Operations Research & its applications have made noticeable contribution in the
field of healthcare since 1960. It has been used in complex decision making under
uncertainty. The prime objective of this article is to the aim of this article is to identify
the chronological development of the application of OR tools, techniques and various
models in healthcare sector. Usage of different OR tools, techniques and its trend for
optimization, planning, and decision-making are studied through a descriptive
literature review of scientific papers published between 1952 and 2016. A rising pattern
in the usage of operational models is observed with the predominance of resource
optimization approaches and strategic decision-making for healthcare sector.
This document provides an overview of operations research (OR). It begins with the history and origins of OR, noting it emerged from efforts during WWII and expanded to business/industry post-war. Definitions of OR are presented focusing on using research to identify and solve program problems. The purpose, scope, uses and potential issues of OR are described. Finally, the document outlines the process of OR including planning, implementation, and follow through.
This document provides an overview of operational research (OR). It discusses the history, definition, scope, phases and applications of OR. OR aims to apply scientific techniques to improve decision making and maximize benefits. It has been used extensively in public health to strengthen programs. Some examples of OR discussed are studies conducted by RNTCP to improve tuberculosis case detection and treatment. OR plays an important role in evaluating and improving health systems but faces challenges like limited funding and trained workforce.
Operational research is the scientific study of operations aimed at improving decision-making. It originated from military planning in World War II and has since expanded to various industries. In public health, operational research uses analytical methods to identify health program problems, potential solutions, and test solutions to inform evidence-based decisions around programs. It involves interdisciplinary teams that study issues like disease screening, outbreak response, and health behavior programs. Societies like IFORS and journals promote the field. Overall, operational research integrates data analysis into program management to enhance monitoring and evaluation.
Operational research- main techniques PERT and CPMvckg1987
this presentation mainly deals with operational research giving more focus on pERT and CPM techniques. this two methods are very useful and very confusing while reading but the examples in this presentation makes it very easy to understand this methods and for more study the end slide is provided with references.
Operational research aims to apply analytical methods to improve decision-making and resource allocation in various fields, including health care. It originated during World War II to study military problems scientifically. Now, operational research techniques are used to identify issues in health programs, test solutions to address those issues, and evaluate changes made to programs. The goal is to generate practical evidence to improve implementation, effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of programs. Common methods include simulation, optimization, and data analysis. Operational research requires collaboration between managers and researchers throughout the research process.
Operational research (OR) aims to improve the effectiveness of programs through systematic study and experimentation. It originated during World War II when teams conducted research to improve operations like radar defense systems. OR analyzes health services to identify solutions to problems limiting quality and efficiency. It provides decision-makers information to enhance program performance. OR involves identifying issues, selecting and testing strategies, disseminating and applying findings to facilitate beneficial change.
1. Operational research began in the 1930s to help optimize resource allocation for problems in defense, industry, education, and health services.
2. It uses scientific techniques to help policymakers and program managers review, redirect, and restructure programs to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and evidence-based decision making.
3. Some examples of operational research include optimizing tuberculosis screening and treatment, improving adherence to HIV/AIDS treatment, and evaluating new interventions through implementation research before scaling up programs.
The document discusses the role of the Medical Record Department (MRD) in hospital functioning. The MRD collects patient information from different departments to compile vital statistics about admissions, discharges, procedures, deaths, and more. This information is provided to hospital administration, government agencies, courts, and other organizations. In 2014, the MRD of a specific hospital collected data on over 62,000 patient visits, 9.3% requiring admission. Surgery and orthopedics saw the most procedures. The MRD also issues medical records to researchers and courts. In summary, the MRD plays a key role in patient care, administration, and legal/research functions through comprehensive collection and reporting of medical record data.
This document provides an overview of operations research (OR). It begins with the history and origins of OR, noting it emerged from efforts during WWII and expanded to business/industry post-war. Definitions of OR are presented focusing on using research to identify and solve program problems. The purpose, scope, uses and potential issues of OR are described. Finally, the document outlines the process of OR including planning, implementation, and follow through.
This document provides an overview of operational research (OR). It discusses the history, definition, scope, phases and applications of OR. OR aims to apply scientific techniques to improve decision making and maximize benefits. It has been used extensively in public health to strengthen programs. Some examples of OR discussed are studies conducted by RNTCP to improve tuberculosis case detection and treatment. OR plays an important role in evaluating and improving health systems but faces challenges like limited funding and trained workforce.
Operational research is the scientific study of operations aimed at improving decision-making. It originated from military planning in World War II and has since expanded to various industries. In public health, operational research uses analytical methods to identify health program problems, potential solutions, and test solutions to inform evidence-based decisions around programs. It involves interdisciplinary teams that study issues like disease screening, outbreak response, and health behavior programs. Societies like IFORS and journals promote the field. Overall, operational research integrates data analysis into program management to enhance monitoring and evaluation.
Operational research- main techniques PERT and CPMvckg1987
this presentation mainly deals with operational research giving more focus on pERT and CPM techniques. this two methods are very useful and very confusing while reading but the examples in this presentation makes it very easy to understand this methods and for more study the end slide is provided with references.
Operational research aims to apply analytical methods to improve decision-making and resource allocation in various fields, including health care. It originated during World War II to study military problems scientifically. Now, operational research techniques are used to identify issues in health programs, test solutions to address those issues, and evaluate changes made to programs. The goal is to generate practical evidence to improve implementation, effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of programs. Common methods include simulation, optimization, and data analysis. Operational research requires collaboration between managers and researchers throughout the research process.
Operational research (OR) aims to improve the effectiveness of programs through systematic study and experimentation. It originated during World War II when teams conducted research to improve operations like radar defense systems. OR analyzes health services to identify solutions to problems limiting quality and efficiency. It provides decision-makers information to enhance program performance. OR involves identifying issues, selecting and testing strategies, disseminating and applying findings to facilitate beneficial change.
1. Operational research began in the 1930s to help optimize resource allocation for problems in defense, industry, education, and health services.
2. It uses scientific techniques to help policymakers and program managers review, redirect, and restructure programs to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and evidence-based decision making.
3. Some examples of operational research include optimizing tuberculosis screening and treatment, improving adherence to HIV/AIDS treatment, and evaluating new interventions through implementation research before scaling up programs.
The document discusses the role of the Medical Record Department (MRD) in hospital functioning. The MRD collects patient information from different departments to compile vital statistics about admissions, discharges, procedures, deaths, and more. This information is provided to hospital administration, government agencies, courts, and other organizations. In 2014, the MRD of a specific hospital collected data on over 62,000 patient visits, 9.3% requiring admission. Surgery and orthopedics saw the most procedures. The MRD also issues medical records to researchers and courts. In summary, the MRD plays a key role in patient care, administration, and legal/research functions through comprehensive collection and reporting of medical record data.
This document provides an overview of operations research (OR). It begins with a brief history, noting OR emerged from efforts in World War II and was later applied to problems in India. OR uses quantitative and logical methods to help decision-makers address resource constraints, maximize value, and evaluate alternatives. The document outlines various OR techniques including linear programming, queuing theory, network analysis, and inventory control. It also provides examples of how OR has been applied in healthcare settings to address issues like staff scheduling, patient wait times, and laboratory planning.
The document provides an overview of operations research techniques. It discusses:
- Operations research aims to improve decision-making through methods like simulation, optimization, and data analysis.
- Major applications include production scheduling, inventory control, transportation planning, and more.
- The techniques were developed in World War II and are now used widely in business for problems like resource allocation, forecasting, and process improvement.
Operations research began during World War 2 when scientists in England advised the military on the most effective use of limited resources to help win the war. It uses scientific techniques and tools to help organizations make optimal decisions. The first mathematical technique was developed in 1947. Operations research was introduced in India in 1949 and the OR Society of India was founded in 1959. It can be applied to fields like accounting, finance, and marketing for problems such as cash flow planning, investment decisions, and advertising budget allocation. The methodology involves observing the problem, analyzing it, developing a model, collecting data, finding a solution, and implementing it. Advantages include helping to diagnose issues, evaluate alternatives, and select the best option. Limitations include large computations,
The document discusses the origins and development of operational research (OR). It began in the 1940s in England during World War II to help integrate radar technology into Royal Air Force tactics. By 1941, OR was used to help develop military tactics and operations through data analysis. Modern OR emerged after World War II and applied mathematical modeling to help organizations like businesses and militaries optimize their operations and decision making. The document provides definitions of OR, outlines its scope and applications, and describes the typical OR process.
