backside cooling technique, the temperature dropped significantly, which led to an increase in the electrical efficiency of solar cells by 6.86%.
IRJET- Simulation and Implementation of Hybrid Micro Grid Based on DC-AC ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a control strategy to coordinate power exchange between different components in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid system using a power electronics transformer. The control strategy aims to suppress fluctuations in DC bus voltage and ensure full utilization of subsystems while buffering energy fluctuations. The paper presents a simulation of the proposed control strategy that shows it can accurately control bidirectional power flow and regulate power distribution to achieve stable operation of the hybrid microgrid. Key components of the system include a power electronics transformer, AC and DC microgrids, and an energy storage battery.
Modelling and analysis of a PV/wind/diesel hybrid standalone microgrid for ru...journalBEEI
The scarce electricity supply in Nigeria is a key factor to the low industrial development in a country well-known for having the least electrification in Africa per capita. Presently, Nigeria employs four different kinds of energy such as coal, natural gas, hydro, and oil. Three of the four resources mentioned above used for the production of energy in Nigeria is connected with increasing emissions of greenhouse gas: natural gas, oil, and coal, with coal releasing the worst. This paper presents a model and analysis of PV/Wind/Diesel hybrid system for rural electrification in Kaduna state, northern Nigeria. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) software tool was used for optimization and modeling of this work. Simulation results show that the PV/Wind/Diesel system with Battery storage is the most cost-effective system since it recorded considerable cost of energy and reduces CO2 emissions significantly.
Feasibility of residential grid connected pv system under the jordanian net m...Alexander Decker
This article analyzes the economic feasibility of 3.0 kW photovoltaic (PV) systems for three residential scenarios in Jordan with different monthly electricity demands. Simulations were conducted using HOMER software. Scenario 1 had 510 kWh/month demand and an 11.59 year payback period. Scenario 2 had 990 kWh/month demand and a 5.34 year payback period. Scenario 3 had the highest demand of 1500 kWh/month and the shortest payback period of 3.43 years, showing that higher electricity consumption leads to faster returns on PV investment under Jordan's net metering policy.
Temperature and Azimuth angle variation effect on the Building Integrated Pho...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the effects of temperature and azimuth angle variation on power generation from building integrated photovoltaic systems in Bangladesh. It finds that power output increases by around 10.05% when the tilt/azimuth angle is varied from 21°/180° to 21°/0° at a temperature of 30°C, taking into account Bangladesh's climate. It also examines how solar irradiation and the maximum voltage and current from a photovoltaic module vary over the course of a day. The power generation characteristics of two photovoltaic arrays are characterized considering variations in temperature and azimuth angle.
Economic and Optimization Study of an Hybrid Solar-Diesel System for A Coaste...paperpublications3
This document describes the design of a hybrid solar-diesel power system for a community in Lagos State, Nigeria called Akodo that lacks access to the electric grid. The system was designed to meet the community's estimated load of 88.9 kW. It involves using photovoltaic panels, batteries, an inverter, and a diesel generator. Software modeling was used to simulate the system and analyze the costs. Key inputs included solar resource data for the location and load profiles for households and community buildings. The proposed hybrid system is expected to reliably and economically provide electricity to Akodo.
Sizing of Hybrid PV/Battery Power System in Sohag cityiosrjce
This paper gives the feasibility analysis of PV- Battery system for an off-grid power station in Sohag
city. Hybrid PV-battery system was used for supplying a combined pumping and residential load. A simple cost
effective method for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems was introduced. The aim of sizing hybrid system is to
determine the cost effective PV configuration and to meet the estimated load at minimum cost. This requires
assessing the climate conditions which determine the temporal variation of the insolation in Sohag city. Sizing
of the hybrid system components was investigated using RETscreen and HOMER programs. The sizing software
tools require a set of data on energy resource demand and system specifications. The energy cost values of the
hybrid system agrees reasonably with those published before.
The document discusses sizing a hybrid PV/battery power system in Sohag City, Egypt to meet the power demands of a combined pumping and residential load. It analyzes the feasibility of the system using the RETscreen and HOMER software programs, which require meteorological data and load profiles. The optimal system configured by HOMER consists of 25kW of PV panels, 40 batteries, and a 100kW power converter with a net present cost of $84,171 and cost of energy of $0.151/kWh.
Design hybrid micropower system in mistah village using homer modelIAEME Publication
The document presents a case study analyzing different hybrid micropower system designs for a remote village in Iraq using the HOMER modeling software. Three cases are analyzed: 1) diesel generator only, 2) wind, hydro, diesel generator, converter, and batteries, and 3) PV, wind, hydro, diesel generator, converter, and batteries. The optimal configuration was found to be case 2, with a total net present cost of $705,643 and cost of energy of $0.422/kWh. This hybrid system was shown to have lower costs than grid extension for distances over 3.55km from the main power station. Emissions were also calculated and found to be lower for the hybrid systems compared to diesel generator
Renewable microgrid operational results and economic evaluation using RETScre...IJECEIAES
This article describes the performance results of the first renewable microgrid of Chocó, Colombia, monitored over two years (2016-2017) adding an economic approach. A virtual platform is used to analyze, in real time, the microgrid power production, while a meteorological station measures the solar irradiance and the ambient temperature. The results indicated that the generation of AC PV energy was 21,817 kWh/year on 2016 and 23,301 kWh/year on 2017. The photovoltaic system’s average efficiency was 10.3 % on 2016 and 11.09 % on 2017. An economical analysis of the renewable microgrid is also presented using RETScreenTM software. The results show a net present value of $237,028 USD for an evaluation period of 25 years with annual energy savings of $4,622 USD. A calculation on greenhouse gas emissions show that 22.9 tCO2 per year are avoided when using the solar energy tech.
