octoBox is a stackable small anechoic testbed used for testing wireless throughput, including throughput of high order MIMO systems such as 802.11ac and LTE, range, data rate adaptation, roaming, mesh, DSRC , etc. Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIaL7SFZpx4&feature=youtu.be
This document discusses VoLTE (Voice over Long Term Evolution), which allows high-definition voice calls over 4G LTE networks rather than reverting to 2G/3G networks. VoLTE uses an IP Multimedia Subsystem to define control and media for voice services over LTE. It has higher voice and data capacity than 3G and 2G networks. Early commercial VoLTE services began in 2014 in Singapore and 2015 in Cambodia without 2G/3G networks. VoLTE provides benefits to users like HD voice calls, better battery life, faster call setup and video calling capabilities.
The document discusses 5G fundamentals including:
- 5G is expected to enable a fully mobile and connected society from 2020 onward.
- 5G will require new technologies like millimeter wave communications, massive MIMO, and network densification to meet requirements for high data rates, low latency, and connectivity of many devices.
- Millimeter wave frequencies above 30 GHz offer vast amounts of unused spectrum but propagation is sensitive to blockages. Massive MIMO using hundreds of antennas can compensate through beamforming.
An Introduction to BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGYVikas Jagtap
“Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the world.”
Numerology in the context of 5G refers to the configuration of waveform parameters for OFDM-based subframes having different subcarrier spacing and symbol time. The 5G NR radio frame is defined in units of 10ms with subframes of 1ms, and slots of 14 OFDM symbols with a time interval depending on subcarrier spacing. Subcarrier spacing in 5G NR is specified as 15x2^n kHz, where n can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, defining spacings of 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 kHz, and may also include negative values like 7.5 kHz and 3.75 kHz.
This presentation was completely on the upcoming Fifth-generation Technology and explaining the earlier generations with their advantages and applications including the features and their software and Hardware Requirements.
This document provides an introduction to 4G networks, including their history and evolution. 4G was introduced to provide high-bandwidth internet access to users on the move. It has progressed from initial commercial deployments in Scandinavia in 2009 using LTE technology to widespread adoption around the world today. Key features of 4G include high speeds of up to 1 Gbps, quality of service, support for mobile broadband internet usage, and packet-switched connectivity. The document compares 4G to 3G and outlines advantages like broadband access anywhere as well as disadvantages such as initial high battery usage and implementation challenges. Potential applications of 4G include public safety services, traffic management, mobile commerce, entertainment, and more.
4G-3G-2G TRAINING || Youtube channel-ANKUR TOMAR BADAYLAankur tomar
Hi...Here i define all about 4G-3G-2G
Watch on youtube channel...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2Ly5n4S8Xs
GOOGLE EARTH...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vq0mXEWF9_Y
ADD 4G PARAMETERS IN TEMS WINDOWS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmKi0O9dWpQ&t=3s
This document discusses VoLTE (Voice over Long Term Evolution), which allows high-definition voice calls over 4G LTE networks rather than reverting to 2G/3G networks. VoLTE uses an IP Multimedia Subsystem to define control and media for voice services over LTE. It has higher voice and data capacity than 3G and 2G networks. Early commercial VoLTE services began in 2014 in Singapore and 2015 in Cambodia without 2G/3G networks. VoLTE provides benefits to users like HD voice calls, better battery life, faster call setup and video calling capabilities.
The document discusses 5G fundamentals including:
- 5G is expected to enable a fully mobile and connected society from 2020 onward.
- 5G will require new technologies like millimeter wave communications, massive MIMO, and network densification to meet requirements for high data rates, low latency, and connectivity of many devices.
- Millimeter wave frequencies above 30 GHz offer vast amounts of unused spectrum but propagation is sensitive to blockages. Massive MIMO using hundreds of antennas can compensate through beamforming.
An Introduction to BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGYVikas Jagtap
“Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low-cost, low-power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice and data anywhere in the world.”
Numerology in the context of 5G refers to the configuration of waveform parameters for OFDM-based subframes having different subcarrier spacing and symbol time. The 5G NR radio frame is defined in units of 10ms with subframes of 1ms, and slots of 14 OFDM symbols with a time interval depending on subcarrier spacing. Subcarrier spacing in 5G NR is specified as 15x2^n kHz, where n can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, defining spacings of 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 kHz, and may also include negative values like 7.5 kHz and 3.75 kHz.
This presentation was completely on the upcoming Fifth-generation Technology and explaining the earlier generations with their advantages and applications including the features and their software and Hardware Requirements.
This document provides an introduction to 4G networks, including their history and evolution. 4G was introduced to provide high-bandwidth internet access to users on the move. It has progressed from initial commercial deployments in Scandinavia in 2009 using LTE technology to widespread adoption around the world today. Key features of 4G include high speeds of up to 1 Gbps, quality of service, support for mobile broadband internet usage, and packet-switched connectivity. The document compares 4G to 3G and outlines advantages like broadband access anywhere as well as disadvantages such as initial high battery usage and implementation challenges. Potential applications of 4G include public safety services, traffic management, mobile commerce, entertainment, and more.
