UNIT IV FILE SYSTEMS AND I/O SYSTEMS 9
Mass Storage system – Overview of Mass Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Disk Scheduling and Management, swap space management; File-System Interface – File concept, Access methods, Directory Structure, Directory organization, File system mounting, File Sharing and Protection; File System Implementation- File System Structure, Directory implementation, Allocation Methods, Free Space Management, Efficiency and Performance, Recovery; I/O Systems – I/O Hardware, Application I/O interface, Kernel I/O subsystem, Streams, Performance.
n computer operating systems, demand paging is a method of virtual memory management. In a system that uses demand paging, the operating system copies a disk page into physical memory only if an attempt is made to access it and that page is not already in memory
Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer system where more than a single process might be underway at any time
Useful documents for engineering students of CSE, and specially for students of aryabhatta knowledge university, Bihar (A.K.U. Bihar). It covers following topics, File concept, access methods, directory structure
UNIT IV FILE SYSTEMS AND I/O SYSTEMS 9
Mass Storage system – Overview of Mass Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Disk Scheduling and Management, swap space management; File-System Interface – File concept, Access methods, Directory Structure, Directory organization, File system mounting, File Sharing and Protection; File System Implementation- File System Structure, Directory implementation, Allocation Methods, Free Space Management, Efficiency and Performance, Recovery; I/O Systems – I/O Hardware, Application I/O interface, Kernel I/O subsystem, Streams, Performance.
n computer operating systems, demand paging is a method of virtual memory management. In a system that uses demand paging, the operating system copies a disk page into physical memory only if an attempt is made to access it and that page is not already in memory
Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer system where more than a single process might be underway at any time
Useful documents for engineering students of CSE, and specially for students of aryabhatta knowledge university, Bihar (A.K.U. Bihar). It covers following topics, File concept, access methods, directory structure
This presentation contains a complete understanding of file system Interface, Directory Structure, How operating System access the files and their directories. So I hope you will easily understand the concept of file system interface. Access Methos are also discussed in this presentation.
This world have numerous kinds and diversity .This kinds and diversity remain in whole world two two third is aquatic ,fresh water and marine water .This kinds and diversites knowledge and their total knowledge file management is very importance for fisheries science.
This freshwater and marine water has a huge number of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and plants. Thair identify and use is vary importance for fisheries and aquaculture .for that their proper file management is play a useful role in fisheries and aquaculture.
If we went to know the total plant and animals this is not possible to proper file management.
Culturable species and there predator knowledge and file management is vary importance for aquaculture .culturable species habitats and their food habit is very importance for successful aquaculture and also importance in breeding season and behavior and high growth rate fish data .There proper management and for fisheries student study documents is very important. So file management is very importance in fisheries science.
This Presentation is useful to make PPT on the topic "Servlet and Servlet Life Cycle" in Advanced Java. This Presentation is also useful to study this topic.
This Presentation is used to create PPT on the topic "Chomsky Normal Form" in Theory of Computation. This presentation is also useful to study this topic.
This Presentation is useful to study about GSM means Global System for Mobile Communication. This Presentation is also useful to make PPT on this topic.
This Presentation is useful to study Advanced Engineering Mathematics about Fourier Series and Fourier Integral. This Presentation is also useful make PPT on this topic.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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3. Introduction to File and File Management
File Access Methods
File Types
File Operations
4. A file is a unit of storing data on a secondary
storage device such as a hard disk or other
external media.
Every file has a name and its data. Operating
system associates various information with
files. For example the date and time of the last
modified file and the size of file etc.
This information is called the file’s attributes or
metadata.
6. In Sequential access, process could read all the
bytes or records from a file in order, starting at
the beginning, but could not skip around and
read them out of order.
Sequential files could be rewound, however, so
they could be read as often as needed.
These files were convenient when the storage
medium was magnetic tape or CD-ROM.
7. Files whose bytes or records can be read in any
order are called random access files.
Random access files are essentials for many
applications, for example, data base systems.
If an airline customer calls up and wants to
reserve a seat on a particular flight, the
reservation program must be able to access the
record for that flight without having to read the
records for thousands of other flights.
9. Regular files are the ones that contain user
information.
Regular file, as a randomly accessible sequence
of bytes, has no other predefined internal
structure.
Application programs are responsible for
understanding the structure and content of any
specific regular file.
10. ASCII file consists of line of text.
Advantage of ASCII files is that they can be
displayed & printed as it is & they can be edited
with ordinary text editor.
If number of programs use ASCII files for input
and output, it is easy to connect the output of
one program to the input of another.
C/C++/Perl/HTML files are all examples of ASCII
files.
11. Binary files contain formatted information that
only certain applications or processors can
understand.
Binary files must be run on the appropriate
software or processor before humans can read
them.
Executable files, compiled programs,
spreadsheets, compressed files, and graphic
(image) files are all examples of binary files.
12. Directories are system files for maintaining the
structure of the file system.
To keep track of files, file systems normally have
directories or folder.
13. File exists to store information and allow it to
be retrieved later.
Different system provides different operations
to allow storage and retrieval.
The most common system calls are shown
below.
14. Create
The purpose of the call is to announce that the
file is coming and to set some attributes.
Delete
When the file is no longer needed, it has to be
deleted to free up disk space.
Open
The purpose of the open call is to allow the
system to fetch the attributes.
15. Close
When all accesses are finished, the attributes and
disk addresses are no longer needed, so the file
should be closed to free up table space.
Read
Data are read from file. Usually the bytes come from
the current position.
Write
Data are written to the file, usually at the current
position.
16. Append
This call is restricted form of write. It can only
add data to the end of file.
Seek
For a random access files, a method is needed to
specify from where to take the data. Seek
repositions the file pointer to a specific place in
the file.
17. Get attributes
Processes often need to read the file attributes
to do their work.
Set attributes
Some of the attributes are user settable and can
be changed after the file has been created. This
system call makes that possible.
18. Rename
It frequently happens that a user needs to
change the name of an existing file. This system
call makes it possible.
19. Inspiration from Prof. Tejas Bhatt and Prof. Bijal
Talati
Notes of OS
Textbook of OS
Images from Google Images
Some my own Knowledge