Economic viability and profitability assessments of WECS IJECEIAES
The document discusses economic viability and profitability assessments of different types of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). It proposes simulating four WECS models using HOMER software to determine the optimal configuration based on costs. The models vary the wind turbine size and presence of a rectifier. The software calculates technical parameters and costs including net present cost, cost of energy, and cash flows to assess which system maximizes profitability based on metrics like net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period.
The document evaluates the potential of a solar chimney power plant in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. A mathematical model was used to estimate the amount of power generated from a solar chimney power plant with a collector diameter of 700 m and chimney height of 700 m, which could produce up to 3000 MW of electricity. Solar chimney power plants utilize solar radiation to heat air which drives turbines to generate electricity. They have potential for renewable energy production in areas with abundant sun and flat land.
1. The document discusses the development of solar chimney power plant technology around the world. Prototypes were built in Spain, the US, Egypt, Nigeria, UAE, Thailand, China, and Botswana to test the technology in different climates.
2. Key projects included a 50 kW prototype in Spain in the 1980s, plans for a large solar updraft tower in the US, and analyses showing solar chimneys could generate significant electricity in Egypt, Nigeria, and the UAE.
3. Recent developments explored sloped solar chimneys, counter-rotating turbines, and optimizing collector angles and chimney heights to improve performance. Studies found the technology suitable for providing electricity in many global locations
Similar to Study and Optimization of a Renewable System of Small Power Generation (20)
A Secure Data Transmission Scheme using Asymmetric Semi-Homomorphic Encryptio...IJAAS Team
The compressive detecting based information accumulation accomplishes with high exactness in information recuperation from less inspection which is available in sensor nodes. In this manner, the existing methods available in the literature diminish the information gathering cost and delays the existence cycle of WSNs. In this paper, a strong achievable security model for sensor network applications was initially proposed. At that point, a secure data collection conspire was displayed based on compressive detecting, which improves the information protection by the asymmetric semi-homomorphic encryption scheme, and decreases the calculation cost by inadequate compressive grid. In this case, particularly the asymmetric mechanism decreases the trouble of mystery key circulation and administration. The proposed homomorphic encryption permits the in-arrange accumulation in cipher domain, and in this manner improves the security and accomplishes the adjustment in system stack. Further, this paper focuses on estimating various network performances such as the calculation cost and correspondence cost, which remunerates the expanding cost caused by the homomorphic encryption. A real time validation on the proposed encryption scheme using AVISPA was additionally performed and the results are satisfactory.
Lossless 4D Medical Images Compression Using Adaptive Inter Slices FilteringIJAAS Team
Recent lossless 4D medical images compression works are based on the application of techniques originated from video compression to efficiently eliminate redundancies in different dimensions of image. In this context we present a new approach of lossless 4D medical images compression which consists to application of 2D wavelet transform in spatial directions followed or not by either lifting transform or motion compensation in inter slices direction, the obtained slices are coded by 3D SPIHT. Our approach was compared with 3D SPIHT with/without motion compensation. The results show our approach offers better performance in lossless compression rate.
Coding Schemes for Implementation of Fault Tolerant Parrallel FilterIJAAS Team
Digital filters are utilized as a one of flag handling and correspondence frameworks. At times, the unwavering quality of those frameworks is basic, and blame tolerant channel executions are needed. Throughout the years, numerous systems that endeavor the channels' structure and properties to accomplish adaptation to internal failure have been proposed. As innovation scales, it empowers more unpredictable frameworks that join many channels. In those perplexing frameworks, it is regular that a portion of the channels work in parallel. A plan in view of big rectification coding has been as of late proposed to protect parallel channels. In that plan, each channel is deal with as a bit, and excess channels that go about as equality check bits are acquainted with distinguish and rectify blunders. In this short, applying coding systems to secure parallel channels is tended to in a broader manner. This decreases the assurance overhead and makes the quantity of excess channels autonomous of the quantity of parallel channels. The proposed technique is first described and then illustrated with two case studies. Finally, both the effectiveness in protecting against errors and the cost are evaluated for a field-programmable gate array implementation.
Recycling of Industrial Waste Water for the Generation of Electricity by Regu...IJAAS Team
The paper focuses on generating the renewable energy source from industrial waste water effluents. Utilizing the industrial waste water in order to generate electricity, a flow control sensor has been installed at the outlet of the tunnel which passes the waste water to the turbine. As per the need, the generation of electricity varies with respect to the flow through the use of flow control sensor. The generated electricity is then used for powering the street lights, gardening and run-way paths, during night time. The flow control sensor when integrated using IoT and cloud storage facilitates efficiency and scalability thereby providing massive utilization of energy usage.