4G-3G-2G TRAINING || Youtube channel-ANKUR TOMAR BADAYLAankur tomar
Hi...Here i define all about 4G-3G-2G
Watch on youtube channel...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2Ly5n4S8Xs
GOOGLE EARTH...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vq0mXEWF9_Y
ADD 4G PARAMETERS IN TEMS WINDOWS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmKi0O9dWpQ&t=3s
Tonex offers a one-day training course on 6G technology to help organizations gain an advantage over competitors. While 6G is 10 years away, planning and preparation take 10 years. The course provides an overview of the 6G vision, expected capabilities like speeds over 1 TB/s, and technologies to achieve its goals. It explains how 6G will build on 5G and the benefits of understanding 6G now to influence its development.
The document provides an overview of SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) architectures and technologies. It discusses SONET layers, frame structures, multiplexing, and network topologies like linear, ring and mesh networks. Virtual tributaries are also covered, which allow SONET to carry lower data rate payloads in a backward compatible manner.
This document contains a presentation on LTE TDD given by Bong Youl Cho of Nokia Solutions and Networks. The presentation provides an overview of LTE TDD technology, including comparisons to WiMAX and 3G TDD, details on TDD configurations and carrier aggregation, enhancements in Release 12 and beyond, and the growth of LTE TDD deployment by major operators worldwide. It aims to demonstrate that LTE TDD and FDD can be highly integrated to provide "the best LTE" network through global roaming and seamless handovers between the technologies.
History, Basic concepts of wireless communication, challenges in wireless communication, cellular communication, performance criteria, wireless communication standars, how call is made?
View all Sessions
Kashif Islam, Solutions Architect , Cisco
Jay Romero, Sr. Director, IT Operations , Erickson Living
Come and learn how Erickson Living achieved deployment success using Cisco ME4600 based GPON Solution. Guest Presenter: Jay Romero, Sr.Director - IT Operations. Passive Optical Networks (PON) provides an effective and efficient way of providing fiber based high speed access to residential and business users. With the ever-growing demand for higher bandwidth, service providers are looking for fiber solutions that are cost-effective and easy to deploy and manage. This session will provide an insight into PON technology, with a focus on Gigabit-Capable PON. Attendees will learn basic design principles and applicable use cases for architecting a GPON Network using the Cisco ME4600 OLT and ONT/ONU. The presentation will outline the requirements to configure and verify an end-to-end service over ME4600 OLT. Redundancy mechanisms, such as Type B protection, in a GPON based environment will also be covered Attendees will walk away from this session with a firm understanding of the GPON technology, a clear view of applicability of GPON vs point-to-point ethernet for varius scenarios and reference designs for an effective, fast and reliable GPON network using Cisco ME4600 series of OLT and ONT products.
This document summarizes a workshop on software defined radio held by the Bangalore Amateur Radio Club on July 9th, 2017. It provides information on different software defined radio hardware options such as HackRF One, Ettus B200, BladeRF, and RTL-SDR. It discusses SDR software for Windows, MAC, Linux and Android devices. It also gives examples of using SDRs for applications like receiving AM/FM radio, decoding digital signals, receiving GPS and weather satellite data, and acting as a spectrum analyzer. Diagrams provide explanations of direct down conversion receivers and examples of decoding ADS-B signals from aircraft and building AM/FM receivers with an SDR and VFO.
The document discusses factors that affect LTE cell throughput, including transport block size, codewords, LTE UE categories, modulation and coding scheme, coding rate, and number of layers. It provides information on key LTE concepts such as how transport block size is determined based on MCS index and resource blocks assigned. Higher order modulations like 64QAM and higher coding rates allow for greater cell throughput by improving spectral efficiency.
GNSS and Timing: the Need for a Global PNT InfrastructureMarco Lisi
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) like GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and Beidou provide positioning, navigation, and timing services that are crucial to critical infrastructure. Timing is the most essential of these services, relied on by sectors like communications, energy, finance, and transportation. The development of a worldwide, resilient, and precise timing reference will require a fully integrated global system of systems for position, navigation, and timing.
This document describes configuring VLANs on switches in a mesh network topology using Cisco Packet Tracer. VLANs are configured to separate devices into two VLANs ("Even" and "Odd") based on whether the last digit of their IP addresses is even or odd. The configuration involves creating the VLANs on each switch and assigning access ports to the appropriate VLAN based on the connected device's IP. Trunk ports are also configured between the switches to allow traffic from both VLANs to pass through the mesh network.
An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a customer's premises in order to provide telecommunications services over an optical fibre network.
The document discusses the future of 4G network technology. It explains that 4G will provide ultra high broadband speeds measured in gigabytes per second, allowing users to download movies within 5 minutes or stream high-definition content to mobile devices. 4G will use technologies like OFDM and MIMO to achieve higher data transfer rates and signal quality compared to 3G. Several countries have already launched 4G networks commercially, with technologies like LTE and WiMax supporting 4G infrastructure and providing speeds up to 100 Mbps for downloads. India has begun the process of introducing 4G but may face delays similar to its 3G rollout unless it wants to catch up globally with 4G.
The document is a seminar report on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses the basics of WCDMA, including that it uses code division multiple access to separate users and spread signals over a wide 5MHz bandwidth. It also covers WCDMA specifications, generation, spreading principles, power control, handovers, and advantages such as service flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
1. The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, outlining the key features and drawbacks of each generation.