Operations research originated from efforts during World War II to allocate scarce military resources effectively. Scientists applied analytical methods to problems like radar use, convoy operations, and antisubmarine warfare, helping Allied forces win key battles. After the war, consultants saw parallels between military and business problems and introduced OR to optimize non-military operations. Today OR is used widely to make optimal decisions across many domains under constraints.
Operations research is a method that uses scientific principles and quantitative analysis to help management make strategic decisions. It was first developed systematically in the late 1930s in the UK to aid military strategy during World War II. Since then, operations research has been applied across various fields like industry, agriculture, and planning. It involves interdisciplinary teams using analytical methods like linear programming, simulation, and decision theory to solve organizational problems in a methodological, objective way.
This document provides an overview of medical audit, including:
- Definitions of medical audit as the retrospective evaluation and analysis of medical records to monitor clinical performance.
- The history of medical audit from ancient codes to its modern establishment in India in 2007 through the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals.
- The purposes of medical audit which include planning improvements, ensuring regulatory standards, and assessing health program effectiveness.
This document provides an overview of linear programming (LP). It begins with a brief introduction defining LP as a technique for determining optimal resource allocation to achieve objectives. The history of LP is then summarized, noting its development in 1947 to solve military planning problems. Key aspects of LP are outlined, including decision variables, constraints, and the objective function. Common applications are listed such as manufacturing, finance, and agriculture. An example diet problem is illustrated to demonstrate solving an LP formulation. The assignment problem as a type of LP is also described. The assumptions, methods, and limitations of LP are discussed. Finally, duality in LP is defined as analyzing a problem and its equivalent dual problem from different perspectives.
Brief overview of how queueing models can be be linked with big data initiatives to more accurately forecast demand
and revenues, improve care delivery pathways, plan resources and assess new projects.
Operation research and its application
• Operations • The activities carried out in an organization.
• Research • The process of observation and testing characterized by the scientific method. Situation, problem statement, model construction, validation, experimentation, candidate solutions.
Operational research is the scientific approach to problem solving and decision making. It involves formulating problems mathematically and using scientific techniques like simulation, optimization, and data analysis to solve complex real-world problems. Some key applications of operational research include supply chain management, transportation and logistics, production scheduling, and resource allocation in industries like airlines, manufacturing, and healthcare. The goal is to help decision makers identify optimal solutions and improve performance.
Operations research (OR) began during World War II when scientists applied analytical methods to solve complex military problems. Since then, OR has expanded to help organizations with strategic decision-making. OR uses interdisciplinary teams and quantitative techniques like linear programming to build mathematical models of systems. These models help optimize resource allocation and identify optimal solutions. OR aims to improve systems through objective, data-driven analysis and continues providing value as new problems emerge over time.
The document discusses human resource practices in healthcare in India. It notes that HR is important for healthcare organizations to function effectively and deliver quality services. Some key HR functions in healthcare include recruitment, training, performance management, and ensuring staff have necessary skills. However, healthcare HR faces challenges like complex accountability and uncertainty. The document recommends training programs for different staff to improve skills and recommendations for developing effective HR programs in hospitals.
The document discusses quality assurance in healthcare, including defining quality, measuring it through indicators, improving quality through approaches like total quality management and continual improvement, and ensuring quality through principles like transparency, evidence-based practice, and accountability. It also addresses important dimensions of quality like safety, effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility, and patient-centeredness.
This document provides an introduction to statistics and biostatistics in healthcare. It defines statistics and biostatistics, outlines the basic steps of statistical work, and describes different types of variables and methods for collecting data. The document also discusses different types of descriptive and inferential statistics, including measures of central tendency, dispersion, frequency, t-tests, ANOVA, regression, and different types of plots/graphs. It explains how statistics is used in healthcare for areas like disease burden assessment, intervention effectiveness, cost considerations, evaluation frameworks, health care utilization, resource allocation, needs assessment, quality improvement, and product development.
Analysis and interpretation of surveillance dataAbino David
This document discusses analyzing and interpreting surveillance data. It outlines key steps in the process including counting cases, dividing by population to calculate rates, and comparing rates over time, place, and person. Common reports generated from surveillance data are described such as timeliness, descriptive analyses, trend analyses, and comparisons between reporting units. Interpretation of results involves looking for missing or invalid data, considering disease profiles and rates, and taking action based on the information. Technical committees regularly review analyses to guide public health responses. The goal is to transform raw surveillance data into useful information that can inform program implementation and action.
This document provides an overview of health systems research (HSR), including its definition, purpose, focus, features, and steps involved in conducting HSR projects. It discusses HSR in India, highlighting institutions conducting HSR and priority areas. It also addresses problems related to utilizing HSR results and future directions for HSR in India, such as improving dissemination of findings to health managers and identifying information needs to design targeted research.
The document provides a syllabus for an operations research course covering topics like linear programming, transportation problems, assignment problems, and sequencing. Linear programming topics include formulation, graphical solution, and the simplex method. Transportation problems cover modeling the transportation of resources from origins to destinations to meet demands. Assignment problems involve allocating jobs to workers efficiently.
This document provides guidance for nurses on developing a policy brief to advocate for one of the recommendations from the Institute of Medicine's 2010 report "The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health." It outlines the components that should be included in a 2-3 page single-spaced policy brief, such as a short introduction stating the problem, the selected recommendation, background on the issue, current solutions and status, and a conclusion. Nurses are encouraged to write policy briefs to communicate health policy issues clearly to decision makers and advocate for changes that can improve health outcomes.
Assignment 2 Health Policy Proposal Analysis (Policy Brief).docxannrodgerson
Assignment 2: Health Policy Proposal Analysis (Policy Brief)
Nurses engaged in the policy arena often are asked to provide information on a health care topic of interest to policy makers. This is frequently accomplished through developing a policy brief. A policy brief advocates for a particular recommendation (prior to the enactment of a policy). Learning how to write a policy brief in a clear, succinct, scholarly, and professional manner is an essential skill for advanced practice nurses.
For this Assignment, you will assess one of the recommendations from the Institute of Medicine’s
The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health: Report Recommendations.
You will then develop a policy brief to advocate for this recommendation (the written policy brief is due in Week 7).
To prepare:
Review the Lavis et al. article on preparing and writing policy briefs provided in the Learning Resources
(See attached file).
Select one of the recommendations within the
IOM The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health: Report Recommendations
to focus on for this assignment.
Research the history of the problem behind the recommendation and what has been done to try to solve the problem.
What does the recommendation say should be done? Are there any groups, nursing and others, currently supporting work to implement the recommendation (e.g., Kaiser Family Foundation, professional organizations)? Does the recommendation suggest specific groups that should be involved in the implementation? Think critically about how the recommendation should be implemented – did the IOM get it right? What other strategies are possible to consider?
By Thursday 04/12/2018 3pm,
To complete:
Develop a scholarly and professionally written 2- to 3-page single-spaced policy brief on the recommendation you selected from the IOM report following
the format presented in the Lavis et al. article.
(See attached file for the article). Include the following:
Short introduction with statement of the problem.
The selected recommendation (from the IOM Report)
Background
Current characteristics
The impact of the recommendation from the perspective of consumers, nurses, other health professionals, and additional stakeholders
Current solutions
Current status in the health policy arena
Final conclusions
Resources used to create the policy brief
Required Readings
Hyder, A., Syed, S., Puvanachandra, P., Bloom, G., Sundaram, S., Mahmood, S., ... Peters, D. (2010). Stakeholder analysis for health research: case studies from low- and middle-income countries. Public Health, 124(3), 159–166.
This study demonstrates how the engagement of stakeholders in research and policy making can assist in the successful implementation of policy proposals. The authors propose that by engaging stakeholders, resea ...
This document provides an overview of operations research (OR). It begins with a brief history, noting OR emerged from efforts in World War II and was later applied to problems in India. OR uses quantitative and logical methods to help decision-makers address resource constraints, maximize value, and evaluate alternatives. The document outlines various OR techniques including linear programming, queuing theory, network analysis, and inventory control. It also provides examples of how OR has been applied in healthcare settings to address issues like staff scheduling, patient wait times, and laboratory planning.