Early Detection of High Blood Pressure and Diabetic Retinopathy on Retinal Fu...IJAAS Team
In this paper we present a lifting wavelet based CBRIR image retrieval system that uses color and texture as visual features to describe the content of a retinal fundus images. Our contribution is of three directions. First, we use lifting wavelets 9/7 for lossy and SPL5/3 for lossless to extract texture features from arbitrary shaped retinal fundus regions separated from an image to increase the system effectiveness. This process is performed offline before query processing, therefore to answer a query our system does not need to search the entire database images; instead just a number of similar class type patient images are required to be searched for image similarity. Third, to further increase the retrieval accuracy of our system, we combine the region based features extracted from image regions, with global features extracted from the whole image, which are texture using lifting wavelet and HSV color histograms. Our proposed system has the advantage of increasing the retrieval accuracy and decreasing the retrieval time. The experimental evaluation of the system is based on a db1 online retinal fundus color image database. From the experimental results, it is evident that our system performs significantly better accuracy as compared with traditional wavelet based systems. In our simulation analysis, we provide a comparison between retrieval results based on features extracted from the whole image using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet and features extracted using lossless 9/7 lifting wavelet and using traditional wavelet. The results demonstrate that each type of feature is effective for a particular type of disease of retinal fundus images according to its semantic contents, and using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet of them gives better retrieval results for almost all semantic classes and outperform 4-10% more accuracy than traditional wavelet.
Automation of DMPS Manufacturing by using LabView & PLCIJAAS Team
This Paper is to enable the Siemens (Programmable Logic Control) CPU 313- 5A to communicate with the Lab VIEW and to control the process accuracy by image processing. The communication between CPU 313-5A and Lab VIEW is via OPC (OLE for Process Control).Process Accuracy is achieved with the use of Labview Image Processing and Gray Scale matching Pattern. Accuracy in the gray scale matching will purely depend on the calibration of the camera with respect to the corresponding image. The digital output from the labview is communicated to PLC via Ethernet Protocol for the industrial process control. With the use of Labview the dead time while using the normal image vision module in PLC can be minimized. Labview uses the gray scale matching technique whi
Mobile Application Development with AndroidIJAAS Team
The Android is mobile platform. It is an open source and free operating system application, by Google it is developed and maintained. It was designed essentially for touch screen mobile devices, such as and tablet, computers, smart phones, watch television, cars etc. Android is one of the most widely used mobile OS. Android is a not only operating system but also key applications and middleware. Android is an open source operating system. It is developed by the open handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies. Those are used to android studio 2.2.3 version and development the mobile application.
Data Visualization and Analysis of Engineering Educational StatisticsxIJAAS Team
Engineering, is one of the most popular fields of higher education in the modern day world. Majority of the students these days opt for engineering as a career, due to the vastness of choices provided by engineering. Mechanical, Electrical, Computer Science, Civil and Biotechnology are the various disciplines and have varying strength in terms of number of students who join a particular discipline. In this research, we have gather data from various published articles about engineering education and carried out the data visualization and analysis using Tableau 9.2. The objective of the analysis is to help the students to make the decision and the choice about discipline of engineering from which particular university would be the most suitable based on the data collected and represented. Various categories of statistics such as number of graduates from a particular university in a particular discipline, and which university had the maximum number of graduates in a certain year will help the students make their decisions about their future in a more easy and a sorted manner.
Requirement Elicitation Model (REM) in the Context of Global Software Develop...IJAAS Team
Contxext:Requirement elicitation is difficult and critical phase of requirement engineering and the case is worst in global software development (GSD). The study is about requirement elicitation in the context of GSD. Objective: Development of requirement elicitation model (REM) which can address the factors that have positive impact and the factors that have negative impact during elicitation in GSD. The propose model will give solutions and practices to the challenges during elicitation. Method: Systematic literature review (SLR) and empirical research study will be used for achieving the goals and objectives. Expected outcomes: The expected results of this study will be REM that will help vendor organizations for better elicitation during GSD.
Technological development have altered the way we communicate, learn, think, share, and spread information. Mobile technologies are those that make use of wireless technologies to gain some sort of data. As mobile connectedness continues to spread across the world, the value of employing mobile technologies in the arena of learning and teaching seems to be both self-evident and unavoidable The fast deployment of mobile devices and wireless networks in university campuses makes higher education a good environment to integrate learners-centered m-learning . this paper discusses mobile learning technologies that are being used for educational purposes and the effect they have on teaching and learning methods.
Spectral Efficient Blind Channel Estimation Technique for MIMO-OFDM Communica...IJAAS Team
With emerge of increasing research in the domain of future wireless communications, massive MIMO (multiple inputs multiple outputs) attracted most of researchers interests. Massive MIMO is high-speed wireless communication standards. A channel estimation technology plays the essential role in the MIMO systems. Efficient channel estimation leads to spectral efficient wireless communications. The critics of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) are the challenging tasks while designing the channel estimation methods. To mitigate the challenges of ISI, we proposed the novel blind channel estimation method which based on Independent component analysis (ICA) in this paper. Proposed channel estimation it works for both blind interference cancellation and ISI cancellation. The proposed Hybrid ICA (HICA) method depends on pulse shape filtering and ambiguity removal to improve the spectral efficiency and reliability for MIMO communications. The Kurtosis operation is used to measure the complex data at first to estimate the common signals. Then we exploited the advantages of 3rd and 4th order Higher Order Statistics (HOS) to priorities the common signals during the channel estimation. In this paper, we present the detailed design and evaluation of HICA blind channel estimation method. We showed the simulation results of HICA against the state-of-art techniques for channel estimation using BER, MSE, and PAPR.