2. Early generations like 1G provided basic voice calling using analog signals at speeds up to 2.4kbps but had issues like poor battery life and voice quality. 2G introduced digital signals and SMS at speeds up to 64kbps.
3. Later generations such as 3G (144kbps-2Mbps), 4G (100Mbps-1Gbps), and emerging 5G (expected speeds over 1Gbps) have provided significantly higher data speeds and capabilities like video calling, but also face challenges around implementation costs, bandwidth requirements, and
5G-webinar from 5G-course, Anritsu, adcomm Saurabh Verma
This document discusses key challenges for 5G testing including wider channel bandwidths and greater data capacity, new spatial processing techniques like massive MIMO, higher frequency bands with increased propagation loss, increased reliability requirements for applications, and higher traffic demands for IoT. It also outlines different 5G network topologies including standalone 5G networks, non-standalone networks using LTE, and connections to existing LTE infrastructure.
1) El documento describe los fundamentos de las tecnologías de interfaz aérea 3G, incluyendo WCDMA y sus propiedades.
2) Explica conceptos clave como portadora, spreading, potencia, FDD y códigos de canalización y scrambling.
3) Resume los principales componentes y funciones de la interfaz aérea UMTS, como la codificación de canal, rate matching y organización de canales lógicos y físicos.
This document provides an overview of Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB IoT) technology. It begins with introductions to IoT and the key elements that make up IoT systems. It then describes NB IoT, including its objectives to enable low cost, long battery life connections for a large number of devices. The document outlines the NB IoT standards development and provides details on its deployment scenarios, operation modes, architecture and characteristics. It also summarizes the different layers of the NB IoT protocol stack, including the radio resource control layer.
This document discusses fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technology. FTTH involves running optical fiber directly from a telephone switch into a subscriber's home to provide high-speed internet, phone, and TV services. The advantages of FTTH include a passive network with no active components from the central office to end users, minimizing maintenance costs. FTTH also provides a future-proof network architecture capable of high-speed data and video. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India's state-run telecom company, has plans to install FTTH networks in 98 cities by 2009 and make it available across all Indian states by 2015-2016.
This document discusses different medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless networks. It describes the problems with using carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) in wireless networks due to signal strength decreasing with distance and hidden and exposed terminal problems. It then discusses various MAC protocols to address these issues, including space division multiple access (SDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). It provides details on how FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA work to allow multiple access to the wireless medium.
Bezprzewodowa komunikacja ethernet w obszarach przemysłowychAgnieszka Kuba
Tematyka prezentacji obejmuje zagadnienia:
Obszary zastosowań
Jaką technologię transmisji wybrać? WLAN kontra Bluetooth
Charakterystyka urządzeń WLAN i Bluetooth
Topologia sieci WLAN i Bluetooth
Bezprzewodowa komunikacja Profinet
WLAN Roaming
Zastosowania specjalne
Nowe trendy w komunikacji bezprzewodowej
Technologia MIMO i SISO
The document provides an overview of ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 wireless technology. It discusses the need for low-power, low-cost wireless connectivity for applications like home automation, medical devices, and industrial sensors. It describes the ZigBee Alliance's role in developing networking and application standards on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 physical radio specification. Key features of ZigBee networks include low power consumption, large network capacity, low data rates, and flexibility for many applications.
Tonex offers a one-day training course on 6G technology to help organizations gain an advantage over competitors. While 6G is 10 years away, planning and preparation take 10 years. The course provides an overview of the 6G vision, expected capabilities like speeds over 1 TB/s, and technologies to achieve its goals. It explains how 6G will build on 5G and the benefits of understanding 6G now to influence its development.
The document provides an overview of SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) architectures and technologies. It discusses SONET layers, frame structures, multiplexing, and network topologies like linear, ring and mesh networks. Virtual tributaries are also covered, which allow SONET to carry lower data rate payloads in a backward compatible manner.
This document contains a presentation on LTE TDD given by Bong Youl Cho of Nokia Solutions and Networks. The presentation provides an overview of LTE TDD technology, including comparisons to WiMAX and 3G TDD, details on TDD configurations and carrier aggregation, enhancements in Release 12 and beyond, and the growth of LTE TDD deployment by major operators worldwide. It aims to demonstrate that LTE TDD and FDD can be highly integrated to provide "the best LTE" network through global roaming and seamless handovers between the technologies.
History, Basic concepts of wireless communication, challenges in wireless communication, cellular communication, performance criteria, wireless communication standars, how call is made?
View all Sessions
Kashif Islam, Solutions Architect , Cisco
Jay Romero, Sr. Director, IT Operations , Erickson Living
Come and learn how Erickson Living achieved deployment success using Cisco ME4600 based GPON Solution. Guest Presenter: Jay Romero, Sr.Director - IT Operations. Passive Optical Networks (PON) provides an effective and efficient way of providing fiber based high speed access to residential and business users. With the ever-growing demand for higher bandwidth, service providers are looking for fiber solutions that are cost-effective and easy to deploy and manage. This session will provide an insight into PON technology, with a focus on Gigabit-Capable PON. Attendees will learn basic design principles and applicable use cases for architecting a GPON Network using the Cisco ME4600 OLT and ONT/ONU. The presentation will outline the requirements to configure and verify an end-to-end service over ME4600 OLT. Redundancy mechanisms, such as Type B protection, in a GPON based environment will also be covered Attendees will walk away from this session with a firm understanding of the GPON technology, a clear view of applicability of GPON vs point-to-point ethernet for varius scenarios and reference designs for an effective, fast and reliable GPON network using Cisco ME4600 series of OLT and ONT products.
