The Open Spectrum Potential for Evolutionary and Revolutionary Technology and Business Solutions
by
Brough Turner; Founder and CTO at Ashtonbrooke and Chief Strategy Officer at Dialogic
Presented to the Boston chapter of the IEEE Communications Society, May 14, 2009.
In November 2008, the FCC voted unanimously to permit unlicensed wireless devices that operate in the empty "white space" between TV channels. Their “TV White Spaces” decision was the culmination of many years of proceedings, but it's just one step in a much larger discussion, commonly referred to as “Open Spectrum.”
Our use of radio spectrum is regulated under principles that were established in the 1920s, when radio spectrum appeared to be a scarce resource and frequency was the only reasonable basis for allocation. Today’s wireless technology vastly exceeds anything imagined in the 1920s and from physical principles we know that many, many orders of magnitude further improvement are possible. Already the application of new approaches in just a few slivers of spectrum has fostered new industries – WiFi, Bluetooth and more.
The presentation discusses the predecessors, potentiality, and directions for Open Spectrum. This will include:
A brief history spectrum regulation from before the Radio Act of 1925 to today.
Results from measurements of actual spectrum utilization in New York and Washington DC.
An overview of "Open Spectrum" experiments to date, including “license exempt sharing” in the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands and different forms of "secondary use" including UWB, 3650 MHz and now TV White Spaces.
The physics of propagation and its impact on the range of White Spaces services vs. WiFi, WiMAX, 3GSM and LTE.
IEEE 802.11y protocols and the prospects for expanding secondary use beyond TV White Spaces.
Brough Turner is founder and CTO at Ashtonbrooke and Chief Strategy Officer at Dialogic. Formerly he was founder and CTO at Natural MicroSystems and NMS Communications. He speaks and writes on a variety of communications topics including 3G and 4G wireless tutorials. He presented most recently at the 4G Wireless Evolution conference in February. Brough is an electrical engineering graduate of MIT and has 25 years experience in telecommunications.
White spaces above 3 g hz and an applicationBrough Turner
At the Super WiFi Summit
White Spaces: The Radio Evolution
Tuesday ‐ 09/13/11 • 3:30-‐4:15pm
Brough Turner , Founder , netBlazr.com
Smart antennas and smart radios, Cognitive Radio and Beam Forming are on the verge of being incorporated into product. As we head toward these technologies, the opportunities exist for new models of service sharing and interconnection to deliver broadband solutions.
White spaces above 3 g hz and an applicationBrough Turner
At the Super WiFi Summit
White Spaces: The Radio Evolution
Tuesday ‐ 09/13/11 • 3:30-‐4:15pm
Brough Turner , Founder , netBlazr.com
Smart antennas and smart radios, Cognitive Radio and Beam Forming are on the verge of being incorporated into product. As we head toward these technologies, the opportunities exist for new models of service sharing and interconnection to deliver broadband solutions.
Achieving repeatable wireless throughput measurements under realistic conditions has been a monumental challenge for the wireless industry. The reason? Throughput of wireless links is a function of many variables, all of which must be controlled to get repeatable measurements. For benchmark testing, throughput has to be maximized in a manner that is repeatable and reproducible at multiple labs around the world. The challenges and methods of achieving maximum possible throughput and repeatable measurements are the subject of this talk.
TitanMIMO is the only testbed capable of enabling true 5G Massive MIMO research without compromise.
- Remote or local radio head location
- Validate various waveform propagation schemes
- Optimize network deployment by balancing cost VS performance
- Validate interoperability scenarios
- HetNet, MU-MIMO, and CRAN testbed ready
- Validate, optimize & develop analytic channel models
- Optimize TDD and RF calibration techniques
- Full TDD & FDD support
octoBox is a stackable small anechoic testbed used for testing wireless throughput, including throughput of high order MIMO systems such as 802.11ac and LTE, range, data rate adaptation, roaming, mesh, DSRC , etc. Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIaL7SFZpx4&feature=youtu.be
Recently, UWB (Ultra Wide Band) has attracted a lot of attention and become one of the most promising successor for short-range wireless communication technologies. The project aims to provide a extensive knowledge about this potential technology. Not only giving a introduction, we also compared advantages and disadvantages of UWB technology with currently used standards like 802.11a/b/g, 2G Cellular, Ethernet, Bluetooth, FastEthernet in terms of power consumption, spectral density, robustness against multipath and penetration capability, data rate in short distance, carrier-less transmission, etc. Additionally, we examine current applications and potential commercial uses of UWB in the future as an evidence for the versatile of this technology.