The document provides an overview of operations research techniques. It discusses:
- Operations research aims to improve decision-making through methods like simulation, optimization, and data analysis.
- Major applications include production scheduling, inventory control, transportation planning, and more.
- The techniques were developed in World War II and are now used widely in business for problems like resource allocation, forecasting, and process improvement.
Operations research began during World War 2 when scientists in England advised the military on the most effective use of limited resources to help win the war. It uses scientific techniques and tools to help organizations make optimal decisions. The first mathematical technique was developed in 1947. Operations research was introduced in India in 1949 and the OR Society of India was founded in 1959. It can be applied to fields like accounting, finance, and marketing for problems such as cash flow planning, investment decisions, and advertising budget allocation. The methodology involves observing the problem, analyzing it, developing a model, collecting data, finding a solution, and implementing it. Advantages include helping to diagnose issues, evaluate alternatives, and select the best option. Limitations include large computations,
The document discusses the origins and development of operational research (OR). It began in the 1940s in England during World War II to help integrate radar technology into Royal Air Force tactics. By 1941, OR was used to help develop military tactics and operations through data analysis. Modern OR emerged after World War II and applied mathematical modeling to help organizations like businesses and militaries optimize their operations and decision making. The document provides definitions of OR, outlines its scope and applications, and describes the typical OR process.
Operations research originated from efforts during World War II to allocate scarce military resources effectively. Scientists applied analytical methods to problems like radar use, convoy operations, and antisubmarine warfare, helping Allied forces win key battles. After the war, consultants saw parallels between military and business problems and introduced OR to optimize non-military operations. Today OR is used widely to make optimal decisions across many domains under constraints.
Operations research is a method that uses scientific principles and quantitative analysis to help management make strategic decisions. It was first developed systematically in the late 1930s in the UK to aid military strategy during World War II. Since then, operations research has been applied across various fields like industry, agriculture, and planning. It involves interdisciplinary teams using analytical methods like linear programming, simulation, and decision theory to solve organizational problems in a methodological, objective way.
This document provides an overview of medical audit, including:
- Definitions of medical audit as the retrospective evaluation and analysis of medical records to monitor clinical performance.
- The history of medical audit from ancient codes to its modern establishment in India in 2007 through the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals.
- The purposes of medical audit which include planning improvements, ensuring regulatory standards, and assessing health program effectiveness.
This document provides an overview of linear programming (LP). It begins with a brief introduction defining LP as a technique for determining optimal resource allocation to achieve objectives. The history of LP is then summarized, noting its development in 1947 to solve military planning problems. Key aspects of LP are outlined, including decision variables, constraints, and the objective function. Common applications are listed such as manufacturing, finance, and agriculture. An example diet problem is illustrated to demonstrate solving an LP formulation. The assignment problem as a type of LP is also described. The assumptions, methods, and limitations of LP are discussed. Finally, duality in LP is defined as analyzing a problem and its equivalent dual problem from different perspectives.
Brief overview of how queueing models can be be linked with big data initiatives to more accurately forecast demand
and revenues, improve care delivery pathways, plan resources and assess new projects.
Operation research and its application
• Operations • The activities carried out in an organization.
• Research • The process of observation and testing characterized by the scientific method. Situation, problem statement, model construction, validation, experimentation, candidate solutions.
Operational research is the scientific approach to problem solving and decision making. It involves formulating problems mathematically and using scientific techniques like simulation, optimization, and data analysis to solve complex real-world problems. Some key applications of operational research include supply chain management, transportation and logistics, production scheduling, and resource allocation in industries like airlines, manufacturing, and healthcare. The goal is to help decision makers identify optimal solutions and improve performance.
Operations research (OR) began during World War II when scientists applied analytical methods to solve complex military problems. Since then, OR has expanded to help organizations with strategic decision-making. OR uses interdisciplinary teams and quantitative techniques like linear programming to build mathematical models of systems. These models help optimize resource allocation and identify optimal solutions. OR aims to improve systems through objective, data-driven analysis and continues providing value as new problems emerge over time.
The document discusses human resource practices in healthcare in India. It notes that HR is important for healthcare organizations to function effectively and deliver quality services. Some key HR functions in healthcare include recruitment, training, performance management, and ensuring staff have necessary skills. However, healthcare HR faces challenges like complex accountability and uncertainty. The document recommends training programs for different staff to improve skills and recommendations for developing effective HR programs in hospitals.
The document discusses quality assurance in healthcare, including defining quality, measuring it through indicators, improving quality through approaches like total quality management and continual improvement, and ensuring quality through principles like transparency, evidence-based practice, and accountability. It also addresses important dimensions of quality like safety, effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility, and patient-centeredness.
This document provides an introduction to statistics and biostatistics in healthcare. It defines statistics and biostatistics, outlines the basic steps of statistical work, and describes different types of variables and methods for collecting data. The document also discusses different types of descriptive and inferential statistics, including measures of central tendency, dispersion, frequency, t-tests, ANOVA, regression, and different types of plots/graphs. It explains how statistics is used in healthcare for areas like disease burden assessment, intervention effectiveness, cost considerations, evaluation frameworks, health care utilization, resource allocation, needs assessment, quality improvement, and product development.
Analysis and interpretation of surveillance dataAbino David
This document discusses analyzing and interpreting surveillance data. It outlines key steps in the process including counting cases, dividing by population to calculate rates, and comparing rates over time, place, and person. Common reports generated from surveillance data are described such as timeliness, descriptive analyses, trend analyses, and comparisons between reporting units. Interpretation of results involves looking for missing or invalid data, considering disease profiles and rates, and taking action based on the information. Technical committees regularly review analyses to guide public health responses. The goal is to transform raw surveillance data into useful information that can inform program implementation and action.
This document provides an overview of health systems research (HSR), including its definition, purpose, focus, features, and steps involved in conducting HSR projects. It discusses HSR in India, highlighting institutions conducting HSR and priority areas. It also addresses problems related to utilizing HSR results and future directions for HSR in India, such as improving dissemination of findings to health managers and identifying information needs to design targeted research.
The document provides a syllabus for an operations research course covering topics like linear programming, transportation problems, assignment problems, and sequencing. Linear programming topics include formulation, graphical solution, and the simplex method. Transportation problems cover modeling the transportation of resources from origins to destinations to meet demands. Assignment problems involve allocating jobs to workers efficiently.
This document provides guidance for nurses on developing a policy brief to advocate for one of the recommendations from the Institute of Medicine's 2010 report "The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health." It outlines the components that should be included in a 2-3 page single-spaced policy brief, such as a short introduction stating the problem, the selected recommendation, background on the issue, current solutions and status, and a conclusion. Nurses are encouraged to write policy briefs to communicate health policy issues clearly to decision makers and advocate for changes that can improve health outcomes.
Assignment 2 Health Policy Proposal Analysis (Policy Brief).docxannrodgerson
Assignment 2: Health Policy Proposal Analysis (Policy Brief)
Nurses engaged in the policy arena often are asked to provide information on a health care topic of interest to policy makers. This is frequently accomplished through developing a policy brief. A policy brief advocates for a particular recommendation (prior to the enactment of a policy). Learning how to write a policy brief in a clear, succinct, scholarly, and professional manner is an essential skill for advanced practice nurses.
For this Assignment, you will assess one of the recommendations from the Institute of Medicine’s
The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health: Report Recommendations.
You will then develop a policy brief to advocate for this recommendation (the written policy brief is due in Week 7).
To prepare:
Review the Lavis et al. article on preparing and writing policy briefs provided in the Learning Resources
(See attached file).
Select one of the recommendations within the
IOM The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health: Report Recommendations
to focus on for this assignment.
Research the history of the problem behind the recommendation and what has been done to try to solve the problem.
What does the recommendation say should be done? Are there any groups, nursing and others, currently supporting work to implement the recommendation (e.g., Kaiser Family Foundation, professional organizations)? Does the recommendation suggest specific groups that should be involved in the implementation? Think critically about how the recommendation should be implemented – did the IOM get it right? What other strategies are possible to consider?
