This document discusses designing a fuel cell-based power plant for a home. It begins by introducing fuel cells and their working principles. It then discusses using TRNSYS software to calculate the thermal loads of a historic building and using RETScreen software to compare the costs and feasibility of a conventional power plant versus an innovative fuel cell plant. The document analyzes the specific building's heating, cooling, and electric power requirements and concludes by assessing the feasibility and costs of different plant configurations using RETScreen.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
Exergy analysis and igcc plant technology to improve the efficiency and to re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
Experimental study of the impact of dust on azimuth tracking solar PV in Shar...IJECEIAES
Dust is one of the significant constraints in utilizing solar photovoltaic systems under harsh weather conditions in the desert regions due to creating a shadow that blocks solar irradiance from reaching solar cells and consequently, significantly reducing their efficiency. In this research, experimental study was performed to comprehend the nature of dust particles and their impact on the electrical power output that is generated from azimuth tracking solar PV modules under Sharjah environmental conditions in winter season. According to laboratory experiments, the power losses are linearly related to the dust accumulated density on the surface of the solar panel with a slope of 1.27% per g/m2. The conducted Outdoor studies revealed that the absolute reduction in output power increased by 8.46% after 41 continuous days with one low-intensity rainy day. The linear relationship obtained from indoor experiments was applied later to estimate the dust deposited density on the outdoor setup. The results showed that a regular cleaning process every two weeks is recommended to maintain the performance and to avoid the soiling loss. This work will help engineers in the solar PV plants to forecast the dust impact and figure out the regularity of the cleaning process in case of single axis tracking systems.
The usage of thermoelectric generator as a renewable energy sourceTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Currently thermoelectric generators (TEG) are widely used in biomedical, military and space satellite power applications. TEG of high power plants are mostly used in automobile and industrial engines. This paper discusses TEG as a renewable energy source. Here the TEG in the application is used in the thermoelectric generator power plant. The working principle of this thermoelectric generator is on the heat side of the TEG peltier which is coated in metal in the form of aluminum, which is heated by a heater. And the cold side of the TEG Peltier is placed on the heat sink (as a heat dissipation metal). Heatsinks are submerged in water which are submerged about half or more. If the temperature of the metal being heated and the temperature of heat dissipation metal have a certain difference, then the temperature difference causes TEG to start working. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the electrical energy produced will be. However, if the temperature difference is too large it will damage the bismuth semiconductor material used. After TEG starts working it will produce voltage and current.
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar system for residential applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Electrical and thermal energy have wider applications in the life of mankind. Solar Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) system is a hybrid system to produce both thermal and electrical energy. Chennai has an approximate climate and is highly suitable for using PVT hybrid systems. This paper presents the mathematical analyze of the thermal, electrical and exergetic performance of a PVT system augmented by a Flat Plate Collector (FPC) for a typical domestic application. The system is found to have 11 % of average electrical efficiency, 15 % of overall exergy efficiency and 56% overall energy efficiency. Keywords: energy, exergy, photovoltaic, hybrid, flat plate collector, solar water heater.
Cascaded Thermodynamic and Environmental Analyses of Energy Generation Modali...Ozyegin University
This study presents cascaded thermodynamic and environmental analyses of a high-performance academic building. Five different energy efficiency measures and operation scenarios are evaluated based on the actual measurements starting from the initial design concept. The study is to emphasize that by performing dynamical energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental analyses with increasing complexity, a better picture of building performance indicators can be obtained for both the building owners and users, helping them to decide on different investment strategies. As the first improvement, the original design is modified by the addition of a ground-air heat exchanger for pre-conditioning the incoming air to heat the ground floors. The installation of roof-top PV panels to use solar energy is considered as the third case, and the use of a trigeneration system as an energy source instead of traditional boiler systems is considered as the fourth case. The last case is the integration of all these three alternative energy modalities for the building. It is determined that the use of a trigeneration system provides a better outcome than the other scenarios for decreased energy demand, for cost reduction, and for the improved exergy efficiency and sustainability index values relative to the original baseline design scenario. Yet, an integrated approach combining all these energy generation modalities provide the best return of investment.
Scope of Improving Energy Utilization in Coal Based Co-Generation on Thermal ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Novel technique for maximizing the thermal efficiency of a hybrid pveSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper a comparison between numerical model and experimental work results for a fixed Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) hybrid system is presented. The simulation in this work is based on a numerical model in solving the equations and determining the Photovoltaic (PV) cells thermal characteristics using both MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics. COMSOL is simulating the electromagnetic waves produced by the Sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions using Finite Elements Methods (FEM) and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics. A Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is used to control the solenoid valve operation. In addition to the above a thermal analysis for the fixed PV modules and the piping water is presented where the output water temperatures, rate of heat transfer, overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total thermal efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS; MATLAB; Solid work; Lab view.