ULTRA WIDE BAND TECHNOLOGY
BODY AREA NETWORKS
BW ³ 500 MHz regardless of fractional BW
UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum
Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude
Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total UWB power
UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios
C cf radio propagation theory and propagation modelsTempus Telcosys
The radio propagation theory is an important lesson in the radio communication curriculum. This lesson answers the following questions:
How are radio waves transmitted from one antenna to the other antenna?
What features does the radio wave have during the propagation? Which factors affect the propagation distance?
What fruits are achieved by predecessors in the radio wave propagation theory? How to apply the theory to practice?
Chapter 1 Radio Propagation Theory
Chapter 2 Radio Propagation Environment
Chapter 3 Radio Propagation Models
RADWIN 5000 HPMP levererar trådlös kommunikation på 200 Mbit/s per sektor och är avsedd för situationer som kräver höga prestanda och som kan leverera garanterad bandbredd till användare. Radiolänken har full duplex kommunikation och ethernetanslutning.
Only the First Drop: Changing the Way Startups are Funded by Denes Ban (OurCr...Leadel
Get advice re funding you startup from Venture Partner at OurCrowd, one of Israel's leading investors! Invested 60m+ USD in 40+ companies in the last 15 months. Denes has dedicated more than 10 years to fostering growth and shaping corporate strategy for companies around the globe. Denes joins OurCrowd as the co-founder of PocketGuide, a winner of Techcrunch Europe, where he led the company to become the world’s leading travel guide mobile app with millions of users across 100 cities. Prior to building PocketGuide, he served as Chief Revenue Officer at Futureal, one of the largest Central European real estate investment partnerships. In addition, Denes led one of the European sales and consulting units of Exportradet, a leading management consulting firm, where he set international corporate strategy and increased the profitability of over 100 companies including Ericsson, Electrolux, H&M and Absolute Vodka. Denes holds an MBA from Umea University in Sweden and attended an EMBA at the Stockholm Business School. Denes also sits on the board of TLV Internationals, an NPO that serves as the largest international community center in Tel Aviv.
Add your voice to creation of Leadel FLY Conference 2016 http://goo.gl/forms/7vmpV0Kysy and stay informed about mentorship opportunities from Leadel FLY speakers!
Visit www.leadel.com/materials to receive access to more valuable tips.
Amit Sinha and Heidi Riley will lead us through a workshop exploring how university life will change in the future, providing an interactive opportunity for participants to showcase their own ideas on how we can turn our university into a Smarter Campus.
Amit Sinha
Vice President & Executive Director - Europe, Co-President - SFSP York, Students for a Smarter Planet
Amit Sinha, the Co-President of SFSP at York is now in his final year of a Computer Science degree. As well as being Co-President, Amit splits his time between his duties as Vice President and Executive Director – Europe, for SFSP and serving on SFSP’s Global Advisory Board. Indeed, since arriving at York, Amit has made quite an impression on both the student body and faculty. Even in his first year, he became both the Computer Science Board of Studies Representative and the first Faculty Representative for the Core Sciences, roles in which he pushed through important changes. Outside of York, Amit has seen great success, gaining an award as one of the Top 20 Student Contributors in IBM’s Smarter Planet University JAM in 2009, and participating in IBM’s EMEA Best Student Recognition event 2010. He is also currently a Student Partner for Microsoft.
Heidi Riley
Secretary - SFSP York
Heidi Riley serves as Secretary for the York chapter of SFSP, and is a first year Theoretical Physics student here at the University of York. Having a particular interest in nanotechnology, she feels particularly drawn to the idea that by applying innovative design and intelligent thinking, we can transform the seemingly mundane into tools and machines that can shape our future. To support this, she is also actively involved in Physics Soc at the University. Outside of her studies, Heidi is a keen musician, and is part of a variety of musical activities on campus.
Achieving repeatable wireless throughput measurements under realistic conditions has been a monumental challenge for the wireless industry. The reason? Throughput of wireless links is a function of many variables, all of which must be controlled to get repeatable measurements. For benchmark testing, throughput has to be maximized in a manner that is repeatable and reproducible at multiple labs around the world. The challenges and methods of achieving maximum possible throughput and repeatable measurements are the subject of this talk.