By Thursday 04/12/2018 3pm,
To complete:
Develop a scholarly and professionally written 2- to 3-page single-spaced policy brief on the recommendation you selected from the IOM report following
the format presented in the Lavis et al. article.
(See attached file for the article). Include the following:
Short introduction with statement of the problem.
The selected recommendation (from the IOM Report)
Background
Current characteristics
The impact of the recommendation from the perspective of consumers, nurses, other health professionals, and additional stakeholders
Current solutions
Current status in the health policy arena
Final conclusions
Resources used to create the policy brief
Required Readings
Hyder, A., Syed, S., Puvanachandra, P., Bloom, G., Sundaram, S., Mahmood, S., ... Peters, D. (2010). Stakeholder analysis for health research: case studies from low- and middle-income countries. Public Health, 124(3), 159–166.
This study demonstrates how the engagement of stakeholders in research and policy making can assist in the successful implementation of policy proposals. The authors propose that by engaging stakeholders, resea ...
A Systematic Literature Review On Health Recommender SystemsBecky Goins
This document presents a literature review on health recommender systems (HRS). It begins by introducing recommender systems and how they are used in various domains, including health services. It then describes the methodology used to conduct a systematic literature review on HRS, which involved searching academic databases, applying inclusion/exclusion criteria to identified papers, and analyzing the content of final selected papers. The review found 8 papers on HRS that generally focused on user groups/system design, physical activity/nutrition recommender systems, and outlining challenges/opportunities. Trending domains identified included telemedicine and using electronic health records for recommendations. The review provides an overview of current research on HRS.
Secinaro et al-2021-bmc_medical_informatics_and_decision_makingNethminiWijesinghe
This document summarizes a structured literature review on the role of artificial intelligence in healthcare. The review analyzed 288 peer-reviewed papers from Scopus. Key findings include:
1) The literature focuses on health services management, predictive medicine, patient data and diagnostics, and clinical decision-making.
2) The United States, China, and the United Kingdom contributed the highest number of studies. Keyword analysis showed AI can support diagnosis, predict disease spread, and customize treatment.
3) Several AI applications were identified for health services, but additional research is still needed, especially regarding data quality and management skills for data-intensive analysis.
Assignment 3 Policy Analysis Paper In previous Discussion.docxluearsome
Assignment 3: Policy Analysis Paper
In previous Discussions and Assignments, you have examined various aspects of the policy process: exploring the unintended consequences of policies, agenda setting, and analyzing policy recommendations. In this Assignment, you will have the opportunity to further develop your analysis skills by working through the policy analysis process. To be an effective agent for social change, you must be able to logically and critically analyze policy from multiple perspectives and contexts and then present your insights in a succinct and professional manner. This exercise will afford such an experience.
For this Assignment, you will examine a particular policy of interest to you (perhaps the one you selected for this week's Discussion) and apply a policy analysis framework to understand the impact associated with the implementation of the policy. You will then develop a policy analysis paper, which is due day 5 of Week 11. This paper will also serve as your Major Assessment for this course.
To prepare:
Select a health care policy and a policy analysis framework to utilize for this Assignment. You may use the policy and framework you identified in this week’s Discussion or change your selection.
To complete:
Write an 8- to 10-page analysis paper (including references) in which you succinctly address the following:
1) An introduction
2)
Part 1: Define the policy issue.
a) How is the issue affecting the policy arena?
b) What are the current politics of the issue?
c) At what level in the policy making process is the issue?
3)
Part 2: Apply a policy analysis framework to explore the issue using the following contexts:
a) Social
b) Ethical
c) Legal
d) Historical
e) Financial/economic
f) Theoretical underpinnings of the policy
Include in this section:
a) Who are the stakeholders of interest?
b) Is there a nursing policy/position statement on this health care issue? If so, who developed it?
4)
Part 3: Policy options/solutions
a) What are the policy options/solutions for addressing the issue? Include at least three levels of options/solutions: no change; partial change; radical change or maximum change.
b) What are the theoretical underpinnings of the policy options/solutions?
c) What are the health advocacy aspects and leadership requirements of each option?
d) How does each option/solution provide an opportunity or need for inter-professional collaboration?
e) What are the pros and cons of each suggested change? Include the cost benefits, effectiveness, and efficiency of each option along with the utility and feasibility of each option.
5)
Part 4: Building Consensus
a) Outline a plan for building consensus around your recommended option/solution for solving the policy issue.
6) A Conclusion
7)
Part 5: References
a) Limit your references so this section is no more than 2 pages.
Your written assignments must follow APA guidelines. Be sure to support your work with ...
This document provides summaries of several references related to managing change in healthcare IT implementations. The references discuss:
1) Theories of change management, such as Kotter's 8-step model and Bridges' 3 phases of transition, and how they can be applied in healthcare.
2) Why IT failures occur and how effective leadership and change management can help introduce new technologies.
3) Strategies for productively integrating IT systems while reducing user resistance, including technical, project management, and organizational skills.
4) Case studies of health information system development challenges in developing countries and the need for flexible, context-sensitive strategies.
5) A model for evaluating change projects based on how they
1Milestone 1Deanna BuchananSouthern New Hampsh.docxAbhinav816839
The document provides an overview of key historical events in health informatics, current standard technologies, and guidelines for evaluating new health information technology systems. It discusses the early development of health informatics in the 1950s through cybernetics and information processing. It then outlines the evolution of data analysis and computing between the 1960s and 2000s with the development of electronic medical records. Finally, it notes the current period of digitizing healthcare processes. The document also lists some common electronic health record systems, videoconferencing tools, and medical imaging storage and processing systems. It proposes guidelines for training staff, securing devices, and providing feedback to improve technologies. Lastly, it describes a process for evaluating new systems based on the problems they address
Implementation science studies strategies for adapting and applying evidence-based interventions in real-world settings like schools, workplaces and healthcare facilities to improve population health. This field develops theories of implementation and evaluates measures of implementation success. Methods include stakeholder engagement, effectiveness studies, research synthesis and modeling to identify strategies for integrating evidence-based interventions into programs and policies. For implementation science to reach its full potential, the research paradigm needs to shift toward greater stakeholder input and reporting on external validity to improve relevance and guide decision makers.
Compose a 300-word (minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays LynellBull52
Compose a 300-word (minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays must be double-spaced and use APA-style in-text citations to reference ideas or quotes that are not your own. You must include a separate bibliography.
What would be accomplished if governments passed laws requiring manufacturers to take back and reuse or recycle all packaging waste, appliances, electronic equipment, and motor vehicles at the end of their useful lives? Would you support such a law? Explain why or why not.
You should cite and quote from assigned readings, AVP's, videos, and module activities to support the ideas in your essay.
(A link that was in this weeks reading)https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=796&view=1
Compose a 300
-
word (minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays must be double
-
spaced
and use APA
-
style in
-
text citations to reference ideas or quotes that are not your own. You
must include a separate bibliography.
What would be accomplished if government
s passed laws requiring manufacturers to
take back and reuse or recycle all packaging waste, appliances, electronic equipment,
and motor vehicles at the end of their useful lives? Would you support such a law?
Explain why or why not.
You should cite and
quote from assigned readings, AVP's, videos, and module activities to
support the ideas in your essay.
(
A
link tha
t was in this weeks reading
)
https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=796&view=1
Compose a 300-word (minimum) essay on the topic below. Essays must be double-spaced
and use APA-style in-text citations to reference ideas or quotes that are not your own. You
must include a separate bibliography.
What would be accomplished if governments passed laws requiring manufacturers to
take back and reuse or recycle all packaging waste, appliances, electronic equipment,
and motor vehicles at the end of their useful lives? Would you support such a law?
Explain why or why not.
You should cite and quote from assigned readings, AVP's, videos, and module activities to
support the ideas in your essay.
(A link that was in this weeks reading)https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=796&view=1
2
IV Pumps for Nutrition in Pediatric Unit
The IV pumps play a critical role in the care of infants, children, and adolescents. They are widely applied in medical settings as patients rely on them for nutrients and medication. The significance of the IV pumps makes it an essential topic in healthcare, especially when it comes to pediatric care. The project focuses on the effectiveness of the utilization of the pumps in the administration of nutrients and possible interventions that can be used to enhance their functioning and minimize the drawbacks. In order to achieve the objective, the project will integrate details on the impact and success of the utilization of the pumps in giving nutrients. The information will also cover the issues that may come from applying the pumps in nutrition and how to subver ...