An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Implementation for Key Distribution in Hybrid Me...IJAAS Team
This document presents a new model for securing key distribution in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The model determines the appropriate length of an intermediate encryption key based on network parameters like node count, node authentication history, trusted neighbor count, key change frequency, and desired key length. An intuitionistic fuzzy sets implementation assigns membership and non-membership values to each parameter. Based on the combinations of parameter values, intuitionistic rules output a session key scale and corresponding key length ranging from very low to very high security. The model was experimentally shown to efficiently create and distribute keys compared to other models.
Angular Symmetric Axis Constellation Model for Off-line Odia Handwritten Char...IJAAS Team
This document presents a novel approach for recognizing offline handwritten Odia characters based on angular symmetric axis feature extraction. The approach generates unique boundary points for each skeletonized character image based on angles from the image center. It then extracts row and column symmetry axes by connecting these points. Features are extracted including mean distance and angle of the row and column symmetry axes. The approach was tested on 200 Odia character images using random forest and SVM classifiers, achieving recognition accuracy of 96.3% and 98.2% respectively.
Energy and Load Aware Routing Protocol for Internet of ThingsIJAAS Team
The document proposes an Energy and Load aware Routing Protocol (EL-RPL) for Internet of Things networks. EL-RPL is an enhancement of the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) that uses a composite metric for route selection. The composite metric is calculated based on expected transmission count (ETX), load, and battery depletion index (BDI). The simulation results show that EL-RPL improves network lifetime by 8-12% and packet delivery ratio by 2-4% compared to other similar RPL protocols.
Analysis and Implementation of Unipolar PWM Strategies for Three Phase Cascad...IJAAS Team
This paper presents unipolar pulse width modulation technique with sinusoidal sampling pulse width modulation are analyzed for three-phase five-level, seven-level, nine-level and eleven-level cascaded multi-level inverter. The unipolar PWM method offers a good opportunity for the realization of the Three-phase inverter control, it is better to use the unipolar PWM method with single carrier wave compared to two reference waves. In such case the motor harmonic losses will be considerably lower.The necessary calculations for generation of unipolar pulse width modulation strategies have presented in detail. The unipolar SPWM voltage switching scheme is selected in this paper because this method offers the advantages of effectively doubling the switching frequency of the inverter voltage. The cascaded multi level inverter fed induction motor is simulated and compared the total harmonic distroction for all level (five-level, seven-level, nine-level and elevel-level)of the inverter. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Design of an IOT based Online Monitoring Digital StethoscopeIJAAS Team
Acoustic stethoscopes have low sound levels. Digital stethoscope overcomes this issue by amplifying body sounds electronically. As the sound signals are transmitted electronically, it can be wireless and can provide noise reduction. Acoustic stethoscope can be changed into a digital stethoscope by inserting an electric capacity microphone onto its head. Heart sounds received from the microphone are processed, sampled and sound signals are converted analog to digital and sent wirelessly using the Internet of Things(IOT) techniques, so that multiple doctors can do auscultation and monitor conditions of the patient.
Development of Russian Driverless Electric VehicleIJAAS Team
This article overviews the history of development of driverless vehicles both in Russia and the World. Foreign experience of development of driverless vehicles, including electric traction, is analyzed. Main stages of creation of experimental NAMI driverless electric vehicle are revised. Main engineering solutions are described concerning development of advanced NAMI driverless electric vehicle, its major components and control systems. Projects aimed at environmental safety of passengers in NAMI driverless electric vehicle are exemplified. Results of bench scale and running tests of NAMI driverless electric vehicle are summarized. Major advantages of driverless energy efficient and environmentally clean transport are demonstrated.
Cost Allocation of Reactive Power Using Matrix Methodology in Transmission Ne...IJAAS Team
This document presents a matrix methodology for allocating the costs of reactive power flows in transmission networks. The methodology traces reactive power flows through the network using Kirchhoff's current law and proportional sharing principles. It then allocates the costs of reactive power to generators and loads using the MVAr-mile method. The methodology is demonstrated on sample 6-bus and IEEE 14-bus test systems. Results show the allocated reactive power flows to different loads and the costs allocated to loads for recovery of total reactive power costs in the transmission network.
Depth Estimation from Defocused Images: a SurveyIJAAS Team
An important step in 3D data generation is the generation of depth map. Depth map is a black and white image which has exactly the same size of the original captured 2D image that indicates the relative distance of each pixel from the observer to the objects in the real world. This paper presents a survey of Depth Perception from Defocused or blurs images as well as image from motion. The change of distance of the object from the camera has direct relation with the amount of blurring of object in the image. The amount of blurring will be calculated with a comparison in front of the camera directly and can be seen with the changes at gray level around the edges of objects.