TitanMIMO is the only testbed capable of enabling true 5G Massive MIMO research without compromise.
- Remote or local radio head location
- Validate various waveform propagation schemes
- Optimize network deployment by balancing cost VS performance
- Validate interoperability scenarios
- HetNet, MU-MIMO, and CRAN testbed ready
- Validate, optimize & develop analytic channel models
- Optimize TDD and RF calibration techniques
- Full TDD & FDD support
octoBox is a stackable small anechoic testbed used for testing wireless throughput, including throughput of high order MIMO systems such as 802.11ac and LTE, range, data rate adaptation, roaming, mesh, DSRC , etc. Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIaL7SFZpx4&feature=youtu.be
Recently, UWB (Ultra Wide Band) has attracted a lot of attention and become one of the most promising successor for short-range wireless communication technologies. The project aims to provide a extensive knowledge about this potential technology. Not only giving a introduction, we also compared advantages and disadvantages of UWB technology with currently used standards like 802.11a/b/g, 2G Cellular, Ethernet, Bluetooth, FastEthernet in terms of power consumption, spectral density, robustness against multipath and penetration capability, data rate in short distance, carrier-less transmission, etc. Additionally, we examine current applications and potential commercial uses of UWB in the future as an evidence for the versatile of this technology.
ULTRA WIDE BAND TECHNOLOGY
BODY AREA NETWORKS
BW ³ 500 MHz regardless of fractional BW
UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum
Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude
Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total UWB power
UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios
C cf radio propagation theory and propagation modelsTempus Telcosys
The radio propagation theory is an important lesson in the radio communication curriculum. This lesson answers the following questions:
How are radio waves transmitted from one antenna to the other antenna?
What features does the radio wave have during the propagation? Which factors affect the propagation distance?
What fruits are achieved by predecessors in the radio wave propagation theory? How to apply the theory to practice?
Chapter 1 Radio Propagation Theory
Chapter 2 Radio Propagation Environment
Chapter 3 Radio Propagation Models
RADWIN 5000 HPMP levererar trådlös kommunikation på 200 Mbit/s per sektor och är avsedd för situationer som kräver höga prestanda och som kan leverera garanterad bandbredd till användare. Radiolänken har full duplex kommunikation och ethernetanslutning.
Only the First Drop: Changing the Way Startups are Funded by Denes Ban (OurCr...Leadel
Get advice re funding you startup from Venture Partner at OurCrowd, one of Israel's leading investors! Invested 60m+ USD in 40+ companies in the last 15 months. Denes has dedicated more than 10 years to fostering growth and shaping corporate strategy for companies around the globe. Denes joins OurCrowd as the co-founder of PocketGuide, a winner of Techcrunch Europe, where he led the company to become the world’s leading travel guide mobile app with millions of users across 100 cities. Prior to building PocketGuide, he served as Chief Revenue Officer at Futureal, one of the largest Central European real estate investment partnerships. In addition, Denes led one of the European sales and consulting units of Exportradet, a leading management consulting firm, where he set international corporate strategy and increased the profitability of over 100 companies including Ericsson, Electrolux, H&M and Absolute Vodka. Denes holds an MBA from Umea University in Sweden and attended an EMBA at the Stockholm Business School. Denes also sits on the board of TLV Internationals, an NPO that serves as the largest international community center in Tel Aviv.
Add your voice to creation of Leadel FLY Conference 2016 http://goo.gl/forms/7vmpV0Kysy and stay informed about mentorship opportunities from Leadel FLY speakers!
Visit www.leadel.com/materials to receive access to more valuable tips.
Amit Sinha and Heidi Riley will lead us through a workshop exploring how university life will change in the future, providing an interactive opportunity for participants to showcase their own ideas on how we can turn our university into a Smarter Campus.
Amit Sinha
Vice President & Executive Director - Europe, Co-President - SFSP York, Students for a Smarter Planet
Amit Sinha, the Co-President of SFSP at York is now in his final year of a Computer Science degree. As well as being Co-President, Amit splits his time between his duties as Vice President and Executive Director – Europe, for SFSP and serving on SFSP’s Global Advisory Board. Indeed, since arriving at York, Amit has made quite an impression on both the student body and faculty. Even in his first year, he became both the Computer Science Board of Studies Representative and the first Faculty Representative for the Core Sciences, roles in which he pushed through important changes. Outside of York, Amit has seen great success, gaining an award as one of the Top 20 Student Contributors in IBM’s Smarter Planet University JAM in 2009, and participating in IBM’s EMEA Best Student Recognition event 2010. He is also currently a Student Partner for Microsoft.