Sunlight is converted into electricity and heat simultaneously with the help of PV thermal panels. It is examined that the efficiency of the PVT panel is higher than the separate PV panels and solar thermal collectors’ efficiency. The electricity conversion-efficiency for a PV system is about 6% to 15% and in moreover cases 85% of the incoming solar energy is either reflected or absorbed as heat energy. Now a day’s Renewable energy has become a hot topic. The energy researchers day by day making advanced researches to make this type of system a useable one. Non-renewable sources will be approximately finished within next 100-150 years. So this type of energy is very important for everyone. Normally researches are made on producing electricity from renewable sources like sun-light, wind energy, tidal energy and etc. In this paper there is a compact review of solar photovoltaic thermal system. The performance of the solar cell decreases with the increasing of temperature. Both the electrical efficiency and the power output of PV module depend on the operating temperature. Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors, also known as hybrid PV/T systems are systems in which sunlight is converted into thermal and electrical energy both. This paper contains a combination of basic and advanced hybrid PV/T systems that are usable in Asian region.
Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change ...Ali Al-Waeli
The presentation is derived from my PhD viva presentation which focuses on the topic of Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change Material.
Presented by: Dr. Ali Hussein A. Alwaeli
This paper demonstrates a mathematical representation of Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and hence panels performance. One-diode solar cell model is implemented to simulate the cell and extract the performance indications. The tested PV modules are BP Solar (60 Watt) and Synthesis Power (50 Watts), which are operating in a PV generation system in the University of Anbar - Iraq, College of Applied Sciences. The math model demonstrates Power versus Voltage (P-V) characteristic curves to depict and study various parameters with affecting variations in the PV array performance. The parameters include ambient and cell temperature degrees and solar irradiance (G) level which are the main elements to dictate the productivity of a solar system. G is represented by sun unit (1 sun=1 kW/m2). The outcomes of the simulation model characteristics curves have been compared with curves provided by the tested modules data sheets. MATLAB software has been used to simulate the model and extract the results. This paper also investigated photovoltaic simulation with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converter to evaluate hence predict the behaviors of the whole photovoltaic DC current generation using PSIM Power Electronics program. The model focuses on the basic components in PV systems; The panel and the DC-DC converter. The modeling outcome data will be used as a reference verifying the performance of the tested modules during the year seasons under the dominating dusty hot weather in western Iraq.
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
An Optimization Model for A Proposed Trigeneration System IJERA Editor
The combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems play an important role in the reduction of carbon emissions and the increase of energy efficiency for businesses and social organizations. Because of its potentials, tri-generation system has become a preference during the last decade. In this paper a hybrid trigeneration system is proposed for a university campus. The system is also important because it uses renewable energy sources as well as non-renewable energy sources. The objective of this paper is to propose an optimization model for this new Tri-generation system
power generation using fuel cell is more popular now a days becoz of pollution free and the efficiency is near about 67% and more than all power thermal and hydro power plant...and it can be installed in anywhere..... the country like japan used this technology in vast...
Experimental study of the impact of dust on azimuth tracking solar PV in Shar...IJECEIAES
Dust is one of the significant constraints in utilizing solar photovoltaic systems under harsh weather conditions in the desert regions due to creating a shadow that blocks solar irradiance from reaching solar cells and consequently, significantly reducing their efficiency. In this research, experimental study was performed to comprehend the nature of dust particles and their impact on the electrical power output that is generated from azimuth tracking solar PV modules under Sharjah environmental conditions in winter season. According to laboratory experiments, the power losses are linearly related to the dust accumulated density on the surface of the solar panel with a slope of 1.27% per g/m2. The conducted Outdoor studies revealed that the absolute reduction in output power increased by 8.46% after 41 continuous days with one low-intensity rainy day. The linear relationship obtained from indoor experiments was applied later to estimate the dust deposited density on the outdoor setup. The results showed that a regular cleaning process every two weeks is recommended to maintain the performance and to avoid the soiling loss. This work will help engineers in the solar PV plants to forecast the dust impact and figure out the regularity of the cleaning process in case of single axis tracking systems.
The usage of thermoelectric generator as a renewable energy sourceTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Currently thermoelectric generators (TEG) are widely used in biomedical, military and space satellite power applications. TEG of high power plants are mostly used in automobile and industrial engines. This paper discusses TEG as a renewable energy source. Here the TEG in the application is used in the thermoelectric generator power plant. The working principle of this thermoelectric generator is on the heat side of the TEG peltier which is coated in metal in the form of aluminum, which is heated by a heater. And the cold side of the TEG Peltier is placed on the heat sink (as a heat dissipation metal). Heatsinks are submerged in water which are submerged about half or more. If the temperature of the metal being heated and the temperature of heat dissipation metal have a certain difference, then the temperature difference causes TEG to start working. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the electrical energy produced will be. However, if the temperature difference is too large it will damage the bismuth semiconductor material used. After TEG starts working it will produce voltage and current.
