Operating System
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This document discusses file systems and their implementation. It covers key concepts like file attributes, operations, access methods, directory structures, allocation methods, and more. Specifically: - File attributes include the name, identifier, type, location, size, and protection attributes to control access and monitor usage. - Common file operations are create, write, read, reposition, delete, truncate, open, and close. - Access methods can be sequential or direct, with sequential only allowing reading/writing in order and direct allowing random access. - Directory structures organize files in a tree structure with nodes containing metadata to locate files on disk. - Allocation methods like contiguous, linked, and indexed are
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This document discusses deadlocks in computer systems. It defines a deadlock as a set of blocked processes where each process is holding a resource and waiting for a resource held by another process in the set, resulting in circular waiting. It presents examples of deadlock situations and describes the conditions required for deadlock, including mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Methods for handling deadlocks include prevention, avoidance, and detection and recovery. Prevention ensures deadlocks never occur through restrictions, while avoidance uses online algorithms to ensure the system remains in a safe state where deadlocks cannot arise.
Operating System
The document discusses various techniques for process synchronization and solving the critical section problem in concurrent systems. It describes producer-consumer problems and solutions using shared memory. It covers issues like race conditions that can occur. Different algorithms for solving the critical section problem are presented, including Peterson's algorithm and the Bakery algorithm. The document also discusses synchronization hardware support and low-level synchronization tools like locks, test-and-set instructions, and semaphores.
Operating System
This chapter discusses processes and process management in operating systems. A process is a program in execution that requires resources like CPU, memory, and I/O. Processes go through various states like running, waiting, ready, and terminated. The operating system is responsible for creating, scheduling, and terminating processes. Key components involved in process management include the process control block (PCB) that stores process information, scheduling queues like the ready queue and I/O queues, and schedulers that select the next process to execute. When the CPU switches between processes, a context switch saves the state of one process and loads the state for the next process.
Operating System
This document provides an introduction and overview of operating systems. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware to effectively utilize system resources and make problem solving easier. A computer system consists of hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. The operating system coordinates access to resources, executes programs, handles input/output, manages files and directories, and provides protection and security for multi-user systems. It discusses the evolution of operating systems and provides examples of early systems like batch processing and timesharing systems.
Computer Organisation and Architecture
The document describes the basic processing unit of a computer. It discusses the single bus organization of a processor's data path. It explains the operational steps to transfer data between registers and perform arithmetic/logic operations using an ALU. It also describes how instructions are fetched from memory and executed step-by-step, including fetching operands, performing operations, and storing results. Branch instructions require updating the program counter register with the target address.
Computer Organisation and Architecture
The document discusses input-output organization and describes various input and output peripheral devices. It then covers input-output interfaces, how data is transferred asynchronously between devices and the CPU using handshaking, and different modes of data transfer including program-controlled, interrupt-initiated, and direct memory access. It also discusses how interrupts from multiple devices are handled using priority levels and interrupt vectors.
Computer Organisation and Architecture
Memory is organized in a hierarchy to balance speed, size, and cost. This includes registers, cache, main memory, and secondary storage. The memory hierarchy places faster but smaller and more expensive memory closer to the CPU. Main memory uses DRAM chips that are organized into rows and columns. Cache memory uses SRAM and exploits locality to provide faster access than main memory.
Computer Organisation and Architecture
This document discusses different aspects of central processing unit (CPU) organization and instruction set architecture. It describes three main types of CPU organization: single register, general register, and stack. It also discusses different instruction formats including one, two, three-address formats. Additionally, it covers addressing modes such as register, direct, indirect, immediate, implied and their use in accessing operands. Finally, it briefly discusses components of a CPU like registers, ALU, control unit and their role in executing instructions.
High Performance Computer Architecture
The document discusses pipeline hazards in computer architecture and their resolution mechanisms. There are three types of hazards: structural hazards which occur due to resource conflicts, data hazards which occur when an instruction depends on data from a prior instruction, and control hazards which occur due to conditional branch instructions. Data hazards include read after write (RAW), write after read (WAR), and write after write (WAW) hazards. Forwarding is a common technique to resolve data hazards by passing results directly from one pipeline stage to another as needed. Stalls can also resolve hazards by inserting no-operation instructions but reduce pipeline efficiency.
High Performance Computer Architecture
This document provides an introduction to high performance computer architecture and multiprocessors. It discusses how initial improvements in computer performance came from innovative manufacturing techniques and exploitation of instruction level parallelism (ILP). More recently, exploiting thread and process level parallelism across multiple processors has become a focus. The key types of multiprocessor architectures discussed are symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs) and distributed memory computers which use message passing. SMPs connect multiple processors to a shared memory using a bus, while distributed memory computers require explicit message passing between separate processor memories.