This document summarizes a workshop on software defined radio held by the Bangalore Amateur Radio Club on July 9th, 2017. It provides information on different software defined radio hardware options such as HackRF One, Ettus B200, BladeRF, and RTL-SDR. It discusses SDR software for Windows, MAC, Linux and Android devices. It also gives examples of using SDRs for applications like receiving AM/FM radio, decoding digital signals, receiving GPS and weather satellite data, and acting as a spectrum analyzer. Diagrams provide explanations of direct down conversion receivers and examples of decoding ADS-B signals from aircraft and building AM/FM receivers with an SDR and VFO.
The document discusses factors that affect LTE cell throughput, including transport block size, codewords, LTE UE categories, modulation and coding scheme, coding rate, and number of layers. It provides information on key LTE concepts such as how transport block size is determined based on MCS index and resource blocks assigned. Higher order modulations like 64QAM and higher coding rates allow for greater cell throughput by improving spectral efficiency.
GNSS and Timing: the Need for a Global PNT InfrastructureMarco Lisi
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) like GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and Beidou provide positioning, navigation, and timing services that are crucial to critical infrastructure. Timing is the most essential of these services, relied on by sectors like communications, energy, finance, and transportation. The development of a worldwide, resilient, and precise timing reference will require a fully integrated global system of systems for position, navigation, and timing.
This document describes configuring VLANs on switches in a mesh network topology using Cisco Packet Tracer. VLANs are configured to separate devices into two VLANs ("Even" and "Odd") based on whether the last digit of their IP addresses is even or odd. The configuration involves creating the VLANs on each switch and assigning access ports to the appropriate VLAN based on the connected device's IP. Trunk ports are also configured between the switches to allow traffic from both VLANs to pass through the mesh network.
An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a customer's premises in order to provide telecommunications services over an optical fibre network.
The document discusses the future of 4G network technology. It explains that 4G will provide ultra high broadband speeds measured in gigabytes per second, allowing users to download movies within 5 minutes or stream high-definition content to mobile devices. 4G will use technologies like OFDM and MIMO to achieve higher data transfer rates and signal quality compared to 3G. Several countries have already launched 4G networks commercially, with technologies like LTE and WiMax supporting 4G infrastructure and providing speeds up to 100 Mbps for downloads. India has begun the process of introducing 4G but may face delays similar to its 3G rollout unless it wants to catch up globally with 4G.
The document is a seminar report on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) technology. It discusses the basics of WCDMA, including that it uses code division multiple access to separate users and spread signals over a wide 5MHz bandwidth. It also covers WCDMA specifications, generation, spreading principles, power control, handovers, and advantages such as service flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
1. The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G, outlining the key features and drawbacks of each generation.
2. Early generations like 1G provided basic voice calling using analog signals at speeds up to 2.4kbps but had issues like poor battery life and voice quality. 2G introduced digital signals and SMS at speeds up to 64kbps.
3. Later generations such as 3G (144kbps-2Mbps), 4G (100Mbps-1Gbps), and emerging 5G (expected speeds over 1Gbps) have provided significantly higher data speeds and capabilities like video calling, but also face challenges around implementation costs, bandwidth requirements, and
5G-webinar from 5G-course, Anritsu, adcomm Saurabh Verma
This document discusses key challenges for 5G testing including wider channel bandwidths and greater data capacity, new spatial processing techniques like massive MIMO, higher frequency bands with increased propagation loss, increased reliability requirements for applications, and higher traffic demands for IoT. It also outlines different 5G network topologies including standalone 5G networks, non-standalone networks using LTE, and connections to existing LTE infrastructure.
1) El documento describe los fundamentos de las tecnologías de interfaz aérea 3G, incluyendo WCDMA y sus propiedades.
2) Explica conceptos clave como portadora, spreading, potencia, FDD y códigos de canalización y scrambling.
3) Resume los principales componentes y funciones de la interfaz aérea UMTS, como la codificación de canal, rate matching y organización de canales lógicos y físicos.
This document provides an overview of Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB IoT) technology. It begins with introductions to IoT and the key elements that make up IoT systems. It then describes NB IoT, including its objectives to enable low cost, long battery life connections for a large number of devices. The document outlines the NB IoT standards development and provides details on its deployment scenarios, operation modes, architecture and characteristics. It also summarizes the different layers of the NB IoT protocol stack, including the radio resource control layer.
This document discusses fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technology. FTTH involves running optical fiber directly from a telephone switch into a subscriber's home to provide high-speed internet, phone, and TV services. The advantages of FTTH include a passive network with no active components from the central office to end users, minimizing maintenance costs. FTTH also provides a future-proof network architecture capable of high-speed data and video. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India's state-run telecom company, has plans to install FTTH networks in 98 cities by 2009 and make it available across all Indian states by 2015-2016.
This document discusses different medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless networks. It describes the problems with using carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) in wireless networks due to signal strength decreasing with distance and hidden and exposed terminal problems. It then discusses various MAC protocols to address these issues, including space division multiple access (SDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). It provides details on how FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA work to allow multiple access to the wireless medium.