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar system for residential applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Electrical and thermal energy have wider applications in the life of mankind. Solar Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) system is a hybrid system to produce both thermal and electrical energy. Chennai has an approximate climate and is highly suitable for using PVT hybrid systems. This paper presents the mathematical analyze of the thermal, electrical and exergetic performance of a PVT system augmented by a Flat Plate Collector (FPC) for a typical domestic application. The system is found to have 11 % of average electrical efficiency, 15 % of overall exergy efficiency and 56% overall energy efficiency. Keywords: energy, exergy, photovoltaic, hybrid, flat plate collector, solar water heater.
Cascaded Thermodynamic and Environmental Analyses of Energy Generation Modali...Ozyegin University
This study presents cascaded thermodynamic and environmental analyses of a high-performance academic building. Five different energy efficiency measures and operation scenarios are evaluated based on the actual measurements starting from the initial design concept. The study is to emphasize that by performing dynamical energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental analyses with increasing complexity, a better picture of building performance indicators can be obtained for both the building owners and users, helping them to decide on different investment strategies. As the first improvement, the original design is modified by the addition of a ground-air heat exchanger for pre-conditioning the incoming air to heat the ground floors. The installation of roof-top PV panels to use solar energy is considered as the third case, and the use of a trigeneration system as an energy source instead of traditional boiler systems is considered as the fourth case. The last case is the integration of all these three alternative energy modalities for the building. It is determined that the use of a trigeneration system provides a better outcome than the other scenarios for decreased energy demand, for cost reduction, and for the improved exergy efficiency and sustainability index values relative to the original baseline design scenario. Yet, an integrated approach combining all these energy generation modalities provide the best return of investment.
Scope of Improving Energy Utilization in Coal Based Co-Generation on Thermal ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Novel technique for maximizing the thermal efficiency of a hybrid pveSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper a comparison between numerical model and experimental work results for a fixed Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) hybrid system is presented. The simulation in this work is based on a numerical model in solving the equations and determining the Photovoltaic (PV) cells thermal characteristics using both MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics. COMSOL is simulating the electromagnetic waves produced by the Sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions using Finite Elements Methods (FEM) and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics. A Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is used to control the solenoid valve operation. In addition to the above a thermal analysis for the fixed PV modules and the piping water is presented where the output water temperatures, rate of heat transfer, overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total thermal efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS; MATLAB; Solid work; Lab view.
Sunlight is converted into electricity and heat simultaneously with the help of PV thermal panels. It is examined that the efficiency of the PVT panel is higher than the separate PV panels and solar thermal collectors’ efficiency. The electricity conversion-efficiency for a PV system is about 6% to 15% and in moreover cases 85% of the incoming solar energy is either reflected or absorbed as heat energy. Now a day’s Renewable energy has become a hot topic. The energy researchers day by day making advanced researches to make this type of system a useable one. Non-renewable sources will be approximately finished within next 100-150 years. So this type of energy is very important for everyone. Normally researches are made on producing electricity from renewable sources like sun-light, wind energy, tidal energy and etc. In this paper there is a compact review of solar photovoltaic thermal system. The performance of the solar cell decreases with the increasing of temperature. Both the electrical efficiency and the power output of PV module depend on the operating temperature. Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors, also known as hybrid PV/T systems are systems in which sunlight is converted into thermal and electrical energy both. This paper contains a combination of basic and advanced hybrid PV/T systems that are usable in Asian region.
Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change ...Ali Al-Waeli
The presentation is derived from my PhD viva presentation which focuses on the topic of Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change Material.
Presented by: Dr. Ali Hussein A. Alwaeli
This paper demonstrates a mathematical representation of Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and hence panels performance. One-diode solar cell model is implemented to simulate the cell and extract the performance indications. The tested PV modules are BP Solar (60 Watt) and Synthesis Power (50 Watts), which are operating in a PV generation system in the University of Anbar - Iraq, College of Applied Sciences. The math model demonstrates Power versus Voltage (P-V) characteristic curves to depict and study various parameters with affecting variations in the PV array performance. The parameters include ambient and cell temperature degrees and solar irradiance (G) level which are the main elements to dictate the productivity of a solar system. G is represented by sun unit (1 sun=1 kW/m2). The outcomes of the simulation model characteristics curves have been compared with curves provided by the tested modules data sheets. MATLAB software has been used to simulate the model and extract the results. This paper also investigated photovoltaic simulation with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converter to evaluate hence predict the behaviors of the whole photovoltaic DC current generation using PSIM Power Electronics program. The model focuses on the basic components in PV systems; The panel and the DC-DC converter. The modeling outcome data will be used as a reference verifying the performance of the tested modules during the year seasons under the dominating dusty hot weather in western Iraq.