Heidi Riley
Secretary - SFSP York
Heidi Riley serves as Secretary for the York chapter of SFSP, and is a first year Theoretical Physics student here at the University of York. Having a particular interest in nanotechnology, she feels particularly drawn to the idea that by applying innovative design and intelligent thinking, we can transform the seemingly mundane into tools and machines that can shape our future. To support this, she is also actively involved in Physics Soc at the University. Outside of her studies, Heidi is a keen musician, and is part of a variety of musical activities on campus.
Refactoring workshop (Campus Party Quito 2014)Maria Gomez
This presentation is the base for facilitating a workshop on refactoring techniques for code. We run it during Campus Party Quito 2014.
It is intended to teach some theory (unit tests, TDD, SOLID) that leads to the exercises
To Study The Phase Noise Effect In OFDM Based Communication SystemRajeev Kumar
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is being successfully used in many
applications. It was chosen for IEEE 802.11a wireless local area network (WLAN)
standard, and it is being considered for the fourth-generation mobile communication
systems. Along with its many attractive features, OFDM has some principal drawbacks.
Sensitivity to frequency errors and phase noise between the transmitted and received
signals is the most dominant of these drawbacks. In this thesis, phase noise effects on
OFDM based communication systems are investigated under Rayleigh fading
environment. Phase noise has two main effects. First, it causes a random phase variation
common to all sub-carriers. The effects of this common phase error(CPE) are minimized
by employing phase tracking techniques or differential decoding. Second, it introduces
Inter carrier interference (ICI).In OFDM system, when subjected to fading extremely
high signal to noise ratio(SNR) are required to achieve resonable error probability.Coding
becomes obvious choice to achieve higher possible rate in presence of crosstalk,
impulsive and other interferences. This form of OFDM is called coded OFDM
(COFDM). Reed-Solomon codes can compensate these two dimensional errors.
Channel estimation in OFDM based communication system is a technique use to
minimize common phase error(CPE) occurred due to phase noise. Least square with
averaging (LSA) is block-type pilot symbol aided channel estimation technique used to
multiplex reference symbols, so-called pilot symbols, into the data stream. The receiver
estimates the channel state information based on the received, known pilot symbols. The
pilot symbols can be scattered in time and/or frequency direction in OFDM frames.
This thesis analyzed Uncoded, Reed-Solomon coded and Reed-Solomon coded with LSA
channel estimated OFDM based communication system in presence of phase noise by
using MATLAB Simulink. Various Simulink modal of OFDM based communication
system is developed in this thesis.The LSA channel estimation scheme is use to remove
common phase error (CPE) occured due to phase noise and then Reed-Solomon coding is
use to improve BER performance of OFDM system with phase noise.The simulation
performance results of the OFDM system for Rayleigh fading with QPSK modulation is
discuss in this thesis.
vi
LTE Measurement: How to test a device
This course provides an overview with practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receier sensitivity, and how to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will present testing of LTE handsets in terms of protocol signaling scenarios and handover to other radio technologies for interoperability. This course will demonstrate end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication Tester. Examles of application tests are voice over LTE, (VoLTE) or Video over LTE.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course on Business Models at National University of Singapore to analyze the business model of SCIO’s molecular sensor. This pocket sensor uses infrared light to determine the molecular makeup of fruits, vegetables, drugs, and other organic materials. As a replacement for bulky spectrometers, it can be used by scientists, engineers, and consumers to determine the sugar content, nutritional value, and other aspects of organic materials. The slides describe the value proposition, method of value capture, customers, scope of activities, and method of strategic control for SCIO.
A Wireless Tipping Point, Open Spectrum ImplicationsBrough Turner
As presented at eComm Europe, October 2009.
Are we using radio spectrum efficiently? No. Is this likely to change? Not soon.
"Smart" radios have the potential to support much more efficient and productive use of spectrum, but spectrum regulation is a political issue with well established stakeholders. What's more, our limited experiments with commons-based spectrum management have had widely differing results: WiFi, enormous success; UltraWideBand, disappointment.