CP-NR Distributed Range Free Localization Algorithm in WSNIJAAS Team
Advancements in wireless communication technology have empowered the researchers to develop large scale wireless networks with huge number of sensor nodes. In these networks localization is very active field of research. Localization is a way to determine the physical position of sensor nodes which is useful in many aspects such as to find the origin of events, routing and network coverage. Locating nodes with GPS systems is expensive, power consuming and not applicable to indoor environments. Localization in three dimensional space and accuracy of the estimated location are two factors of major concern. In this paper, a new three dimensional Distributed range-free algorithm which is known as CP-NR is proposed. This algorithm has high localization accuracy and resolved the problem of existing NR algorithm. CP-NR (Coplanar and Projected Node Reproduction) algorithm makes use of co-planarity and projection of point on plane concepts to reduce the localization error. Results have shown that CP-NR algorithm is superior to NR algorithm and comparison is done for the localization accuracy with respect to variations in range, anchor density and node density.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
2. ISSN: 2252-8814
IJAAS Vol. 7, No. 3, September 2018: 199 – 211
200
apartment located in Tlemcen in Algeria for a reference year, a photovoltaic and / or wind energy system with
storage is suggested. This system generates simultaneously energy from the absorbed solar energy and the
captured wind energy that can be consumed directly or stored in batteries whose role is to ensure the continuity
of use. Nevertheless, developing a cost-effective system includes design issues such as the dimensioning of the
correct size of each component and the economic optimisation of the cost of the generated kWh. The purpose
of this article is to show the reliability of using the electrical energy of solar and / or wind resources to meet
the needs of a requested electrical load. A thorough study is used to find the best energy system configuration
while presenting the results of sunray measurements, wind speeds, and energy data generated by the modules
photovoltaic or wind turbines and storage that varies according to days of autonomy. The system obtained
aims to supply a charge for domestic use (apartment) where consumption is about 3,260 kWh per day
(September-May) and 9,150 a day (July-August).
2. SITE DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR AND WIND RESOURCES AND
REQUIRED CHARGE
2.1. Studied Site
The selected site is located in Tlemcen in a region of Zenâta in Algeria. The characteristics of the site
are displayed on the Table 1.
Table 1. Characteristics of the Zenâta Site [2]
Site Latitude Longitude Altitude Albédo
Tlemcen 35.02°N 1.18°E 247 m 0.20
2.2. Assessment of the Solar and Wind Resources
It is crucial to define and specify the data of local resources (solar irradiation and wind speed) of the
selected region. This study is based on a daily data source of two sources, solar and wind energy, measured at
a height of 10 m above ground level for 12 months and year-round for 10 years ( 2000 - 2010). Data were
obtained from the Tlemcen Zenata meteorological station METAR / SYNOP [3].
a) Solar resource
Figure 1 shows the monthly average of each year of the solar radiation index of the region of
Tlemcen.
Figure 1. Monthly sun radiation of the tlemcen site
The solar radiation in Tlemcen reaches its minimum of 2.3 kWh/m²/day in December and its
maximum of 7.5 kWh/m²/day in June, and the annual average is 4.8 kWh/m² /day.
b) Wind resource
Figure 2 represents the monthly average of each year of wind speeds of the region of Tlemcen.
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Figure 2. Monthly wind speeds of the tlemcen site
The wind speeds are considered as relatively weak throughout the year. January being the most windy
month with a wind speed of 3, 2 m/s and October the least windy of the year with a speed of 1,3 m/s. The
annual wind speed average for the site in Tlemcen over the study period.
c) Temperature
Table (2) shows the monthly average if each year of temperature for the region of Tlemcen.
Table 2. Monthly Temperature Average
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Annual
average
Temperature
(c°)
6.27 8.23 11.6 14.8 19.9 25.4 28.9 28.0 23.1 17.6 11.7 7.65 17.0
The monthly temperature average reaches its minimum in January estimated to 6.27°c and its
maximum to 28.9°c in July and the annual average is 17°c. These temperatures will not affect the operation of
convertors in the photovoltaic installation or wind turbines.
2.3. Characteristics of the Selected Apartment and its Energy Balance
The apartment chosen for the study is of type not connected to the conventional power distribution
network and equipped with all the devices to provide comfort to the occupants. In addition, it is permanently
occupied throughout the year and the domestic equipment operates under a standard voltage 220V-50Hz
(mains voltage). The daily consumption is supposed constant during the nine following months (September-
May) in the order of 3,260 KWh per day and another constant value during the summer season (June, July, and
August) estimated at 9,150 KWh per day, the daily energy needs of the apartment by Wh/day are shown on
the Table (3)[4].
Table 3. Assessment of Daily Energy Needs of Apartment
Power(w)
Duration of use
(hours)
Daily consumption (Wh)
Lighting
Adults’ room 11 4 44
Children’s room 22 5 110
Living room 22 6 132
Corridor 22 2 44
Bathroom 22 2 44
Toilets 11 1 11
Kitchen 11 7 77
Appliances
Refrigerator 120 8 (winter), 12 (summer) 96 (winter), 1440 (summer)
Television LCD 72 5h30 397.26
Air conditioner 3663 0 (winter), 6 (summer) 0 (winter), 6600 (summer)
Others 100 2 250
Total lighting of apartment 3260/9150
Figure 3 shows the total consumption of the apartment in one typical day in the winter season
(September-May): 3,260 kWh in 24 hours. Figure 4 shows the total consumption of the apartment in one day
in the summer season,(June-August): 9,150KWh in 24 hours.