Photovoltaic (PV) cell from solar energy is one of the most widely adopted renewable energy source and commercially available system that can be used in various applications. More appealing application of PV arrays used in thermoelectric (TE) device was it can convert solar thermal energy from temperature difference into electric energy to act as power generators. In this study, a theoretical model is developed by using conducting steady state energy analysis of a PVT-TE air collector. The matrix inversion method is used to obtain energy balance equation. The effect of various parameters also investigated. The mass flow rate of range 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s and solar intensity of 400 W/m2, 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2 was used to obtain outlet temperature, To in the range about 28.9oC to 43.7oC and PV temperature, Tp about 35.3oC to 60oC.
An Optimization Model for A Proposed Trigeneration System IJERA Editor
The combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems play an important role in the reduction of carbon emissions and the increase of energy efficiency for businesses and social organizations. Because of its potentials, tri-generation system has become a preference during the last decade. In this paper a hybrid trigeneration system is proposed for a university campus. The system is also important because it uses renewable energy sources as well as non-renewable energy sources. The objective of this paper is to propose an optimization model for this new Tri-generation system
power generation using fuel cell is more popular now a days becoz of pollution free and the efficiency is near about 67% and more than all power thermal and hydro power plant...and it can be installed in anywhere..... the country like japan used this technology in vast...
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLSinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Sizing of Hybrid PV/Battery Power System in Sohag cityiosrjce
This paper gives the feasibility analysis of PV- Battery system for an off-grid power station in Sohag
city. Hybrid PV-battery system was used for supplying a combined pumping and residential load. A simple cost
effective method for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems was introduced. The aim of sizing hybrid system is to
determine the cost effective PV configuration and to meet the estimated load at minimum cost. This requires
assessing the climate conditions which determine the temporal variation of the insolation in Sohag city. Sizing
of the hybrid system components was investigated using RETscreen and HOMER programs. The sizing software
tools require a set of data on energy resource demand and system specifications. The energy cost values of the
hybrid system agrees reasonably with those published before.
Analysis and Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System – Lebanon CaseIJERA Editor
The depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental consequences have prompted searching for other sources of energy aiming to global status amelioration. In the recent past, renewable energy sources have been considered as alternatives for the fossil fuel energy sources. The unexpected pattern of natural resources assesses integrated utilization of these sources to provide persistent and reliable power supply to the consumers. The technology’s advantages, requirements and related improvements are underlined and results are generalized. This paper covers the design of a solar and wind based hybrid renewable system presenting calculations and considerations in order to achieve an optimized design. Since hybrid systems performance relies mainly on geographical an d meteorological aspects, the study will consider the case of the Mediterranean area and in particular Lebanon.
INTEGRATION OF SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS ON FACADES: A REVIEW OF INSTITUTIONAL...paperpublications3
Abstract: The utilisation of alternative energy in buildings are getting closer to being a basic process in the construction of projects with the need of having sustainable building outlines with energy efficiency and expanding the exploration and utilisation of renewable energy sources in the industry with examples in solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy. Solar thermal systems have turned into alternatives in the energy efficiency of current buildings, therefore less energy expending buildings, utilising the solar energy as an alternative in process are increasing and this has a tendency to give answers for energy issue which furthermore increase the lifecycle and decrease the upkeep of the buildings in general. Solar thermal systems integration in buildings have increased the performance through utilizing most building components and envelope for the generation of energy or reduction of its use which are the use of mounting solar panels ,integration of PV in windows, facade and roof of buildings. For better understanding, this paper will compare some institutional buildings which use solar collector integrated facades, analyse the methods of application on façade, efficiency of the generation and a critic of the general use of solar collectors integrated facades. The final result of this work will help and encourage designers on specifications and integration techniques and know-how of which method of integration is best suited to be used on their building projects.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
Statistical modeling and optimal energy distribution of cogeneration units b...IJECEIAES
Our main objective is to evaluate the performance of a new method to optimize the energy management of a production system composed of six cogeneration units using artificial intelligence. The optimization criterion is economic and environmental in order to minimize the total fuel cost, as well as the reduction of polluting gas emissions such as COx, NOx and SOx. First, a statistical model has been developed to determine the power that the cogeneration units can provide. Then, an economic model of operation was developed: fuel consumption and pollutant gas emissions as a function of the power produced. Finally, we studied the energy optimization of the system using genetic algorithms (GA), and contribute to the research on improving the efficiency of the studied power system. The GA has a better optimization performance, it can easily choose satisfactory solutions according to the optimization objectives, and compensate for these defects using its own characteristics. These characteristics make GA have outstanding advantages in iterative optimization. The robustness of the proposed algorithm is validated by testing six cogeneration units, and the obtained simulation results of the proposed system prove the value and effectiveness of GA for efficiency improvement as well as operating cost minimization.