High Performance Computer Architecture
This document discusses memory hierarchy design and optimizations. It covers cache performance parameters like miss rate and miss penalty. It examines questions around block placement, identification, and replacement in caches. Write policies like write-back and write-through are explained. Examples calculate average memory access time and the impact of caches on CPU performance. Techniques to improve cache performance through reducing miss rates, miss penalties, and hit times are outlined.
High Performance Computer Architecture
The document provides an introduction to computer architecture and performance. It discusses how performance has increased due to Moore's Law and transistor density doubling every 18 months. It explains that improvements in recent decades have come more from architectural innovations like pipelining than just manufacturing advances. Pipelining allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously to improve performance. The document outlines some objectives of studying innovations like RISC architectures, pipelining, caching and parallel processing.
Computer Organisation & Architecture (chapter 1)
This document discusses the basic organization and design of computers. It covers topics such as architecture versus organization, functional units like the arithmetic logic unit and control unit, instruction formats, processor registers, stored program concepts, basic operational concepts like loading and storing data, memory access, and factors that impact performance such as pipelining and instruction set design. The document provides an overview of fundamental computer hardware components and operations.
Motherboard
The document discusses motherboards and their role in connecting the core components of a computer system. A motherboard serves as the central platform to which the CPU, memory, storage drives, graphics/sound cards, and other ports and slots connect. It forms the backbone of a computer by allowing all parts to communicate with each other. The document also mentions motherboard compatibility and different types of motherboards but does not provide any details.
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Operating System
- 1. File-SystemFile-System InterfaceInterface Mr. SUBHASIS DASH SCHOOL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING. KIIT UNIVERSITY BHUBANESWAR
- 2. File ConceptFile Concept Contiguous logical address space Types: Data numeric character binary Program
- 3. File AttributesFile Attributes Name – only information kept in human-readable form Identifier – unique tag (number) identifies file within file system Type – needed for systems that support different types Location – pointer to file location on device Size – current file size Protection – controls who can do reading, writing, executing Time, date, and user identification – data for protection, security, and usage monitoring Information about files are kept in the directory structure, which is maintained on the disk
- 4. File OperationsFile Operations File is an abstract data type Create Write Read Reposition within file Delete Truncate Open(Fi) – search the directory structure on disk for entry Fi, and move the content of entry to memory Close (Fi) – move the content of entry Fi in memory to directory structure on disk
- 5. Access MethodsAccess Methods Sequential Access read next write next reset no read after last write (rewrite) Direct Access read n write n position to n read next write next rewrite n n = relative block number
- 6. Directory StructureDirectory Structure A collection of nodes containing information about all files F 1 F 2 F 3 F 4 F n Directory Files Both the directory structure and the files reside on disk Backups of these two structures are kept on tapes
- 7. Operations Performed on DirectoryOperations Performed on Directory Search for a file Create a file Delete a file List a directory Rename a file Traverse the file system
- 8. Single-Level DirectorySingle-Level Directory A single directory for all users Naming problem Grouping problem
- 9. Two-Level DirectoryTwo-Level Directory Separate directory for each user Path name Can have the same file name for different user Efficient searching No grouping capability
- 11. General Graph DirectoryGeneral Graph Directory
- 12. (a) Existing. (b) Unmounted(a) Existing. (b) Unmounted PartitionPartition
- 14. ProtectionProtection File owner/creator should be able to control: what can be done by whom Types of access Read Write Execute Append Delete List
- 15. Access Lists and GroupsAccess Lists and Groups Mode of access: read, write, execute Three classes of users RWX a) owner access 7 ⇒ 1 1 1 RWX b) group access 6 ⇒ 1 1 0 RWX c) public access 1 ⇒ 0 0 1 Ask manager to create a group (unique name), say G, and add some users to the group. For a particular file (say game) or subdirectory, define an appropriate access. owner group public chmod 761 game Attach a group to a file chgrp G game
- 16. End of ChapterEnd of Chapter
- 17. File SystemFile System ImplementatioImplementatio nn Mr. SUBHASIS DASH SCHOLE OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING. KIIT UNIVERSITY BHUBANESWAR
- 18. Layered File SystemLayered File System
- 19. A Typical File Control BlockA Typical File Control Block (Access control list)
- 20. Allocation MethodsAllocation Methods An allocation method refers to how disk blocks are allocated for files: Contiguous allocation Linked allocation Indexed allocation
- 21. Contiguous Allocation of Disk SpaceContiguous Allocation of Disk Space
- 24. Example of Indexed AllocationExample of Indexed Allocation
- 25. Indexed Allocation – Mapping (Cont.)Indexed Allocation – Mapping (Cont.) outer-index index table file
- 26. Combined Scheme: UNIX (4K bytes perCombined Scheme: UNIX (4K bytes per block)block)
- 27. Linked Free Space List on DiskLinked Free Space List on Disk
- 28. End of ChapterEnd of Chapter