Bezprzewodowa komunikacja ethernet w obszarach przemysłowychAgnieszka Kuba
Tematyka prezentacji obejmuje zagadnienia:
Obszary zastosowań
Jaką technologię transmisji wybrać? WLAN kontra Bluetooth
Charakterystyka urządzeń WLAN i Bluetooth
Topologia sieci WLAN i Bluetooth
Bezprzewodowa komunikacja Profinet
WLAN Roaming
Zastosowania specjalne
Nowe trendy w komunikacji bezprzewodowej
Technologia MIMO i SISO
The document provides an overview of ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 wireless technology. It discusses the need for low-power, low-cost wireless connectivity for applications like home automation, medical devices, and industrial sensors. It describes the ZigBee Alliance's role in developing networking and application standards on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 physical radio specification. Key features of ZigBee networks include low power consumption, large network capacity, low data rates, and flexibility for many applications.
The document describes Sunrise Telecom's modular platform solutions for testing telecommunications networks. It outlines their modular test toolkit (MTT) and scalable test toolkit (STT) platforms that include modules for testing DSL, optical, transport, Ethernet, voice, and cable networks. The platforms provide flexibility through modular designs and are suited for applications such as transmission testing, metro Ethernet testing, optical testing, and cable TV network analysis.
This document discusses fiber optic testing equipment and methods for different phases of fiber to the premises (FTTP) network deployment and maintenance. It recommends using optical time domain reflectometers (OTDRs) with multiple wavelengths to characterize fibers and locate faults. Centralized testing during construction can validate the network before activating services. Maintenance involves verifying power levels and continuity to troubleshoot issues without visiting customer sites using monitoring systems. Centralized and automated testing helps ensure high quality fiber connections and networks.
1) 10GBASE-T technologies are emerging that provide 10 gigabit Ethernet speeds over copper cabling, but they are susceptible to interference from crosstalk and electromagnetic noise.
2) Screened cabling is recommended to support 10GBASE-T up to its full channel length due to its superior protection against crosstalk and ability to operate in noisier environments.
3) Standards committees and cable manufacturers recognize various cabling classes, including Cat6, Cat6a, and Cat7, as supporting 10GBASE-T, with screened cables having greater maximum supported distances.
The final thesis defense presentation for my master's project. The purpose of this thesis was to compare alternative wireless links for transfer of data from sink motes of remote wireless sensor networks to a central repository. A few different protocol stacks to be implemented in the WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) uplink gateway and along with them a few implementation environments based on open source software and low-power hardware were discussed. To facilitate measurements and experimental validation, some of the alternatives have been implemented. Experiments have been made using two of the amateur radio bands, the 144 MHz band (VHF) and the 433 MHz band (UHF). The parameters studied include throughput, range, power-requirements, portability and compatibility with standards.
Using different protocol stacks, different bands and sometimes different hardware 5 solutions were designed, implemented, tested and experimented with. Namely these solutions are called Radiotftp, Radiotftp_process, Radiotunnel, Soundmodem and APRX in this thesis.
After the implementation phase, there was an open-field experimentation to measure the aforementioned parameters. The tests were conducted in Riddarholmen, Stockholm of Sweden. These open-field experiments helped us obtain real-life measurements about power, throughput, stability etc. Experiments were conducted in a range of from a minimum of 2 meters to a maximum of 2.1 kilometers with some of the solutions.
In the end, some of these solutions proved themselves to be viable for the purpose of data communications for remote wireless sensor networks. Radiotftp gave the best throughput in both bands where it proved itself to be difficult to develop further applications. Radiotftp_process removed the necessity for a Linux running gateway machine but it was unable to work with faster baud rates. Radiotunnel opened up the path for a range of network applications to use radio links, but it also proved that it was unstable. On the other hand Soundmodem and APRX which were based on standard and open-source software proved that they were stable but rather slow. It was proven that every approach to problem has its advantages and disadvantages from different aspects such as throughput, range, power-requirements, portability and compatibility.
A presentation on Wi-Fi6 or 802.11ax technology and RF design challenges. A 'black box' method to measure Error Vector Magnitude is also presented.
OFDMA, MU-MIMO, OFDM.
The OKO-22M-UT ultrasonic flaw detector is a standalone electronic unit and is intended for application in high-performance automated multi-channel NDT Systems, mechanized NDT systems in NDT laboratories and for manual testing.
The document provides an overview of Deliberant's APC series products, which include a variety of wireless devices for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint applications. The products utilize unlicensed 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequencies and proprietary iPoll protocol for efficient bandwidth usage. Tables in the document describe the technical specifications and features of each device model, such as frequency range, antenna gain, throughput and power levels. The document also compares the recommended and maximum distances that can be achieved between devices in different deployment scenarios.
The AIR-AP3802E-T-K9C is a Cisco 3800 Series Wi-Fi access point designed for large enterprises. It supports the 802.11ac Wave 2 standard with speeds up to 5.2 Gbps. It has 4x4 MU-MIMO with three spatial streams and external antenna connectors. The access point has two Ethernet ports, including a multi-gigabit port, for uplink connections and management.