The Development of an Application Conceived for the Design, Feasibility Study...IJECEIAES
Because of the rise in diesel and butane prices widely used for pumping, added to their negative impact on both Morocco's environment and trade balance, the use of renewable energies should sound obvious, practical and cost effective. This study offers the transformation of a traditional butane pumping system (BPS) and diesel pumping system (DPS), located on a farm nearby the city of Agadir, into an optimized solar pumping system (SPS). The suggested method is based on a techno-economic study according to the “Business-As-usual” scenario. As a first step, we have dimensioned our pumping system and chosen the elements that constitute it. As a second step, we carried out an economic analysis, based on the calculation of all costs, which makes it possible to ensure the viability of the components of our SPS over its life cycle and brought it to a discounted value. The processing of the different data is made possible thanks to the computer application “PVDesign” which we have developed. This application has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of several techniques of pumping systems. The result of the study is that the SPS beats the other systems at various levels, namely economic, environmental and technical.
Hydrogen storage for micro-grid application: a framework for ranking fuel ce...IJECEIAES
To securely address energy shortage and various environmental issues attributed to fossil fuel, the adoption of renewable energy is growing across the globe. However, wind and solar which form the bulk of the emerging renewable energy for micro-grid applications are intermittent and need energy storage device for backup. Due to its environmentally friendly nature, the use of hydrogen as storage mechanism is now being explored for micro-grid applications. However, due to the various technical criteria attributed to various fuel cell (FC) technologies used for hydrogen production, selecting the most suitable alternative remains a challenge. This study uses evaluation based on distance from average solution, a multicriteria decision making tool to rank FC technologies that can be used to produce of hydrogen energy storage in micro-grid applications. The analysis was based on 4 FC technologies and 6 technical criteria. The results of the study show that the most preferred FC technology for micro-grid application is the polymeric electrolyte membrane while the least preferred is molten carbonate FC. It is expected that future analysis would explore the inclusion of socio-economic criteria in the evaluation of the most preferred FC technology for micro-grid application.
Low cost, high performance fuel cell energy conditioning system controlled by...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Fuel cells are an important option for the generation of renewable, efficient and environmentally friendly electricity. Although there are commercial applications in the industrial, residential and automotive sectors, it is not yet a mature technology and requires much research, particularly to reduce its costs to a level competitive with other technologies. This research is currently focused not only on the structure of the cell but also on the additional elements and sub systems required for its implementation as an energy solution. In this article, we propose an electrical energy conditioning scheme for the Formic acid fuel cell (direct formic acid fuel cellor DFAFC). This fuel cell was selected for its high performance, and low cost in low and medium power applications. The proposed system consists of a direct current-direct current (DC-DC) regulator supported by a power converter controlled by a Cortex-M3 ARM processor. This CPU is used to propagate a static neural network trained with the non-linear dynamics of the power converter. The power circuit is modeled and simulated to produce the training parameters. The neural network is trained externally and runs off-line on the processor. The results show not only the regulation capacity of the control scheme but also its response speed to sudden changes in the load.
ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION BY NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY-GEOTHERMALJournal For Research
Geothermal energy has the potential to provide long-term, secure base-load energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Climate change is not expected to have any major impacts on the effectiveness of geothermal energy utilization, but the widespread deployment of geothermal energy could play a meaningful role in mitigating climate change and accessible geothermal energy from the Earth’s interior supplies heat for direct use and to generate electric energy. The paper deals with the use of geothermal resources for the production of electricity next are technologies of change geothermal energy into electrical energy, future of geothermal energy and advantage and disadvantage of geothermal energy
IRJET- A Review on Hybrid Wind and Fuel Cell System
energyproject
1. E&C ENGR 5590EN
ENERGY SYSTEM ENGG
Mahbube K. Siddiki, Ph.D.
Project
DESIGNING FUEL CELL BASED
POWER PLANT FOR HOME
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
University of Missouri-Kansas City
By:
Syed Burhan Ali Hashim (16160844)
Syed Mudassir Rehman (16160367)
Mohammad Wasim Akram Khatri (16117249)
2. 1
Abstract- This study represents a
new way for an innovative method of
thermo-mechanical design for all
buildings (new and historical), with
the purpose to assess the feasibility
of innovative plants from a
technical, economic and
environmentally point of view. The
thermal loads, starting from the
analysis of consumers’ parameters,
were calculated via TRNSYS and the
results were processed using
RETScreen. With the latter a
comparison between a conventional
plant and one based on innovative
technologies was carried out.
Keywords: RETScreen, TRNSYS,
Historical Buildings, Energy
Efficiency, Conditioning, CCHP
1. Introduction
In today’s modern world the
basic human need is Electricity.
Moving with a mission of meeting the
World's energy needs today, there is a
competition to provide ultra-clean,
efficient and reliable baseload
distributed generation for electric
utilities, commercial and industrial
companies, universities, municipalities,
government entities and other
customers around the world. We have
come up with different methods to
meet the demands of present day
industry by generating electricity from
different resources.