WiFi's success happened in "junk" spectral bands where established players weren't interested. That will be difficult to repeat, but Brough will describe some very simple physical principals of radio propagation which, when combined with the next five years of Moore's law progress in semiconductors, suggest a path forward that's very different from TV white spaces. Indeed, the most important result of regulatory decisions on UltraWideBand and TV white spaces is they validate the concept of secondary access.
Invited paper at ACP 2014 in Shanghai - Introduction to raman amplification and its applications and benefits in terrestrial, submarine unrepeatered and repeatered optical communications for long haul and high capacity DWDM systems
Improvement of signal coverage using wcdma signal repeater for 3 g systemsIjrdt Journal
Wireless communication has become an indispensable technology for the society. In broadband wireless data transmission technique, 3G cellular systems are expected to provide high data rate and less probability of error. This repeater finds application in areas of poor signal coverage and connectivity. The repeater consists of a patch panel antenna for receiving WCDMA signals from the base station and amplifying the signals using a wideband RF amplifier. The signals are then retransmitted to the weak coverage area using a directional Yagi-Uda antenna. The antenna characteristics such as return loss and VSWR are measured using a Network analyzer. The component of the repeater are mounted in a stand and the performance of the entire unit was evaluated using a WCDMA generator, act as a base station, transmitting at 869 MHz and 5dBm output power. A spectrum analyzer with WCDMA analyzer is used as a receiver, the RF signal level and constellation plots with error vector magnitude are determined
Module 4
Wireless Wide Area Networks and LTE Technology Design Private and public leased networks. Video conferencing, television and radio broadcast transmissions. Wireless WAN, Cellular Networks, Mobile IP Management in Cellular Networks, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Technology, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) with LTE, Characterization of Wireless Channels.
These are the graphics (in higher resolution) for my presentation, Internet Peering with annotations. See "Internet Peering, with annotations" for details.
The Internet backbone consists of just over 6000 independent networks that exchange traffic in fashions that are not well understood outside of the backbone networking community. We explain how it works, how it has evolved and how it is continuing to evolve today.
This is a revised and annotated version of material most recently given as an invited presentation at OFC 2014, the optical fiber conference in San Francisco, in March 2014.
To provide higher resolution, I've also uploaded a version w/o annotations, i.e. just the graphics.
My presentation of netBlazr at Emerging Communications 2011 held at the SFO Marriott June 2011 in which I presented the background (why something like this is needed), the way we disrupt the existing duopoly and pull an end run around the phone companies, the cable companies, the FCC and Congress; and an update on how far we've gotten in our first 12 months.
Although I have high hopes for TVWS I also expect that, 10-20 years from now, we will look back on the TV White Spaces decision and recognize it as a breakthough in getting access to all otherwise unused spectrum, for example in the 3 GHz - 9 GHz range.
Brough’s keynote address at the October 2010 4G Wireless Evolution Conference.
In it, he argues:
1. All key 4G technologies are pioneered by Wi-Fi (3-5 year lead!).
2. Wi-Fi will be the dominant solution for mobile data offload.
3. 4G technologies represent a wireless tipping point with the result they will revolutionize backhaul and eventually the first mile (via wireless ISPs).
He closes with two slides on his new wireless ISP, netBlazr.
My keynote address at the 2003 Spring VON conference, presented on April 1, 2003. I pointed to real 100/100 Mbps Internet connectivity (deployed in 1999-2000, in Ulmea Sweden) emphasizing this was only possible by getting control of local fiber away from the incumbent PTT.
As presented at the 4G Wireless Evolution conference in Miami, January 22, 2010.
WiFI has been at the heart of the change to OFDM and MIMO solutions. It is not suprising that WiFi is a hotbed of innovation in today’s marketplace. This discussion looks at the current and future opportunities associated with WIFI and the implications for new kinds of deployment and adaptation by the LTE and WiMAX community.
New Applications and New Business Models
Whether it's LTE or WiMAX or local WISPs using combinations of Wi-Fi, WiMAX and other technologies, we are on the verge of having affordable mobile broadband in the US (it's already available in the UK and Scandinavia and becoming available elsewhere in the EU). What services can be provided over the top and what services need or can benefit from operator capabilities (QoS, security, ...)? The iPhone store, Android store and similar initiatives suggest power is shifting away from the operators and into the hands of application developers and the end user. How can operators leverage their core capabilities (QoS, security, billing, customer relationships, call detail, ...) to provide applications and remain relevant to their customers?