The AIR-AP3802P-T-K9 is a Cisco 3800 Series 802.11ac Wave 2 access point with external antennas and a T regulatory domain. It supports features such as 4x4 MU-MIMO, beamforming, and speeds up to 5.2 Gbps. It has two Ethernet ports, including a 2.5/5 Gbps multigigabit port, and connects to external antennas with gains up to 13 dBi. The document provides specifications, diagrams, and comparisons to similar Cisco access point models.
The document discusses emulating wireless network transmissions using wired Ethernet connections by:
1) Simulating radio propagation between nodes to determine packet reception.
2) Segmenting frames and simulating transmission speed to emulate analog radio effects.
3) Simulating collisions by only allowing one station to completely transmit a radio frame at a time.
Ethernet is a local area network protocol used in both bus and star topologies. It was developed in 1972 and standardized by IEEE as 802.3. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access method and has evolved from 10 Mbps speeds using coaxial cable to today's Gigabit speeds using twisted pair or fiber optic cabling. The Ethernet frame contains destination and source addresses, data, and a frame check sequence for error detection.
The N2K-C2348TQ-E is a Cisco Nexus 2300 platform chassis with 48 100M/1/10GBASE-T ports, 6 40G QSFP+ ports, 2 power supplies, 3 fan modules, and a choice of airflow. It provides hardware forwarding at 1440 Gbps, supports Cisco Nexus 5500/5600 and 6000 series switches, and has dimensions of 4.37 x 43.94 x 43.36 cm.
The document provides specs and details on the FTB-700G Series optical, Ethernet, and multiservice tester from EXFO. It can test optical networks using OTDR and iOLM capabilities, as well as service SONET/SDH, OTN, Fibre Channel, CPRI, and Ethernet networks and circuits up to 11.3 Gbps. Key features include simplified setup and navigation, error injection, overhead monitoring, decoupled and through mode testing, and intelligent network discovery for multi-service testing.
This document provides an overview of Sigfox and its global low power wide area network (LPWA) for connecting Internet of Things devices. Some key points:
- Sigfox offers a network that transports small amounts of data from connected devices to customer IT systems and applications partners using ultra narrow band radio technology.
- The network supports small 12-byte uplink and 8-byte downlink payloads at low frequencies (e.g. 868MHz in Europe) with very low power consumption allowing battery lifetimes of years.
- It has global coverage across 60+ countries by 2018 and can connect over a million devices per base station per day.
- Sigfox works with various module, chip and
The document provides specifications for the Cisco AIR-AP3802P-T-K9C access point. It is an 802.11ac Wave 2 access point that supports speeds up to 5.2 Gbps and uses external antennas. It has two Ethernet ports, one of which supports speeds up to 5 Gbps. The access point is designed for large enterprises and provides functionality such as 4x4 MU-MIMO and beamforming.
This document provides an overview of Ethernet technology, including its history and standards, hardware specifications, access methods, types of Ethernet, OSI and TCP/IP protocol layers, and connecting devices like switches, routers and firewalls. It also includes a hands-on example of network traffic between devices with different IP addresses, showing how switches, routers and firewalls direct the traffic between local and external networks.
The CE7850-32Q-EI-F network switch provides 32 40GbE QSFP+ optical ports, a switching capacity of 2.56 Tbps, and a forwarding performance of 1,440 Mpps. It has dimensions of 17.4 in. x 23.9 in. x 1.7 in. and a weight of 11.2 kg when fully loaded. The switch supports features such as VLAN, ACL, routing, QoS, and high availability protocols. It is suitable for applications requiring high-speed switching and forwarding of network traffic.
This document summarizes BreezeACCESS VL, a carrier-grade wireless broadband access solution operating in the 5GHz spectrum. It provides an overview of the technology and features, including support for high-speed data, toll-quality voice, and video applications. The document also reviews the product roadmap and applications such as broadband access, backhaul, and video surveillance.
Similar to octoBox stackable anechoic wireless testbed (20)
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5. www.octoscope.com
octoBox Stackable - Summary
• Modern design optimized for
wireless test applications
• Stable and repeatable over-
the-air coupling for testing
devices with internal
antennas
• 700 MHz to 6 GHz
• Easy interconnections
among multiple boxes and
multiple stacks
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7. www.octoscope.com
octoBox Wireless Testbeds
• octoBox testbeds ship
assembled and ready to
us in a crate
• The crate door also
acts as a ramp, making
it easy to wheel the
system out and get
started
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10. www.octoscope.com
Optional RF Modules
Two modules can be stacked
(shown mounted on OB-38)
4 programmable RF attenuators
individually controllable and powered
via a single USB or Ethernet/PoE
connection
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11. www.octoscope.com
Attenuator and Waveform Generator Modules
Modules easily mount on the
side of octoBox for construction
of flexible testbeds.
Unsurpassed isolation
USB and Ethernet/POE ports are
filtered to avoid data cables from
acting as antennas and bringing
interference into the testbed.
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13. www.octoscope.com
Isolation and Filtering
• Creating controlled RF conditions with good
isolation is challenging, particularly for
large-scale RF test setups, such as mesh
configurations.
Short wavelength high frequency signals
couple via many paths, including copper
cabling, poor/aging gasketing, ground loops,
etc. Sources of interference may be difficult
to locate in a multi-box setup.