Electricity generation is the process of
generating electric power from other
sources of primary energy. It is
important to recognize that electricity
is not mined or harvested, it must be
manufactured. And since it's not easily
stored in quantity, it must be
manufactured at time of demand.
Electricity is a form of energy, but not
an energy source. Different generating
plants harness different energy sources
to make electric power. There are a
many ways to produce electricity. One
of the methods is by using a Fuel Cell.
Fuel Cell:
The principle of the fuel cell was
discovered in 1839 by Sir William
Grove. They generate electricity from
the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen
to form water in a process which is the
reverse of electrolysis. A fuel cell is a
device that generates electricity by a
chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has
two electrodes, one positive and one
negative, called, respectively, the
anode and cathode. The reactions that
produce electricity take place at the
electrodes.
The fuel cell relies on a basic
oxidation/reduction reaction, as with a
battery, but the reaction takes place on
the fuel rather than the electrodes. The
fuel cell produces electricity as long as
the cell receives a supply of fuel and
can dispose of the oxidized old fuel. In
a fuel cell, the anode usually is bathed
in the fuel; the cathode collects and
makes available the oxidant (often
atmospheric oxygen). An ion-
conducting membrane separates the
two, allowing the reaction to take place
without affecting the electrodes.
There are six major fuel cell
technologies are currently being
pursued for different applications each
with its own characteristics. Some
operate at high temperatures, some use
exotic electrode materials or catalysts,
all are very complex.
Alkali (AFCs)
Phosphoric Acid (PAFCs)
Solid Oxide (SOFC)
Molten Carbonate (MCFCs)
Proton Exchange Membrane
PEMFCs
Direct Methanol DMFCs
3. 2
2. Working Principle
When fuel in this case, natural
gas passes through the cells, it triggers
electrochemical reactions that produce
electricity, heat, and water. It’s a quiet,
environmentally friendly process. It
produces only the tiniest trace amounts
of nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxides.
When hydrogen is used as the fuel, it
generates almost no carbon dioxide.
Fuel cell plants that use natural gas, as
this one does, produce about 60
percent fewer emissions than coal-
powered plants.
3. Key Benefits of Fuel Cell
Fuel Cell today is the leading authority
on information relating to the fuel cell
and hydrogen industries
Fuel cells are highly reliable,
with minimal downtime &
maintenance, and can ensure a
consistent electricity supply.
They operate with low noise
and much less pollution than
fossil-fuel power stations,
especially if run on hydrogen.
This means they can be sited
close to population centers,
which minimizes transmission
losses.
Even when fuelled with natural
gas, the higher efficiency of
fuel cells means the amount of
carbon dioxide emitted per
kilowatt-hour generated is
significantly lower than
conventional power generation.
As such, fuel cells are eligible
for government incentives in a
number of countries.
4. Approach
The classical approach
involves an energy loads analysis of
the structures under steady
conditions, and a consequent
planning of energy requalification
project of the building according to
technicians’ experience.
Very often, the design choices have to
take into account different kind of
restrictions and requirements that do
not allow achieving the best solution.
This is because of the lack of a
prospective analysis of feasibility
which allows a comparison between
different design and plant assumptions
by means of energy, environmental
and financial data analysis.
In this study, it has been propose a new
procedure which allows reaching the
optimal plant configuration for the
building. This new approach is
schematized in Fig. 1 where we
considered an integrated use in series
of two scientifically validated
calculation methods TRNSYS and
RETScreen. These facts allow carrying
out a prospective analysis of
feasibility. This methodology has been
tested on a case study to evaluate the
best plant configuration to be installed
in a historic building compound that
will be the subject of restoration and
4. 3
preservative renovation. The building
is divided into a basement and three
floors with a total area of 3000 square
meters.
This new approach starts with the
determination of the energy demands
of the structure in dynamic conditions
through the TRNSYS, in order to
simulate the real needs of the structure,
in function of its use. Traditional
methodologies, today considered valid,
cannot faithfully reproduce the
variation of climatic conditions and
inertial properties of the structures, due
to the calculation runs under steady
conditions. Through TRNSYS is
possible to obtain more accurate results
that allows to achieve a correct
coupling Building-Plant.
Fig 1. Logic of the new design technology.
Thus, output data obtained are used as
an input in the calculation model
RETScreen that allows to compare a
traditional model of subservience and
different new concept systems
configurations from the energy,
environmental and financial point of
view, with an analysis of investment,
operation and maintenance costs that
allows to determine the economic
benefit of intervention and then the
feasibility of the investment. the
traditional methodology often leads to
choose a conventional plant while
RETScreen allows to get a financial-
economic assessment for innovative
energy systems and low environmental
impact.
5. Calculation of thermal loads with
TRNSYS
To achieve the technical and
economic convenience of a plant
requires a specific and accurate
analysis of the electrical, heating and
cooling loads needed by the user. This
involves the evaluation of the
maximum power demand and daily,
monthly and seasonal load curves.