How the history of cellular technology helps us understand 4G technology and business models and their likely impact on wireless broadband
Including:
Brief history of cellular wireless telephony
> Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA
> Mobile core network architectures
Demographics & market trends today
> 3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths
Implications for the next 2-5 years
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
2. Open Spectrum
1. Electromagnetic spectrum for which
there are no licensing requirements
E.g., Visible light, 400-790 THz
2. “A movement to get the government to
provide more unlicensed spectrum”
(Wikipedia, 5/2009)
2
3. Open Spectrum
1. Electromagnetic spectrum for which
there are no licensing requirements
E.g., Visible light, 400-790 THz
2. “A movement to get the government to
provide more unlicensed spectrum”
(Wikipedia, 5/2009)
US regulates 9 KHz – 300 GHz today
3
11. Radio receivers today
Far from the selectivity and sensitivity of
mammalian vision systems
Today’s “cognitive radios” can’t match the
performance of the visual cortex
But far ahead of receivers in use when
regulatory schemes were established
11
12. Origins of Wireless Communications
1864: James Clark Maxwell
● Predicts existence of radio waves
1886: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz
● Demonstrates radio waves
1895-1901: Guglielmo Marconi
● Demonstrates wireless communications over
increasing distances
Also in the 1890s
● Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Jagdish
Chandra Bose and others, demonstrate forms of
wireless communications
12
13. US Radio Spectrum Regulation
Radio Act of 1912
Titanic disaster tips the tide to licensing & rules
Seafaring vessels to maintain 24-hour radio watch
Radio Act of 1927
Rise of broadcasting brings chaos, then restrictive
licensing – “in the public interest”
Communications Act of 1934
Combines telecom and radio regulation
Establishes the FCC
13
14. 1920s consumer radio receivers
Crystal, Regenerative, Tuned RF, Neutradyne, …
Low selectivity, sensitivity, stability
Super-heterodyne not yet at consumer prices
833 KHz, AM only, until 1922; then 10 KHz spacing
~600 licensed stations by 1930
Tuned RF
Crystal
14
15. 1920s State of the Art
Amplitude modulated RF carriers
Separated by frequency
Receivers with limited selectivity
Analog tank circuits
Mostly, omni-directional antennas
Mostly fixed broadcast locations
15
16. Regulations made sense
In 1927, spectrum was a scarce resource
We’ve come a long way since 1927
But
Regulation
vested interests
resistance to change
16
17. Radio Spectrum Occupancy
Urban areas, 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Above 3 GHz mostly vacant.
As measured by Shared Spectrum Company and the
University of Kansas Center for Research for the
NSF National Radio Network Research Testbed (NRNRT)
17
18. Radio Spectrum Occupancy
Urban areas, 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Above 3 GHz mostly vacant.
As measured by Shared Spectrum Company and the
University of Kansas Center for Research for the
NSF National Radio Network Research Testbed (NRNRT)
18
19. New York City
Unusually heavy communications during Republican National Convention
August 30 to September 3, 2004 brought spectrum occupancy up to 13%.
19
20. Most spectrum idle most of the time
FCC Regs protect obsolete technology
e.g. TV guard bands are to protect pre-1950
receiver technology. You wouldn’t run your
business on a 1950s mainframe computer…
20
21. Most spectrum idle most of the time
FCC Regs protect obsolete technology
e.g. TV guard bands are to protect pre-1950
receiver technology. You wouldn’t run your
business on a 1950s mainframe computer…
Rights holders utilizing subset of their rights
Governmental entities sitting on spectrum
Partial buildouts; financial or tech problems;
market changes; incumbents sitting on
spectrum.