Health impact assessments of health sector proposalsBen Harris-Roxas
This document summarizes a review of health impact assessments (HIAs) conducted on health sector proposals. The review identified 14 HIAs from Australia, Korea, and the UK that assessed various health services, plans, and policies. The HIAs used a variety of evidence sources and methods. Most assessments were of projects or programs rather than policies. The quality of reporting varied and there is opportunity to strengthen documentation of scoping and monitoring/evaluation steps. While HIAs have been conducted in developed countries, there is limited evidence of their use to assess clinical services plans within the health sector.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Part 1 Interest RatesMacroeconomic factors that influence inter.docxssuser562afc1
Part 1: Interest Rates
Macroeconomic factors that influence interest rates in general
The variables influencing microfinance interest rates for MFIs can be characterized into two general gatherings: 1) interior – the components MFIs can impact: for example work costs, specialized help, creations; or 2) outer – political risks, full scale factors, authoritative risk, and four fundamental parts reflected in the microfinance interest rates: working costs, cost of assets, advance misfortune costs, and benefit. Working expenses speak to around 60 % of the all out MFI costs and generally rely upon the credit size, age, area and customer's appraising, and so on.
Macroeconomic factors is your industry most sensitive
Like most businesses, the carrier business is affected by the monetary cycle's pinnacles and troughs. The present development in created economies—like the U.S. that is driven by the extricating money related strategy—has brought about an ascent in business certainty, mechanical creation, and universal exchange.
Impacts on the interest rates experienced within your chosen industry
In any industry, the economy assumes a urgent job that incorporates the general development of the division, and common flight, with the ever-developing interest, is no special case. To give a major picture, Airbus GMF 2016 evaluations the 20-year interest for new traveler and cargo airplane to be a little more than 33,000 airplane comprising a market estimation of over USD $5.2 trillion underlining and setting up the effect of market development.
Part 2: Stock Valuation, Risk and Returns
Stock Valuation. As indicated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (or BEA), the genuine total national output (or GDP) expanded 4% every year in 2Q14 in the wake of diminishing 2.1% in 1Q14. With financial and modern development, work rates have expanded. This has prompted higher genuine extra cash.
From Video
My company doesn't have stocks right now, so I'll use Costco Wholesale as an example to explain the stock valuation. Future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions formula:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
P0 = Stock Price;
Div1= Estimated dividends for the next period;
r = Required Rate of Return;
g = Growth Rate
In this formula, we need to know the value of estimated dividends for the next period; required rate and return as well as growth rate. Let’s get each number individually.
g: Growth Rate = Retention Ratio x ROE
0.52 x 0.24 = 0.1248
r: Required Rate of Return.
R = D / P0 + g
0.65 / 296.09 + 0.1248 = 0.1269
Div1: Estimated dividends for the next period is 65c. Therefore, the future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions are:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
0.65 / 0.0021 = $309.52
The present stock worth and the assessed stock worth utilizing the Dividend Discount Model is higher on account of the contenders are attempting to get into the membership segment showcase. Likewise, Amazon and Sam's club have improved their online store distribution centers. So all in all, financing an organi.
Part 1 Interest RatesMacroeconomic factors that influence inter.docxkarlhennesey
Part 1: Interest Rates
Macroeconomic factors that influence interest rates in general
The variables influencing microfinance interest rates for MFIs can be characterized into two general gatherings: 1) interior – the components MFIs can impact: for example work costs, specialized help, creations; or 2) outer – political risks, full scale factors, authoritative risk, and four fundamental parts reflected in the microfinance interest rates: working costs, cost of assets, advance misfortune costs, and benefit. Working expenses speak to around 60 % of the all out MFI costs and generally rely upon the credit size, age, area and customer's appraising, and so on.
Macroeconomic factors is your industry most sensitive
Like most businesses, the carrier business is affected by the monetary cycle's pinnacles and troughs. The present development in created economies—like the U.S. that is driven by the extricating money related strategy—has brought about an ascent in business certainty, mechanical creation, and universal exchange.
Impacts on the interest rates experienced within your chosen industry
In any industry, the economy assumes a urgent job that incorporates the general development of the division, and common flight, with the ever-developing interest, is no special case. To give a major picture, Airbus GMF 2016 evaluations the 20-year interest for new traveler and cargo airplane to be a little more than 33,000 airplane comprising a market estimation of over USD $5.2 trillion underlining and setting up the effect of market development.
Part 2: Stock Valuation, Risk and Returns
Stock Valuation. As indicated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (or BEA), the genuine total national output (or GDP) expanded 4% every year in 2Q14 in the wake of diminishing 2.1% in 1Q14. With financial and modern development, work rates have expanded. This has prompted higher genuine extra cash.
From Video
My company doesn't have stocks right now, so I'll use Costco Wholesale as an example to explain the stock valuation. Future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions formula:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
P0 = Stock Price;
Div1= Estimated dividends for the next period;
r = Required Rate of Return;
g = Growth Rate
In this formula, we need to know the value of estimated dividends for the next period; required rate and return as well as growth rate. Let’s get each number individually.
g: Growth Rate = Retention Ratio x ROE
0.52 x 0.24 = 0.1248
r: Required Rate of Return.
R = D / P0 + g
0.65 / 296.09 + 0.1248 = 0.1269
Div1: Estimated dividends for the next period is 65c. Therefore, the future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions are:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
0.65 / 0.0021 = $309.52
The present stock worth and the assessed stock worth utilizing the Dividend Discount Model is higher on account of the contenders are attempting to get into the membership segment showcase. Likewise, Amazon and Sam's club have improved their online store distribution centers. So all in all, financing an organi ...
A Systematic Literature Review On Supply Chain Risk Management Is Healthcare...Cynthia King
This document presents a systematic literature review on supply chain risk management in healthcare. The review aimed to investigate how supply chain risk management is applied to healthcare supply chains and identify opportunities for improvement. It addressed three research questions: (1) What are the main gaps in healthcare supply chain risk management? (2) What is the definition of healthcare supply chain risk management? (3) What risk management techniques and approaches are used in healthcare supply chains? The review found that healthcare supply chain risk management is an under-researched area and proposed a formal definition. It also identified common risks in healthcare supply chains and generated a list of relevant risk management studies in the healthcare sector.
Discussion 1 Nursing and Healthcare Policy Danait HeaVinaOconner450
Discussion 1 Nursing and Healthcare Policy Danait
Healthcare policies determine how and who delivers care services. The policies also affect those who get care by affecting factors like accessibility, affordability, and others. Therefore, without effective policies, healthcare and nursing cannot function effectively. Nurses must understand the structure of policies and the processes that are involved in making the policies to know how best to affect and apply the policies. Healthcare policies are structured based on the various levels of governance involved in healthcare. Policies are created at the organizational, state, and federal levels and involve comprehensive processes that ensure input from various stakeholders including nurses.
Healthcare and nursing policies have changed with needs since the 19th century. While there were policies long before nursing was recognized as a formal profession, the policies were not as impactful as they are now (Alcaraz et al., 2020). In the early stages of nursing such as during the Crimean war when Nightingale pioneered modern nursing, there were no formal policies that regulated the profession. Nurses had to work under physicians and follow their guidance. However, with time, policies that affect nursing have been introduced at the federal and state levels. For instance, policies now have made nurses more autonomous than before and various stages continue making favorable laws for them (May et al., 2018). Organizations too have to develop policies that align with federal and state laws. The various laws that affect payment and the management of care like Medicaid and Medicare, ACA, and HIPAA have been developed to solve the various modern healthcare issues like affordability and others.
The structure of policies is based on the governance of the sector. Healthcare is a mandate of both federal and state laws. Federal policies that affect healthcare include affordable care under ACA, the health information policy under HIPAA, and others (Alcaraz et al., 2020). Federal laws apply to healthcare providers and stakeholders in all states. Each state also has its healthcare policies that have to be applied. They include Medicare expansion and their nurse practice acts. For instance, while some states allow the full practice, others are restrictive. The state policies are enforceable in the states that they apply only. For instance, state laws and policies of California only apply in the state and not in any other state. The state policies determine the state's plans and regulations of nursing and healthcare. After the state level, the organizations also have to develop policies that seek to ensure that they implement government regulations and also offer quality care. For instance, organizational policies affect staffing and patient admission among others.