To assess the requirement of thermal
power by the building, it is necessary
to estimate the building’s total heat
loss during the year.
In first step, the procedure adopted was
an analysis of the structural and heat
engineering features of the building
such as the geographical position, the
solar exposure, the climate zone, the
outdoor temperature.
The design conditions adopted in this
study are as follows: external
conditions are in summer 34 °C with
50% RH and in winter 0 °C with 80%
RH; internal project condition are in
summer 26 °C and in winter 20 °C.
In order to evaluate the need of
electrical power of the building were
considered optimal levels required in
each room and the loads required by
each utility. Furthermore, appropriate
coefficients of simultaneity and
utilization have been taken into
account. The total electric power
installed is 340144 W.
In Fig. 2 are reported the peak powers
during the year of heating, cooling and
electrical power for the examined
building. In this graph we can see that
the peak powers required for heating in
winter and cooling in summer of the
5. 4
building are respectively 294.9 kW and
317.4 kW.
Knowing the volumes and heated
surfaces, it was possible to estimate the
required heat power compared to the
square meters of useful surface:
heating power to useful surface are
70.2 W/m2; cooling power to useful
surface are 75.6 W/m2.
The annual energy loads are
respectively: 422991 kWh/year for
heating annual load; 287141 kWh/year
for cooling annual load; 84 kWh/year
m2 for heating annual load to useful
surface; 57 kWh/year m2 for cooling
annual load to useful surface.
Fig 2: Required power trend by the user.
6. Feasibility study with RETScreen
The RETScreen Clean Energy
Project Analysis Software (so called
RETScreen) is composed by software
used to determine the feasibility of
energy models (including renewable
energy systems or high performance)
and tools to assess energy efficiency.
The software allows the modelling of
any power plant for real estate
providing output data useful to a
technical, economical and
environmental analysis in order to
make an investment in a 'clean energy'
project or cogeneration, as in this case
study. The calculation model has been
developed by the Canadian
Government in collaboration with
other governments and with the
technical support of several industries,
institutions and experts.
The traditional methodology often
leads to choose a conventional plant
system whereas the features of the
RETScreen make possible to assess the
feasibility of building, innovative and
low environmental impact systems
such as trigeneration, which requires
an energy diagnosis deepened. The
software performs a comparison
between a base case, typically the
conventional technology or measure,
and a proposed case considering not
only the economic impact of the
choice, but also the consequent
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
associated with the change of
technology from the base case to the
proposed case.
The output data obtained from the
TRNSYS become the input data for the
RETScreen that allow us to model
various plant configurations suitable to
the case study. In the first step we
improve in RETScreen the
conventional scenario of enslavement
of a residential or school users which
became the reference case that will be
used such as a parameter to define the
validity of our new innovative
configurations.
The reference case considering
electricity taken from the electrical
grid, thermal energy for heating is
produced via gas boiler and the
thermal energy for cooling is produced
through a compressor system powered
by electricity. In Table 1-2 are shown
the reference data used in the
conventional scenario for the
exanimated building.
6. 5
Table 1. Conventional plant data as
reference of a residential or school
users for heating project.
Table2. Conventional plant data takes
as reference of a residential or school
users for cooling project
Once modelled thermal, electrical and
cooling production plant through
conventional configurations, it was
made a comparison with alternative
energy systems for the case study that
use innovative technologies in order to
obtain a low energy impact. This has
been aimed to reach an energy saving
and a consequent reduction of
greenhouse gases emissions. For the
case study, the Trigeneration with Fuel
Cells is considered.
Once implemented the energy model
all cost items have been introduced,
such as initial, management and annual
maintenance costs. Starting from these
specifications, it was possible to
evaluate year to year savings
attributable to each type of plant
compared to the reference, also taking
into account the incentives imposed by
law.
The financial plan is rated for a project
life 15 years long, taking into account
the current financial parameters
(inflation rate, discount rate and rate of
indexation of fuel). The financial
incentives which can used for this kind
of cogeneration plant (> 200 kW) are
White Certificates and Credit for
reduction of greenhouse gases.
It is important to remind that in Italy
all cogeneration plants with an "high
efficiency" for electric power up to 200
kW, can take advantage of the service
“Net metering”. Plants characterized
by a capacity greater than 200 kW can
still sell electricity to the grid at
favorable conditions laid down under
the “Withdrawal dedicated”.
7. Analyzed configurations
The scenario considers the use
of a fuel cell with a total recovery,
which concerns the exhaust gas,
recovered heat from the coolant and
the recovery of the lubricating oil.
Fig 3. Diagram of trigeneration.
To satisfy the hygrometric comfort of
the building through a "Low-Impact"
configuration, it is possible to
introduce a fuel cell at high
temperature in the trigeneration plant.