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Figure 3. Daily profile (winter season) Figure 4. Daily profile (summer season)
3. METHODS
The crucial stage in the conception of a power generation system is determining its optimal size
which depends essentially on the climatic data of the site and the characteristics of the parameters contained in
this system.
This part discusses the models used in the study to determine the optimal size of the electric power
generation system that can meet the electrical needs of the apartment.
3.1. Global Incoming Solar Radiation and Energy Produced by the Photovoltaic Generator
The global incoming solar radiation in a photovoltaic panel according to the HDKR (Hay, Davies,
Klucher, Reindl) model [5]:
3
1 cos
( ) (1 )
2
1 cos
1 sin
2 2
T b d i b d i
g
G G G A R G A
f G
b
b b
ρ
+
= + + −
−
+ +
(1)
The energy produced by a photovoltaic panel is estimated from the values of the global irradiation on
an inclined plane, the ambient temperature and the values of the photovoltaic panel manufacturer’s data. It is
given by [6]:
. . . .pv pv pv fE R S P H N=
(2)
The performance of the photovoltaic generator is represented by the following equation:
{ }1 ( STCpv r cR T Tη γ= − − (3)
20
8
(
00
)C a inc
NOCT
T T G
−
= + (4)
3.2. Distribution of wind Speeds and Energy Yielded by Wind Generator
The Weibull function is used to characterise the distribution of wind frequencies during the study
period and is defined as [7]:
1
( ) exp
k k
k V V
f V
A A A
−
=
(5)
Wind speeds Vm can be calculated according to Weibull’s K and A parameters as indicated below:
1
1mV A
k
= Γ +
(6)
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Wind power density of a site according to Weibull’s probability density function can be expressed as
follows [8]:
31 3
1
2
eolP S A
k
ρ
= Γ +
(7)
where Seol is the area swept by the wind turbine blade (m²) and p is air density (1.225kg/m³).
Once the wind power density is given, the energy yielded by the wind generator for a desired period
can be calculated by [9]:
31 3
1 .
2eol
E
A T
S k
ρ
= Γ +
(8)
3.3. Battery Size
The storage capacity of batteries is determined according to the maximum required load (maximum
monthly load) that is expressed by [10]:
, ,max
, .
. . .
L m
batt tot ja
bat bat dd m
E
C N
U P Nη
= (9)
The number of required batteries is determined according to the capacity of a battery unit Cbatt,u as in
the case of the surfaces of photovoltaic generators by taking by rounding up the full ratio value.
,
,
batt tot
batt
batt u
C
N ENT
C
=
(10)
Spv and Seol are the respective surfaces of the panel and the turbine able to produce a 100% coverage
of the load during the least favourable month [11]:
max d
pv
pv
E
S
E
=
(11)
max d
eol
eol
E
S
E
=
(12)
The total energy produced by the photovoltaic modules and wind turbines which supply the whole
charge is expressed by:
. .d pv pv eol eolE E S E S= + (13)
By using the two renewable sources, the charge is divided into two parts. If the fraction of the charge
supplied by the photovoltaic system is f, then the complement of the charge which is (1-f) must be fed by the
wind system. The limit values of f correspond to pure systems. In fact, f=1 corresponds to a full utilization of
the photovoltaic system and f=0 represents a full utilization of the wind system.
The equations (11 , 12 ) become:
. .pv pv dE S f E= (14)
. (1 ).eol eol dE S f E= − (15)
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The calculations are based on the monthly averages of each year respectively. The surfaces of the
photovoltaic panels and rotor of wind turbine are determined from the monthly average values of each year
calculated from pvE and eolE . The full charge is marked Ed and the surfaces of the photovoltaic and rotor of
wind are expressed through the following equations:
1
.S d
PV
pv
E
S f
E
=
= (16)
1
(1 ).S d
EOL
Eol
E
S f
E
=
= − (17)
the retained component of the surface Si,u (i=1) for the photovoltaic component and (i=2) for the rotor
of turbine component. The surface of the component unit Si,u (Spv,u = 0.34m², Seol,u = 0.56m²) The retained
surface is calculated according to the following equation:
, ,.S
i u i uS Cte S= (18)
With: Cte is a whole number close to a high degree of the ratio
,
S
i
i u
S
S
and 'S' is stands for the scenario.
4. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The system under study includes photovoltaic panels and/or wind turbines connected to the direct
current bus (DC) and storage batteries. Each storage battery is connected in series to the 120V (DC) bus.
A convertor connected into the alternative current bus (AC) is used to convert into alternative current the
energy yielded by the photovoltaic panels, the wind turbines and the energy stored in batteries. The electricity
generated by our system supplies the apartment. The energy not consumed after serving the charge is stored in
the batteries.
The photovoltaic system produces a direct voltage which is stored in the battery after crossing a
charge controller of the photovoltaic system. The wind turbine yields an alternative current which is converted
into direct current and stored in the battery. A discharge load is also connected to the battery to deviate the
extra load when the battery is fully loaded.
The diagram that groups together each possible component of the system is illustrated in
Figure 5 [12].
Figure 5. Flow diagram of the system
The technical specifications of the main components of the system are indicated in Table 4.