The healthcare policies have various processes that nurses and other stakeholders are involved in. depending on the level of policies, various pr ...
1) The document discusses agenda setting in the policy process and how clinical practice issues can be moved onto organizational agendas. It provides required readings on stakeholder engagement, policy briefs, and examples of nursing advocacy in policymaking.
2) Students are asked to identify a clinical practice issue for their organization's agenda and propose strategies to inform and persuade stakeholders of its importance using insights from the provided media presentation and readings.
1) The document discusses agenda setting in the policy process and how clinical practice issues can be moved onto organizational agendas.
2) It provides required readings on stakeholder engagement, policy briefs, nursing advocacy, and research usefulness for policymaking.
3) Readers are asked to identify a clinical practice issue for their organization's agenda, stakeholders interested in the issue, and strategies to inform and persuade stakeholders of the issue's importance.
A Comparison of Key Models in Health InformaticsAs part of this co.docxJospehStull43
A Comparison of Key Models in Health Informatics
As part of this course, you will be developing an evaluation plan based on an appropriate model. For this Assignment, you will examine in depth the four models introduced in this week's Learning Resources (
Technology Acceptance, Model Diffusion of Innovations, Disruptive Innovation, Sociotechnical Theory Models
).
By increasing your familiarity with these key models, you will more easily recognize which would be most appropriate for the evaluation you decide to perform.
To prepare:
Review the four research models covered in this week’s Learning Resources.
Consider the key points of each and when they would be the most appropriate choice for an evaluation.
To complete
this Assignment:
By Thursday 12/22/2016 by 5pm,
1)
Create graphic representations of the four models, including descriptions of each overall model, key components, who was involved in their development, key ways they have been used, and potential uses in health informatics.
2)
These representations will be for your use in your upcoming course project, so the greater the detail, the more useful these representations will be to you.
3)
Potential formats could include but are not limited to tables, mind maps, Venn diagrams, or concept maps.
P.S. include an introduction and a summary. The introduction must end with a purpose statement (e.g. “The purpose of this paper is to …” ) in APA format.
Use the references listed in the instructions area for this assignment.
Thank you!
Required Readings
Technology Acceptance Model
Kowitlawakul, Y. (2011). The Technology Acceptance Model: Predicting nurses’ intention to use telemedicine technology (eICU). Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 29(7), 411–418.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Nurses encounter a variety of technological tools that are used in their field. This article explores the technology acceptance model and how it applies to nurses’ intention to use telemedicine technology.
Pai, F.-Y., & Huang, K. (2011). Applying the Technology Acceptance Model to the introduction of healthcare information systems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78(4), 650–660.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
This article focuses on the attempt to develop a model that will assist nurses in mastering the use of health information technology (HIT), thus enabling them to spend more time on patient care and less on clerical-type duties. The authors also studied how the use of HIT could increase patient safety.
Rippen, H. E., Pan, E. C., Russell, C., Byrne, C. M., & Swift, E. K. (2013). Organizational framework for health information technology. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 82(4), e1–e13.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
In this article, the authors highlight results of a literature review on the implementation of health information technology and the related theories and models. Based on their research, the authors developed a fra.
A guide to clinical research writing on public health for clinical researcher...Pubrica
• Clinical research writing is a specialized field requiring the expertise of Scientific Medical Writing who in addition to providing medical writing help, also help conform to the requirements of the Journal, ensure publication and make relevant contribution to the field of medical research.
Full Information: https://bit.ly/2CPJ255
Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/physician-writing-services/
Why pubrica?
When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-74248 10299
This document presents a systematic literature review of 38 empirical studies on factors relating to successful business intelligence (BI) system implementation. The review identified 10 key factors that frequently influenced implementation success based on their frequency of occurrence in the literature. These factors included management support, data source systems, organizational resources, IT infrastructure, vision, champion, team skills, project manager, user participation, and change management. The study aims to help researchers better identify relevant studies for literature reviews on factors impacting BI system implementation.
Similar to OPERATIONS RESEARCH TECHNIQUES AND ITS’ APPLICATION IN HEALTHCARE SERVICE DELIVERY DECISION MAKING: A REVIEW OF EVOLUTION (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. Operations Research Techniques and its’ Application in Healthcare Service Delivery Decision
Making: A Review of Evolution
http://www.iaeme.com/JOM/index.asp 169 editor@iaeme.com
healthcare system and larger number of dynamic variables and resultant changes or advanced
techniques developed for specific purposes, some tools & techniques are no longer used in the
contemporary world.
2. REVIEW METHODOLOGY
A descriptive literature review was conducted on OR tools, techniques and applications a fair
if not comprehensive in order to derive picture of the field in health care. The study presents
evolution of OR tools in the healthcare area derived through understanding of ideas and
different perspectives. Few well known specialized databases like, Science Direct, Scopus,
Springer Link, and PubMed were used for eliciting publication details. Text terms related to
Operations Research and Healthcare was used in order to generate publication details from time
to time up to 2016.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Since its beginnings as a resource optimization tool, OR ventured in the health care sector,
having today a significant number of applications based on quantitative models. The
development of OR applications is evident from the literature reviews the focuses from 1960’s
when resource optimization was the main objective. As time progressed, the patients’ safety
key to healthcare issues attained greater importance and it develops as one of the main driving
forces for the evolution of the discipline in health care. Figure 1 summarizes the evolution of
problems of interest and approaches over time. These issues are discussed in detail in the
following subsections.
3.1. The decade of the 1960’s
Despite the patient’s care and treatment was a priority, OR models had the important duty of
relieving the economic effects of war on healthcare services management, consequently,
focusing mainly on the optimization and correct allocation of the available resources. The need
to find methods to balance OR’s main objectives arose in this decade: resource use versus
quality patient’s attention. Flagle identified --based on his experience-- the main scenarios for
the action of OR within the medical scope in the United States at that time. Reviews were
divided in four sections, some approaches focused on the solutions for facility use, patient flow,
resource optimization and allocation issues / problems. He also suggested orienting the
development of OR in the health sector toward stochastic systems and probabilistic decision
models. After a year and using similar classification, Feldstein put forward the relevance of
quantitative-based decision methods and their use as support tool for decisions of the medical
staff based on common sense and value judgment, which were, during inception of evolution
considered as main decision tools. Among the principal applications were: medical treatment
selection, medicine inventory management and monitoring, required hospitalization time
determination, bed number planning and medical and nurse staff scheduling.
3.2. The decade of the 1970’s
Brant E. Fries (1976) stands out for his attention and follow up with the development of OR in
the health care. In his documents, Fries contributed with a list of over more than 350 references
organized in 15 different medical areas of interest. Another summary for OR applications in
medical and hospital issues during the 60’s and part of the 70’s was delivered by Papageorgiou.
It concurs with Fries in some items of his classification. The author points out that use of linear
programming and variable maximization and minimization functions are used.
3. Binit Patel and Dr. Govind Dave
http://www.iaeme.com/JOM/index.asp 170 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 1 Types of OR Tools Used in Publication (Decade wise)
Source: Scopus Statistics, 2016
Despite OR was consolidating as one of the most important tools for decision making and
optimization in health care, Rosenhead (1978), with know-how on healthcare services’ situation
and development both in United States and the United Kingdom, focused his contribution on
using strategic planning horizons and brought out certain the flaws in the applicability of certain
decision-making tools and models. Barber (1977) also pointed certain limitation with respect
to applicability of some decision-making tools. The limitation include, the need to define a sole
objective for OR optimization. Secondly, problems related to accuracy and distortion about
social issues its quantification and its use as input data for OR models.