• Isolation considerations
Isolation should be measured and specified
with a fully cabled test setup.
All copper cabling, including Ethernet and
power cabling, will act as antennas
contributing to RF coupling among enclosures
and thus limiting attenuation range setting.
Upfront investment into high grade
enclosures with good data and power feed-
through filtering and absorptive foam can
save 1-2 months of chasing uncontrolled
paths of interference in the test setup.
octoBox modular feed-through high speed data filters
Fits up to 4 filters
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16. www.octoscope.com
Filtered Data Ports
Filters include:
Gig Ethernet / POE
USB
HDMI
DC power
AC power and
vents are also
filtered
Removable
sections of
gradient
absorber
provide easy
access to
connectors
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18. www.octoscope.com
8 Individually Controlled RF Ports
2 quadAtten modules individually control power
of the 8 RF signals entering the octoBox
4x4 MIMO signal
Interference
quadAtten
(2 stacked modules)
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22. www.octoscope.com
Multipath Emulator
• Wi-Fi manufacturers and evaluators test throughput performance in
open air ‘real-life’ environment (e.g. a typical house or office) or using
channel emulators.
• octoScope has developed an octoBox based testbed that creates
multipath closely approaching the IEEE 802.11n/ac Models B or C,
emulating home and small office environment.
• octoBox MPE (multipath emulator) creates multipath inside octoBox
small anechoic chamber by generating reflections with stubs of coaxial
cable. A quad multipath emulator fixture supports up to 4-stream
MIMO.
• octoBox-MPE has been simulated, prototyped, measured and
compared to the IEEE models.
• Data throughput tests have been performed by
www.smallnetbuilder.com on a 2x2 and a 3x3 802.11ac MIMO
configuration demonstrating MIMO gains inside octoBox with
equivalent or higher throughput to that measured in a representative
home environment.
• See SmallNetBuilder.com test results at this link:
http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-howto/32082-how-we-test-
wireless-products-revison-7
octoBox-MPE module (stacked in the
middle) emulates IEEE 802.11n/ac
Models B or C corresponding to home
and small office environment.
Patents pending
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23. www.octoscope.com
octoBox-MPE MIMO OTA Testbed Diagram
OTA = over the air
DUT AP
Test Antennas
Traffic
TX/RX
Remote
Desktop
Multipath Emulator
Master client
quadAtten
octoBox
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30. www.octoscope.com
Antenna Mounting System
What’s important for near-field
metrics is OTA coupling stability.
octoBox antenna mounting system
octoBox offers unparalleled flexibility in mounting
test antennas for OTA coupling stability. And it also
enables simultaneous measurements of multiple
radios in the DUT.
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31. www.octoscope.com
octoBox Antenna Arrangement for Smartphones
Dual-band Wi-Fi/Bluetooth Antenna
More antennas can be added for MIMO testing
GPS antenna
1573.42; 1575.42; 1577.42 MHz
2G/3G/LTE antenna
octoBox plastic rail
and DUT shelf
system
iPhone DUT
704-787 MHz
824-960 MHz
1575.42 MHz
1710-1990 MHz
2110-2170 MHz
2496-2700 MHz
This configuration supports the iPhone and most other smartphones and pads on the market
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32. www.octoscope.com
Isolation and Absorption
• Superior isolation and absorption support over the
air coupling and ensure robust operating margin for
conducted coupling of RF signal
• Isolation
Allows accurate path loss setting
Prevents errors caused by ambient noise and crosstalk
• Absorption
>20 dB achieved using gradient absorptive foam
Eliminates standing waves that cause nulls in the
signal
Improves overall isolation of the enclosure
Standing waves create fluctuations in the signal
Dual gasketing and
right angle door
seals
2.25” gradient
absorptive foam covers
inside surfaces
Gradient absorber
matches
impedance of metal
to air
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33. www.octoscope.com
Controlled Environment Test
Ethernet
Programmable
attenuator
RF isolation box
USB
Feed-
through
filters
Distance and motion emulated using a programmable
attenuator to model path loss (flat fading) or a channel
emulator to model multipath and Doppler fading
Signal coupled via cabling (conducted) or over the air (OTA)
Master and DUT are
isolated from each other to
achieve wide dynamic range
of the measurement by
eliminating crosstalk
octoBox-26 small anechoic chamber
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34. www.octoscope.com
Controlled
Environment
Measurement
Example
Noise, interference and
Master to DUT coupling
must be well below
intended signal level at
DUT for metrics such as
rate/MCS adaptation or
roaming performance
Wi-Fi DUT’s data rate adaptation
behavior vs. RSSI all the way down
to the RSSI level of -95 dBm.
Measured DUT RSSI is less than
-95 dBm. This means Master to
DUT coupling of less than -100 dBm.
802.11b (DSSS-CCK)
– 1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbps; 2.4 GHz
802.11a (OFDM)
– 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbps; 5 GHz
802.11g
– both 11b and 11a rates; 2.4 GHz
802.11n
– up to 600 Mbps; 2.4 and 5 GHz
Data rate adaptation
vs.