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Table 4. Technical Details of the System
Parameters Values
Photovoltaic panels Price:65.00€/panel
Nominal capacity (kW) 0,05
Panel Performance (%) 13
Voltage Mpp (V) 18
Intensity Mpp (A) 2,78
Short-circuit current (A) 3,16
Open-circuit voltage (V) 22,2
Warranty (years) 10
Size (length/width/height)(mm) 630 x 545 x 25
Weight (Kg) 4
Life time (years) 20
Wind turbine Price: 2000.00 € /turbine
rated capacity (W) 1000
Maximum power (W) 1500
Start speed (m/s) 2
Nominal speed (m/s) 10
Stop speed (m/s) 55
Wind turbine efficiency (%) 96
Noise level (dB) 45
Warranty (years) 5
Life time (years) 25
Weight (Kg) 78
Rotor length (m) 2,8
Rotor width (m) 2
Battery Prix: 305.00 € /battery
Nominal voltage (V) 12
Capacity (Ah) 230
Maximum voltage (V) 14,4
Starting current (A) 1150
Charge voltage (%) 10
Series-connected batteries 10
Life at 50% of discharge (cycle) 200
Size (length/width/height)(mm) 518 x 276 x 242
Weight (Kg) 56,75
Warranty (years) 1
Convertor Prix: 1000.00 € /convertor
Maximum power (kW) 1210
Maximum voltage (V) 400
Voltage range PV, MPPT (V) 139 - 320
Max input current (A) 10
Nominal power (kW) 1000
Output current (A) 5,6
Nominal voltage range (V) 220 - 240 / 180 - 260
Frequency range network (Hz) 50 - 60
Maximum efficiency (%) 93
Size (length/width/height)(mm) 434 x 295 x 214
Weight (Kg) 22
Noise level (dB) 39
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5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This part shows the influence of the characteristics of solar and wind energy resources on the sizing
of the size and the efficiency of an electric power generation system. After entering the necessary data in the
calculation program, he will execute several simulations by modifying parameters and determining optimal
solutions. The result of the simulation shows the most feasible configuration of the energy system as well as
the energy produced by each source. The results of the photovoltaic energy gathered are illustrated in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Solar photovoltaic energy received in the site on an inclined plane
The Figure 6 shows the variation profile of the solar voltaic energy collected from day to day during
the year. Two maximum values can be distinguished: The energy collected on the 110th day reaches 6.87kWh
and 6.80kWh on the 237th day.
The wind energy collected on the basis of daily wind speeds in the region of Tlemcen is shown in
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Daily wind energy collected in Tlemcen
Figure 7 shows that the months of January and December are the most profitable of the year when the
recovered wind energy reaches the maximum value of: 14.2 kWℎ/d. For the rest of the year, as the wind
energy is very weak, this region resorts to more photovoltaic than wind electricity.
The wind rose and the distribution of wind speed frequencies are evaluated all year long to determine
if the wind blows in one direction with a respective intensity all over the year. The annual results are shown in
Figures 8-9.
The terminal values of “k” and “A” parameters are 1 and 2.42m/s respectively. Considering value
“A” who is very low, which makes it very difficult to exploit the wind potential since all wind turbines start
to produce from 2 m/s. The value of "K" is estimated at 1 m / s, this low wind density is not favorable to the
continuous operation of the wind system for a whole day. Therefore, Tlemcen presents very weak conditions
in term of wind resource.
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As regards the of the wind rose diagram shown in figure (8), it is noted that the direction of dominant winds
is from the northern side of Tlemcen.
Figure 8. Wind speeds frequencies according to the Weibull
distribution
Figure 9. Diagram of the wind rose at 10m
height
Figure 10. Hybrid energy (photovoltaic-wind) received
Figure 10 is interpreted for the following periods:
The 1st period: from the 1st day until the 90th day, the load of the apartment is fixed at 3,26kWℎ/d
(See Table 3). This winter period has 8 deficit days that are: (1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 16) days, this gives one
day of autonomy since the days are not successive, so storage in the batteries is introduced to cover the load of
the apartment.
The 2nd period: from the 91st day to the 274th day, the load of the apartment is fixed at 9.15 kWℎ/d.
This summer period does not include deficit days, the system operates normally without recourse to batteries,
the energy produced is fairly constant in this period and reaches the maximum value of 5.6 KWh / d.
The third period: from the 275th day until the end of the year, the load of the apartment is set at 3.26
kWℎ/d. This winter period has other deficit days that are: (235, 237, 239 and 242) days it gives one day of
autonomy. Since the load demand is constant for each period, the results show that the most unfavourable
month is when the ratio between solar irradiation and wind speed is minimum. According to the results, the
worst month is the month of December.
5.1. Calculating the Number of Batteries
The number of days of autonomy is evaluated at one day (24 hours). The daily energy demand during
this day is set at 3260 ah. The storage system will compensate the interruption of the power generation system.
The electricity that comes out of the batteries does not come entirely to electrical devices: part is lost in the
wires and during the conversion of current DC to AC by the converter, the amount of energy to be returned is
3.95 kWh. In order to have a longer life of the batteries, a maximum discharge depth of 50% is set, the
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capacity of the storage system will have to be 7.91 kWh, this leads to a quantitative number of 3 storage
batteries during this deficit day.