21
22. Spectrum Myths
Spectrum is scarce
4G is the future of wireless
Auctions drive efficient use of spectrum
Utilization requires massive investments
TV spectrum is “beach front” property
22
23. Spectrum not so scarce
New modulations
Multiple users separated by frequency
(FDMA), in time (TDMA), by codes (CDMA)
OFDMA simultaneously optimizes frequency,
time and user data demands
Directional antennas & beamforming
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
23
24. 1G – Separate Frequencies
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
Frequency
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
24
25. 2G – Time Division Multiple Access
One timeslot = 0.577 ms One TDMA frame = 8 timeslots
200 KHz
Frequency
200 KHz
200 KHz
200 KHz
Time
25
26. 3G – Code Division Multiple Access
Spread spectrum modulation
originally developed for the military
resists jamming and many kinds of interference
coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
All users share same (large) block of spectrum
one for one frequency reuse; soft handoffs possible
All 3G cellular standards based on CDMA
CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA
26
27. 4G Modulation – OFDM/OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Optimization in time, frequency and code
OFDM deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g
Increasing Wi-Fi capacity from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OFDM plus statistical multiplexing of users
OFDMA used in both WiMAX & LTE
27
29. OFDM
Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be
orthogonal, thus eliminating inter-carrier
interference
Varies bits per sub-carrier based on
instantaneous received power
29
30. Statistical Multiplexing (in OFDMA)
Dynamically allocate user data to sub-carriers
based on instantaneous data rates and varying
sub-carrier capacities
Highly efficient use of spectrum
Robust against fading, e.g. mobile operation
30
31. 4G Technology – SC-FDMA
Single carrier multiple access
Used for LTE uplinks
Being considered for 802.16m uplink
Similar structure and performance to OFDMA
Single carrier modulation with DFT-spread
orthogonal frequency multiplexing and FD
equalization
Lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
Improves cell-edge performance
Transmit efficiency conserves handset battery life
31
32. 4G Technology - MIMO
2x3
TX RX
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Spatial Multiplexing: Data is organized in spatial
streams that are transmitted simultaneously
“N x M MIMO” ( e.g. “4x4”, “2x2”, “2x3”)
N transmit antennas M receive antennas N x M paths
32
33. 4G Technology - MIMO
Multiple paths improve link reliability and
increase spectral efficiency (bps per Hz),
range and directionality
33
34. Indoor MIMO Multipath Channel
Multipath reflections
come in “clusters” Reflector
Moving reflector
Reflections in a cluster Rx
arrive at a receiver all
from the same general
direction Wall
Direct ray
Statistics of clusters are
key to MIMO system Reflector
operation Tx
802.11n developed 6
models: A through F
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
34
36. Outdoor Multipath Environment
Base Station
picocell radius: r < 100 m
micro: 100 m < r < 1 000 m
macro: r > 1 000 m
One or two dominant paths in outdoor
environments – fewer paths and less
scattering than indoors
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
36
37. Spectrum Abundance
Original thinking was wrong
More transmitters, alternate paths, motion –
all serve to increase capacity
More info receiver has about environment the
better it can do at extracting the desired signal
MIMO key to 3.5G, 4G
4G will be followed by 5G, 6G and so on!
New RF, new antenna technology, new
networking (meshes), …
37
42. Other myths
Auctions drive efficient use of spectrum
And yet more innovation in WiFi than in
all the 2G, 3G, 4G cellular bands
OFDM, MIMO – WiFi leads, cellular
follows
42
43. History of IEEE 802.11
1985: FCC authorizes spread
spectrum in ISM bands:
900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz
1990: IEEE begins work on 802.11
1994: 2.4 GHz products ship
1997: 802.11 standard approved
1997: FCC authorizes the UNII
Band – more @ 5 GHz
1999: 802.11a, b ratified 802.11 pioneered commercial
2002: FCC allows new modulations deployment of OFDM and
MIMO – key wireless signaling
2003: 802.11g ratified
technologies today
2007: 802.11n draft 2 products
certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
43
45. Other myths
Utilization requires massive investments
E.g. spectrum purchase; network buildout
But in license-exempt bands
Access is free
Radios are purchased by individuals
Arguably, greater economic value per Hz
created by commerce in “free spectrum”
45
46. TVWS – Beach-front Property?
Optimum antenna length a
multiple of ¼ wavelength
3.3 feet for 70 MHz
4” for 700 MHz
1” for 2.4 GHz
Longer antennas gather
more energy, but difficult
for handheld devices
46
47. Antenna Fresnel Zone
r
r = radius in feet
D = distance in miles
D f = frequency in GHz
Fresnel zone is the shape of Example: D = 0.5 mile
electromagnetic signal and is a function r = 30 feet for 700 MHz
of frequency r = 16 feet for 2.4 GHz
r = 10 feet for 5.8 GHz
Constricting the Fresnel zone introduces
attenuation and signal distortion
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope 47
48. Building façade variations
Lower frequencies experience less
attenuation through building materials
But primary problem is multiple paths!