RSSI
MCS = modulation coding scheme
DUT = device under test
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35. www.octoscope.com
Basic Radio Performance Tests
• RX sensitivity
• TX spectrum, EVM
• Range
• Adaptive Modulation
• Roaming behavior
• Performance in the
presence of noise and
interference
Noise/interference
generator
DUT = device under test
EVM = error vector magnitude
RF combiner
Variable RF
attenuator
Master
DUT
Isolation box
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41. www.octoscope.com
Wireless Mesh Testing
Wireless Mesh Metrics
• Self-healing, self-forming
• Throughput, QoS vs. hops
• Throughput, QoS vs. range
• Routing efficiency
• Dealing with interference
Multi-radio mesh nodes can communicate on
different channels with multiple neighbors
simultaneously.
In a single-channel mesh throughput is cut in half
at each hop.
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42. www.octoscope.com
Wireless Mesh Test Configuration
Maximize attenuators to force auto-re-
routing of traffic flow to test self-healing
Fixed attenuators to set traffic
flow via one branch or another
to test self configuration
1
Nodes are in octoBox
isolation chambers
octoBox quadStack
isolation enclosures with
built-in RF combiners
and attenuators
RF splitters used to direct
signal to multiple
neighboring devices
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43. www.octoscope.com
Wireless Mesh Testing - Example
RF CombinerRF Switch
RF Attenuator
Antenna
octoBox upper chamber
#1
octoBox lower chamber
#3
94:39:e5:01:3d:62 94:39:e5:01:68:ed
bc:77:37:ab:33:5d
PC in open air
#2
bc:77:37:ab:33:5d
94:39:e5:01:3d:62 94:39:e5:01:68:ed
octoBox
Console
USBcablegoingthroughdatafilter
tocontrolPingblasterrunningon#3
Ping request -
response traffic
#2
#3
#1
#1
#2
#3
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44. www.octoscope.com
Delay Through Mesh
~ 2 msec delay
One hop
Seconds
Ping round trip delay (ms)
~ 12 msec delay with
bursts of long delays
(>1 seconds)
Zero hops
bc:77:37:ab:33:5d
94:39:e5:01:3d:62 94:39:e5:01:68:ed
bc:77:37:ab:33:5d
94:39:e5:01:3d:62 94:39:e5:01:68:ed
BATMAN = better approach to mobile
ad hoc networking
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47. www.octoscope.com
Example Large-scale DSRC Testbed
DSRC testbed emulates motion
of groups of cars with respect to
other groups
8-port
wireless
channel
emulator
Motion
Multipath
Noise
Up to 24 radio modules
in each chamber
192 radios in the testbed
octoBox quadStack
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48. www.octoscope.com
Example: 3” x 5” x 1” DSRC DUT
DUTs
Layers of absorptive foam (not shown) separating DUTs
horizontally and vertically providing 10 dB of isolation per layer
Ethernet hub
Test antennas
DSRC = direct short range communications
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49. www.octoscope.com
Channel Emulator to Emulate Road
Signalamplitudeatcar2
Time
Car 1
Car 2
Wireless channel
emulator
Car 1
radio
Car 2
radio
Multipath fading
Shadow fading
Doppler fading Slow shadow fade due
to truck passing
through signal path
between 2 cars
g
octoBox RF
anechoic
chambers
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50. www.octoscope.com
Specifications
Feature Specification
AC power entry module IEC-320 C14 inlet connector
120/240VAC 50/60Hz with 6A 5x20mm fuse
Cooling 80mm square axial fan
Filters over inlet and outlet for isolation
Filtered high speed data
connections
gigEthernet (with PoE), USB, HDMI, DB9, DB25 or DC
power ports
RF ports 8 RF barrel connector ports
Isolation >80 dB, fully cabled setup, up to 6 GHz
Absorption >20 dB from 1.3 to 40 GHz;
>15 dB down to 700 MHz
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51. www.octoscope.com
Dimensions and Weight
American Metric
Outside:
18”H x 26.35”W x 25.2”D (-26 model)
24” H x 38.35”W x 31.2”D (-38 model)
Inside:
13.35”H x 19.35”W x 13.35”D (-26 model)
19.35”H x 31.5”W x 21. 5”D (-38 model)
Weight:
95 LBS (-26 model)
172 LBS (-38 model)
Outside:
45.7cm H x 67cm W x 64cm D (-26)
61cm H x 97 cm W x 79cm D (-38)
Inside:
34cm H x 49cm W x 34cm D (-26)
49cm H x 80cm W x 54.6cm D (-38)
Weight:
43 kg (-26 model)
78 kg (-38 model)
7 cm antenna length
Queenstar QWH-VPRR00
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52. www.octoscope.com
octoBox Testbed Summary
Over the air coupling
Realistic environment
- Multipath
- Path loss
- Interference
Robust stackable design
Wheels for easy moving
Filtered vents for cooling
Filtered data ports
- Gig Ethernet/PoE
- USB
- HDMI
- AC and DC power
RF attenuators and
interference sources
controlled and powered
via filtered Ethernet or
USB for easy and neat
testbed construction
Multipath emulator
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53. www.octoscope.com
Thank you!
• View octoBox information
• http://www.octoscope.com/English/Products/octoBox_MPE/octoBox_MPE.html
• View our publications, including articles, white papers, test reports and online tutorials
• http://www.octoscope.com/English/Resources/Articles.html
• Contact
sales@octoscope.com
+1.978.222.3114
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