3.3. The decade of the 1980’s
In a selective literature review, Boldy & O’Kane (1982) also agree with Fries (1976) in part of
his classification and delivered an interesting conclusion about his contribution: they observed
a larger amount of OR application papers between 1970 and 1973 than in the overall scientific
production of the two previous decades. Although many applications and case studies related
to this topic were not included in Fries’ list, the upsurge and development of OR in the health
care during these years is evident. Resource planning and its optimal management has always
been a key element within economic and social development. As Kemball-Cook & Wright
(1981) mentioned, when considering certain cost-benefit relationships, limited resources, and
lack of qualified personnel, OR seemed like a feasible tool for problem solving and decision
making processes in certain “problem areas” like health care. In this review, they presented
numerous application cases of this kind. However, some years after, Reynolds (1987) studied
OR application in decision-making and data gathering processes for policy planning and
definition of national programs in different countries on primary healthcare attention. As these
are social matters from a community, the author concluded that traditional OR tools would not
be very useful in some cases since countless variables –sometimes not identifiable or
measurable—were involved. This also relates to Rosenhead’s ideas and the issues presented by
Barber. In 1987, Boldyput forward the relationship between OR models and decision support
systems (DSS) in the health sector. Through the compilation of case studies and OR
applications in strategic decision making, the author emphasized in DSS features posed by
Sprague (1980), which he found relevant for decision making in the health sector. These were
grounded on today’s CDSS (Clinical Decision Support Systems) functioning.
4. Operations Research Techniques and its’ Application in Healthcare Service Delivery Decision
Making: A Review of Evolution
http://www.iaeme.com/JOM/index.asp 171 editor@iaeme.com
3.4. The Decade of the 1990’s
A little before and during the 90’s, the optimization and productive approach of OR applications
in health revolved around social aspects. The use of quantitative-based decision models for
problem solving and decision making in health care was addressed by Parker. This author also
made great emphasis in the relevance of applying them in developing countries. Parker
suggested the use of heuristics and programming models grounded on quantitative decision
models (QDMs). Moreover, he noticed that the upsurge of OR for problem solving processes
of social issues or “Social OR” would not be feasible in developing countries since the value of
decision making models applied was restricted and these were not applied due to the non-
quantitative nature of certain problems and the limited competences of analysts, information
access, and technological obstacles. This problem of the nonquantitative nature of social
problems relates again to Rosenhead and Reynolds’ conclusions. Later, through the collection
of 286 scientific papers and case studies (which were divided in seven categories), Datta (1993)
concluded that the applicability of basic OR models was feasible, mainly, in problems related
to hospital management, certain diseases’ control and public health. On the other hand,
problems revolving around strategic planning, such as facility location, nutrition plans, and
health management, would need different and more elaborated methodologies and approaches.
Pierskalla & Brailer's (1994) review is mostly centered in operative and tactical applications.
These authors divided their work in three main categories: design and planning of the system,
operation management, and medical management. Toward the end of the decade, Royston
(1998) poses the need to achieve a balance between certain aspects (planning horizon, scope,
approach, complexity, etc.) in the application of OR models in the health care. In addition, this
author mentions some of the most used ORMS (Operations Research and Management Science)
tools, for example, scenario forecasting and analysis methods, neural networks and expert
systems, simulations, and multi-criteria analysis methods. Lagergren (1998) summarizes the
influence and impact of modeling approaches in the health care. This author highlights that
technology improvements in hardware and software allowed, to a great extent, the creation and
use of more complex models.
3.5. Beginnings of the 21st Century
In this period, and in a general way, resource management is still a high priority in the health
systems management. The first decade of the 21st century witnessed the upsurge of Decision
Support Systems (DSS) and the establishment of the concept of Clinical Decision Support
Systems –CDSS, OR models became the force in the functioning of these computer tools and
its fast development led to an assessment requirement so as to compare them to traditional
medical decision-making procedures. Rais & Viana’s (2010) work gathers a great amount of
sources concerning OR applications in health care. Taking into account their conclusions and
the high amount of sources, the study of OR development in health faces the arduous task of
differentiating successful models’ implementations, their advantages, disadvantages, and
improvement opportunities in order to attain a general overview of the discipline’s evolution,
current status, and future. The scientific journals that published literature reviews related to the
development of OR in the healthcare are shown in Fig. 2. In this list, the European Journal of
Operational Research stands out for having the highest number of reviews. It is also important
to underline that the rising levels of scientific contributions brings an upward trend in the
number of specialized journals focused in the study of OR applied to health care.
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ANALYZED SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION
In this section, a general analysis of scientific production related to the application of
Operations Research methods in the health sector is discussed. The information was selected
5. Binit Patel and Dr. Govind Dave
http://www.iaeme.com/JOM/index.asp 172 editor@iaeme.com
from the Scopus citation database. In the first place, OR influence in the health care can be
estimated in a general way through the presence of keywords like “Operations Research” –
“Operational Research” as well as with search terms like “Health” or “Healthcare”. The citation
database reports a total of 2563 documents related to the use of OR in the health field between
the years 1952 and 2016 (Fig.3). These documents were classified as follows: 1698 scientific
papers, 283 review papers, 279 conference papers, and 312 documents of other types. A similar
result is obtained when using the same search terms in the PubMed database (2581 documents).
Approximately, a 52% of the documents indexed by Scopus were published in Medicine
journals and 18.2% in Decision Science journals. Regarding the geographical origin of the
publications, the United States and the United Kingdom lead the first two places in the ranking
for the number of documents indexed, followed by India, Canada, and Switzerland.
4.1. Decision Trees
A decision tree is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions and
their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is
one way to display an algorithm that only contains conditional control statements. Decision
Tree and its applications are very popular from the decade of 1970s. The analysis of medical
decisions to be taken, medical diagnosis, and identification of treatment substitutions are some
of the most frequent uses for decision model. It is quite clearly visible that, total published
research articles from 1970 to 2016 for, which include portion of Decision Modelling is around
4,600. There was a steady upward growth for this tool from 1970 to 2012. After 2012, there is
upward spike until the year 2015.
4.2. Scheduling Models
The resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) is a very general scheduling
problem which may be used to model many applications in health care practice. Doctors, Nurses
and Medical Staff are mainstream of the healthcare sector. The patient’s timely service is almost
based on adequate amount of medical staff available as and when required. If in the case of
overstaffing, it will add overhead cost to the healthcare industry. So, balancing between supply
and demand should be required. To fulfil the supply-demand balancing requirement, scheduling
models are very popular. Scopus reported about 11839 research related papersfrom 1960to 2016
related with the use of scheduling tools and techniques. During the period of 2004-2008, it has
noticeable amount of contribution in scheduling in healthcare.
4.3. Programming Models
Integer and Linear programming is a widely used model type that can solve decision problems
with many thousands of variables. Mathematical modelling is very much useful and it is also
popular for getting optimal solution for the problems which are less complex in nature for the
healthcare sector. It had usedlinear, non-linear, dynamic and mixed modelling technique to get
solution for the less complex problem to support the decision making. According to the Scopus
statistics, this is the highest and frequently used tools and technique under the field Operations
Research for Healthcare segment. The sudden growth in the use of the technique is noticeable
from the year 2000 to 2008. Again, it has earned much popularity to solve less complex medical
field related issues from 2009 to 2016.
6. Operations Research Techniques and its’ Application in Healthcare Service Delivery Decision
Making: A Review of Evolution
http://www.iaeme.com/JOM/index.asp 173 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 2 Review of Literature of OR in Healthcare Published in Scientific Journal
Source: Scopus statistics, 2016
Figure 3 Number of Papers Indexed in OR for Healthcare
Source: Scopus statistics, 2016
Figure 4 OR Tools Used in Indexed Publication
7. Binit Patel and Dr. Govind Dave
http://www.iaeme.com/JOM/index.asp 174 editor@iaeme.com
Source: Scopus statistics, 2016
4.4. Queuing Theory
Queuing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queuing model is
constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. It was founded by
A.K.Erlang (1908). Waiting time can be considered as most crucial factor as far as patients’
satisfaction is concerned. Optimization of Waiting line in order to minimize the waiting time
or reducing the Queuinglength is most conducted studies around the OR community. Scopus
database reported around 1052 published documents for the Queuing Theory for the time
duration between 1961 and 2016.Out of all, there were about 71% research papers, 22%
conference papers, and 5% review articles for healthcare industry. It is depicted from Figure 4
that, till the year 2000, there was a steady growth and afterward upward spike can be seen till
2008. From the year 2008 to 2012, there is slight upward trend for the usage of such OR
technique. However, in 2016, the use of Queuing theory in research for decision making has
been reduced. As compared to use of other OR techniques in healthcare, Queuing Theory is
least used.