In this case, the aim is to increase the
overall efficiency to reduce the
consumption of fuel and greenhouse
gases. The FuelCell Energy (FCE)
operates in the field of Molten-
Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) and has
developed a technology known as
DFC, Direct Fuel Cells, in which the
process of reforming the fuel (natural
7. 6
gas, biogas, coal gas) occurs within the
cell. The program of the FCE is based
on products development for the
distributed power generation market
for applications below 40 MW. In the
case of cogeneration applications total
efficiencies that can exceed 80% are
achieved. The fuel used in this case
study is the methane gas. Using these
high-temperature cells, the initial and
annual costs will be increased
compared to the other configurations,
there is a need to replace the stack after
only four or five years of operation
[22]; this issue is caused the corrosion
and the high thermal stress the stack is
subjected to. The installed capacity is
equal to 1064 kW, the electricity is
equal to 500 kW while the recoverable
downstream of the electrolytic process
is 423 kW. With this configuration an
overall trigeneration efficiency of 87%
is reached.
8. Results
The analysis made have been
considered the energy, economic and
environmental parameters. The fuel
cell plant were found to produce an
efficiency of 87% which is
praiseworthy and works better in a
long run.
The use of an innovative model with
respect to the use of traditional model,
brings to an energy saving as shown in
Fig. 4.
Fig 4. Energy saving from the
traditional to the innovative model.
Considering some financial parameters
obtained with a marketing research,
and considering the technical ones
about the different trigeneration plants
taken into account, for a design life of
15 years the return on investments are
shown in Fig. 5
Fig.5. Cash flows trend of the
trigeneration plant with fuel cells.
8. 7
Afterwards, the reduction of annual
greenhouse gases emissions have been
evaluated. The results were
Annual green house
gases reduction
Tonnes of CO2
Fuel cells 378
In the residential scope, these
requirements are difficult to meet
because the thermal and electrical
energy for each building are satisfied
in a single and separate approach. If it
is considered the possibility to meet
the hygrometric comfort of each
building with a medium power plant,
the situation changes. In the near
future, it will be possible to size a
single heating and electric production
for a residential area, neighborhood or
group of buildings. This new concept
could lead to several advantages:
higher efficiency than any other
heating plant; specific fuel
consumption reduced; significant
environmental benefits due to the
urban context; greater environmental
benefits with a renewable fuel such as
biogas instead natural gas (and so
consequently there is the possibility of
access to the Green Certificates);
operating and maintenance costs are
shared with many users.
9. Conclusions
The study undertaken, as well
as the optimal plant configuration for
the complex and mainly problematic
structure as historical buildings, has
allowed to apply a new method for
sizing and design thermo-mechanical
systems that have a low impact energy,
such as trigeneration plants or other
innovative systems with a lacking
know- how. Indeed, the software
TRNSYS allows to perform a dynamic
and accurate analysis of the thermal
loads dispersed by the user during the
course of the year, whereas the
software RETScreen permits an energy
and environmental assessment and
preliminary design rather flexible and
accurate.
Thanks to the two software used in
series (TRNSYS and RETScreen), it
was possible to obtain the following
results:
New method to estimate the
economic and environmental
feasibility of a power plant.
Preparation and study of
building and newly developed
plants through a graphical
interface.
Evaluation of the economic and
financial prevision with an
immediate feedback in
numerical software.
Economic and financial plan at
different levels of accuracy
depending on the number of the
input data (all types of costs or
credits acquired).
The future development of this study
leads to the improvement of other
important parameters such as the
energy system reliability in order to
plan the maintenance.
10. References
1. Fabio Armanasco (2009)
Sperimentazione sul sistema
trigenerativo con microturbina
a gas e frigorifero ad
assorbimento. CESI Ricerca
2. Ing. Bruno Frinzi (2009) Studio
di fattibilità tecnico-economica
di un impianto di rigenerazione
in abbinamento ad un impianto
fotovoltaico di uno stabilimento
industriale. Protecnos
3. A. Simonetti, G. Corallo, R.
Caria, L. Cipolletta (2010)
Realizzazione dell’impianto di
solar cooling dell’ edificio F51
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del centro ENEA della
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generazione a gas naturale.
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6. Tomassetti G. (2003)
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10. Nikmat Ecopower (2005) Unità
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Tecnologia
11. F. Bonfà, G. Caruso, I. De
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Spina (2010). Integrazione di
sistemi cogenerativi innovativi
di piccolissima taglia nelle reti
di distribuzione dell’energia
elettrica, termica e frigorifera.
Enea, Università di Ferrara
13. John A. Jacobs III, Martin
Schneider (2009) Cogeneration
Application Considerations. GE
Energy
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(2007) Cogenerazione
industriale. Dipartimento di
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Milano
15. Boyce M.P. (2002) Handbook
for cogeneration and combined
cycle power plants. New York,
ASME
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Optimization of cogeneration
systems operation. Part A:
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international symposium on
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cycle technologies and
cogeneration.