The calculation program finds the best configurations of the power generation system that will
generate enough or all of the energy at the apartment. The results of these configurations are shown in the
Table 5.
Table 5. Optimum configurations
Parameters
Optimum Configurations
Configuration A Configuration B
Photovoltaic system(KW) 1,7 1,4
Number of panels PV 34 28
Number of wind turbines 0 1
Number of batteries 3 3
Number of convertors 1 1
Total cost (€) 4125 5735
Table 5 shows the two best retained configurations. The configuration (A) contains a purely
photovoltaic system with a power of 1.7 kW and consists of 34 photovoltaic panels, 3 storage batteries, one
converter and no contains wind generator. The surface of the photovoltaic panels represents 12.7 m². The net
present cost of this configuration is estimated at 4125 euro.
The second configuration (B) contains a hybrid wind and photovoltaic system. The number of
photovoltaic panels is inferior to that of the configuration (A) and has 28 panels and represents 9.6 m²,
generating a power of 1.4 kW. The number of storage batteries and converters is the same as that of the
configuration (A). Regarding the net present cost of this configuration, it is higher and estimated at 5735 euro.
5.2. Production Result and Electric Consumption
This part shows more details on the two configurations by comparing the energy produced and
consumed annually of each configuration (kWh/year).
Figures 11-12 show the average monthly power production of each configuration.
Figure 11. Average monthly power production of
configuration 'A'
Figure 12. Average monthly power production of
configuration 'B'
From Figure 11 it has been found that the production of electrical energy comes only from the
photovoltaic system estimated at 3803 kWh/year. The average hourly output is less than 0.4 kW/h from
November to February, unlike the other months of the year when this average is greater than or equal to 0.5
kW/h. The electrical energy consumed directly from the bus (AC) represents 1756 kWh/year, the rest of the
energy produced is stored in batteries so that it can be used during the night or in the deficit period in solar
radiation and represents 1606 kWh/year is 42.2% of the production of the pure photovoltaic system.
Figure 12 shows that the production of electrical energy from the photovoltaic/wind hybrid system is
estimated at 3822 kWh/year where 82% is generated by the photovoltaic panels and 18% of the wind system is
respectively 3132 kWh/year and 690 kWh/year. The energy generated by the photovoltaic panels is much
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higher than that of the wind system during all the months of the year. The average hourly production in
February, October and November is less than 0.4 kW/h However, it can reach 0.5 kW/h the other months of
the year. The electrical energy consumed directly from the bus (AC) represents 1755 kWh/year, the rest is
stored in the batteries so that it can be used during the night or in the deficit period of the two energy sources
and represents 1730 kWh/year or 45.3% of the production of the hybrid system.
5.3. Other Results of Configuration 'A'
This part will discuss the behaviour of photovoltaic panels with storage during all the days of the
year.
The annual energy produced by the photovoltaic system per day and throughout the year is shown in
Figure 13.
Figure 13. The daily energy produced by the PV during the year
According to Figure 13, the production is stable during all the days of the year and this between 6:00
and 19:00. The daily output is around 0.4 kW up to 1.2 kW continuously and can even reach 1.8 kW and very
rarely 2 kW during the day. The production is zero during the night and represents 0 kW. The hours of
operation of the photovoltaic panels are evaluated at 4387 h/year.
Figure 14 shows the daily status of charging and discharging batteries throughout the year.
Figure 14. Daily status of charge and discharge of batteries during the year
Figure 14 shows that the batteries are always full during the year except during the summer period
which lasts from June until August when it can reach a discharge depth estimated from 90% to 65%.
In mid-July the battery discharge will reach the maximum of 50% for a few hours at night. The energy
convertor operates fully all year long.
5.4. Other Results of Configuration 'B'
This part will discuss the behaviour of the photovoltaic/wind hybrid system during all the days of
the year.
The annual energy produced by the photovoltaic system and the wind system each day of the year is
shown respectively in Figure 15 and 16.
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Figure 15. Daily energy produced by PV during the year
Figure 16. Daily energy produced by the wind turbine during the year
According to Figure 15 and 16, it has been noticed that the production of the photovoltaic system is
dominant during the year whereas it is reduced during the months of January, November and December
relative to the results of the configuration 'A'. this phenomenon is due to the presence of the wind generator
that associates with the photovoltaic system. Nevertheless, wind generation is valid essentially only in
December and January. It is estimated very low between 0.24 and 0.48 kW. It reaches its maximum value of
2.23 kW during the middle of January. The hours of operation of the wind turbine are low. The batteries will
have the same behaviour of the configuration (A) and the converter works fully during the year.
Therefore, the configuration "A" is better than the configuration "B" taking into account the total net
cost of the investment and which equals respectively 4125 euro against 5735 euro.
6. CONCLUSION
The study conducted in this article leads to deduce optimal configurations of photovoltaic system
and/or wind power generation with storage in batteries, in order to provide electricity to a residential apartment
autonomous and away from the conventional power grid in Tlemcen, Algeria.
The methodology and optimization models used to determine the best energy production system are
valid for any site in the world and especially for small power sites. The results obtained show the inefficiency
of the wind energy potential in this non windy site, from which the exploitation of the only one of a pure
photovoltaic system is recommended while avoiding the exploitation of a photovoltaic / wind hybrid system.
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