4.5. Location, Allocation, and Routing Models
Setting up location for ambulances, mobile hospitals and the concept of satellite hospitals,
Location identification and routing models plays an important role. Minimum time should be
the criteria in the case of medical service delivery. Heat maps are considered to be most popular
technique to identify the location and routing. These routing models have not achieved much
popularity or have not been widely used and accepted as seen in figure 4. This technique has
similar trend as Queuing modelling.
4.6. Markov Chain Models
A Markov chain is "a stochastic model describing a sequence of possible events in which the
probability of each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event". Markov
Chain Models are very much new and in trend these days for healthcare segment. Generally, it
had been used to manage the inventory and to reduce the waiting time for the healthcare. Since,
its inception from the decade of 1990s, it has shown growth and signs of popularity in the usage
for healthcare sector widely.
4.7. Discrete-Event Simulation
A discrete-event simulation (DES) models the operation of a system as a discrete sequence of
events in time. Each event occurs at a particular instant in time and marks a change of state in
the system. Simulation Models now a days have got much popularity in the sector of healthcare.
It is basically useful for identification of What-If analysis. It allows management to run various
different conditioned simulation for the identification of waiting time, resource allocation, staff
required,other resources required etc. Now, there is an upward trend in the area of healthcare
for the usage of simulation. Various simulation packages allow running a controlled simulation
such as SIMUL8, System Dynamics etc.
5. CONCLUSIONS
There are different kinds of problems in the healthcare sector which requires havingdifferent
solution using different approaches, tools and techniques. Various Operations Research
methods / tools and techniques have been used to solve healthcare related issues. Some less
complex requires mathematical model, on the other hand complex will have to use other
modelling techniques such as, routing models, scheduling models or queuing models etc. It was
8. Operations Research Techniques and its’ Application in Healthcare Service Delivery Decision
Making: A Review of Evolution
http://www.iaeme.com/JOM/index.asp 175 editor@iaeme.com
started from 1960s with basic OR Techniques and now in 2018 with simulations and Markov
Chain Analysis Models to solve problems of healthcare sector.Rising numbers of publications
of different approach indicates that healthcare sector has taken OR approaches very seriously
in order to find out solution for various healthcare issues.
REFERENCES
[1] Barber, B., The implementation and utilisation of operational research in the reorganised
National Health Service Part II. Eur J Oper Res. 1(3), pp. 146-153, 1977. DOI:
10.1016/0377-2217(77)90021-2
[2] Belciug, S. and Gorunescu, F., A hybrid genetic algorithm-queuing multicompartment
model for optimizing inpatient bed occupancy and associated costs. ArtifIntell Med. 68, pp.
59-69, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2016.03.001
[3] Boldy, D., The relationship between decision support systems and operational research:
Health care examples. Eur J Oper Res. 29(2), pp. 128- 134, 1987. DOI: 10.1016/0377-
2217(87)90102-0
[4] Boldy, D.P. and O'Kane, P.C., Health operational research — A selective overview. Eur J
Oper Res. 10(1), pp. 1-9, 1982. DOI: 10.1016/0377- 2217(82)90124-2
[5] Datta, S., Applications of O.R. in health in developing countries: A review. SocSci Med.
37(12), pp. 1441-1450, 1993. DOI: 10.1016/0277- 9536(93)90178-7
[6] Eaton, D., Church, R., Bennett, V., Hamon, B. and Lopez, L., On deployment of health
resources in rural Valle Del Cauca Colombia. In: Cook, W. and Kuhn, T., editors. Planning
processes in developing countries: Techniques and achievements. Amsterdam: Amsterdam
Netherlands and New York, North-Holland, 1982.
[7] Feldstein, M., Operational research and efficiency in the health service. Lancet. 281(7279),
pp.491-492. 1963. DOI: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(63)92381-X
[8] Flagle, C.D., Operational research in the health services. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 107(2), pp.
748-759, 1962. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13318.x
[9] Fries, B.E., Bibliography of operations research in health-care systems. Oper Res.
INFORMS. 24(5), pp. 801-814, 1976. DOI: 10.1287/opre.24.5.801
[10] Fries, B.E., Technical note—bibliography of operations research in healthcare systems: An
update. Oper Res. INFORMS. 27(2), pp. 408-419, 1979. DOI: 10.1287/opre.27.2.408
[11] Gedik, R., Zhang, S. and Rainwater, C,. Strategic level proton therapy patient admission
planning: A Markov decision process modeling approach. Health Care Manag Sci. 20(2),
pp. 286-302, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s10729-016-9354-6
[12] Heidenberger, K., Strategic decision support in preventive health care. SocioeconPlann Sci.
26(2), pp. 129-146, 1992. DOI: 10.1016/0038- 0121(92)90019-2
[13] Hull, J.C., Operational research applied to health services. J Oper Res Soc. Nature
Publishing Group. 32(8), pp.736-737. 1981.
[14] Ivlev, I., Jablonsky, J. and Kneppo, P., Multiple-criteria comparative analysis of magnetic
resonance imaging systems. Int J Med Eng Inform. 8(2), pp. 124-141, 2016. DOI:
10.1504/IJMEI.2016.075757
[15] Kemball-Cook, D. and Wright, D.J., The search for appropriate O.R.: A review of
operational research in developing countries. J Oper Res Soc. Nature Publishing Group.
32(11), pp. 1021-1037, 1981.
[16] Khalid, M.H., Tuszyński. P.K., Kazemi, P., Szlek, J., Jachowicz, R. and Mendyk. A.,
Transparent computational intelligence models for pharmaceutical tableting process.
Complex Adapt Syst Model. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 4(7) pp. 1-11, 2016. DOI
10.1186/s40294-016-0019-6
9. Binit Patel and Dr. Govind Dave
http://www.iaeme.com/JOM/index.asp 176 editor@iaeme.com
[17] Lagergren, M., What is the role and contribution of models to management and research in
the health services? A view from Europe. Eur J Oper Res., 105(2), pp. 257-266, 1998. DOI:
10.1016/S0377-2217(97)00233-6
[18] Lam, S.S.W., Ng, Y.S., Lakshmanan, M.R., Ng, Y.Y. and Ong, M.E.H., Ambulance
deployment under demand uncertainty. J AdvManag Sci. 4(3), pp. 187-194, 2016.
[19] Papageorgiou, J.C., Some operations research applications to problems of health care
systems (A survey). Int J Biomed Comput. 9(2), pp. 1-14, 1978. DOI: 10.1016/0020-
7101(78)90002-8
[20] Parker, B.R., In quest of useful health care decision models for developing countries.
European Journal of Operation Research. 49(2), pp. 279-288, 1990. DOI: 10.1016/0377-
2217(90)90346-D
[21] Pierskalla, W.P. and Brailer, D.J., Applications of operations research in health care
delivery. In: Pollock, S.M., Rothkopf, M.H. and Barnett, A., editors. Handbooks in OR &
MS. Vol. 6. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science, pp. 469-505, 1994.
[22] Rauner, M.S. and Vissers, J.M.H., OR applied to health services: Planning for the future
with scarce resources. Eur J Oper Res. 150(1), pp. 1-2, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/S0377-
2217(02)00775-0
[23] Reynolds, J., Introduction: Operations research in primary health care. SocioeconPlann Sci.
21(2), pp. 73-77, 1987. DOI: 10.1016/0038- 0121(87)90016-4
[24] Rosenhead, J., Operational research in health services planning. Eur J Oper Res. 2(2), pp.
75-85, 1978. DOI: 10.1016/0377-2217(78)90103-0
[25] Royston, G., Shifting the balance of health care into the 21st century. Eur J Oper Res.
105(2), pp. 267-276, 1998. DOI: 10.1016/S0377- 2217(97)00234-8
[26] Saleem, J.J., Militello, L.G., Russ, A.L. and Wilck, N.R., The divide between applied
research and operations in health information technology advancement: reducing the Gap.
Proc Hum Factors ErgonSocAnnu Meet. SAGE Publications. 59(1) pp. 460-460, 2015.
DOI: 10.1177/1541931215591098
[27] Sprague, R., A framework for the development of decision support systems. MIS Q. 6(4),
pp. 1-26, 1980. DOI: 10.2307/248957