Differential absorption in windows, wall
sections
Shorter wavelengths refracted at window
edge introduce multiple paths
Fresnel zone constrictions introduce
attenuation
48
49. MiMO favors higher bands
Shorter wavelengths – smaller antennas
No significant atmospheric absorption
below 10 GHz
Water vapor, CO2 an issue above 10 GHz
Future “beach front” spectrum may be:
3 GHz – 10 GHz
49
50. 802.11y and shared use
2005: FCC releases rules for shared use
& “lite licensing” in 3650-3700 MHz band
No interference with existing users;
geographic database; listen-before-talk
License-exempt stations under positive
control of a licensed station’s beacon
2008: 802.11y standard approved
Rich set of standard protocols targets
3650 band, but applicable to any form of
shared use or secondary use
50
51. 802.11y
Contention-based protocol
Enhances 802.11 carrier sense and energy
detection
Extended channel switch announcement
Access point tells stations to switch channels
Dependent station enablement
Licensed station handles geographic
databases and other rules on behalf of the
dependent stations
51
52. Spectrum policy
Today all spectrum is regulated
(by the FCC or NTIA), but
Regulation limits technology deployment
Regulation or policy change takes years
Incumbents play policy game very well
Startups have limited runways
Investors don’t like regulatory uncertainty
FCC in the business of regulating “speech”
52
53. Spectrum vs. printing presses
Supreme Court lenient on spectrum regulation
because spectrum is “unusually scarce”
Prof. Stuart Minor Benjamin, Duke University
The Court has never confronted an allegation that
government actions resulted in unused or
underused spectrum, ... Government limits on the
number of printing presses almost assuredly would
be subject to heightened scrutiny and would not
survive such scrutiny.
53
54. Prospects for Change
Substantial vested interests
Broadcasters, cellular operators, many other
existing spectrum owners
Overwhelming success of WiFi, Bluetooth
Commercial successes new interests
Intel, Google, Microsoft, Apple
Rural wireless ISPs
Frequently leverage unlicensed technology
Get attention in Congress
54
55. Gaining access to spectrum
“License-exempt” began in “junk” bands
ISM (900 MHz, 2.4 GHz)
Extended into UNII (5 GHz) and 60 GHz
55
56. Gaining access to spectrum
“License-exempt” began in “junk” bands
ISM (900 MHz, 2.4 GHz)
Extended into UNII (5 GHz) and 60 GHz
Underlays – Low power (below licensees)
“Ultra Wideband” in 3.1–10.6 GHz
56
57. Gaining access to spectrum
“License-exempt” began in “junk” bands
ISM (900 MHz, 2.4 GHz)
Extended into UNII (5 GHz) and 60 GHz
Underlays – Low power (below licensees)
“Ultra Wideband” in 3.1–10.6 GHz
Shared use with “lite-licensing”
3650-3700 MHz ; license-exempt based on
listen-before-talk, location & licensed beacon
Managed by 802.11y protocols from IEEE
57
58. Secondary Use
TV White Spaces
Multi-year battle vs. strong vested interests
Favorable FCC decision – Nov. 2008
Tight restrictions may ease over time, based on new
technology and actual field experience
Prospect for additional bands?
More access at 4.9 & 5 GHz? potentially w/802.11y
IMT-Advanced candidate bands (2300-2400, 2700-
2900, 3400-4200, and 4400-5000 MHz) will take
years to clear but could be used now under 802.11y
58
59. Secondary Use
TV White Spaces
Multi-year battle vs. strong vested interests
Favorable FCC decision – Nov. 2008
Tight restrictions may ease over time, based on new
technology and actual field experience
Prospect for additional bands?
More access at 4.9 & 5 GHz? potentially w/802.11y
IMT-Advanced candidate bands (2300-2400, 2700-
2900, 3400-4200, and 4400-5000 MHz) will take
years to clear but could be used now under 802.11y
59
60. Open spectrum
Today’s regulation inhibits innovation
Inhibits communication & freedom of speech
Technology has outrun today’s regulation
Decades of further innovation ahead
“Secondary use” the best path forward
60
61. Thank You
Brough Turner
broughturner@gmail.com
rbt@ashtonbrooke.com