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Our G-enealogy

The document provides an extensive overview of the evolution of cellular technology, from its conceptual origins in the 19th century to the implications and trends associated with 4G technology. It discusses various generations of mobile technology, including key developments in standards such as GSM, CDMA, and LTE, along with demographic and market trends affecting wireless broadband. The document further explores the challenges and predictions for future wireless systems as technology and market conditions evolve.

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Our G-enealogy Brough Turner Founder & CTO Ashtonbrooke.com broughturner@gmail.com http://blogs.broughturner.com
Our G-enealogy How the history of cellular technology helps us understand 4G technology and business models and their likely impact on wireless broadband • Brief history of cellular wireless telephony – Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA – Mobile core network architectures • Demographics & market trends today – 3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths • Implications for the next 2-5 years 2
Our G-enealogy How the history of cellular technology helps us understand 4G technology and business models and their likely impact on wireless broadband • Brief history of cellular wireless telephony – Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA – Mobile core network architectures Google • Demographics & market trends today “3G Tutorial” – 3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths “4G Tutorial” • Implications for the next 2-5 years 3
Outrageous ideas • 5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz • 2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX* <15% – * i.e. LTE family of networks vs WiMAX evolution • Should ask: Wi-Fi vs LTE + WiMAX – e.g. user owned versus service provider owned • Value of TV white spaces: Secondary access • Open 3 GHz – 10 GHz to all – License exempt on secondary access basis 4
Mobiles overtake fixed Source: ITU World ICT Indicators, June 2008 5
Mobile Generations G Summary Data Rates 1 Analog Typical 2.4 Kbps; max 22 Kbps 2 Digital – TDMA, CDMA 9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data) GPRS – mux packets in 2.5 voice timeslots 15 - 40 Kbps 50 – 144 Kbps (1xRTT); Improved modulation, 3 using CDMA variants 200 – 384 Kbps (UMTS); 500 Kbps – 2.4 Mbps (EVDO) 2–14 Mbps (HSPA), then 28 Mbps 3.5 More modulation tweaks & 42/84 Mbps future evolution New modulation (OFDMA); LTE: potentially >100 Mbps with 4 Multi-path (MIMO); All IP adequate spectrum (20 MHz) 6
Enormous technology change 7
Enormous technology change but commercial issues trump technology 8
Enormous technology change but commercial issues trump technology and legal-regulatory trumps all 9
Origins of Wireless Communications • 1864: James Clark Maxwell – Predicts existence of radio waves • 1886: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – Demonstrates radio waves • 1895-1901: Guglielmo Marconi – Demonstrates wireless communications over increasing distances • Also in the 1890s – Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Jagdish Chandra Bose and others, demonstrate forms of wireless communications 10
Origins of Wireless Communications • 1864: James Clark Maxwell – Predicts existence of radio waves • 1886: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – Demonstrates radio waves • 1895-1901: Guglielmo Marconi – Demonstrates wireless communications over increasing distances • Also in the 1890s – Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Jagdish Chandra Bose and others, demonstrate forms of wireless communications 11
First Mobile Radio Telephone, 1924 Courtesy of Rich Howard 12
Cellular Mobile Telephony Antenna diversity Cellular concept ● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 2 7 3 5 2 Frequency reuse 1 6 3 4 1 6 ● typically every 7 cells 2 7 4 5 2 7 Handoff as caller moves 3 5 1 6 3 Modified CO switch 4 1 2 7 ● HLR, paging, handoffs 5 13
Cellular Mobile Telephony Antenna diversity Cellular concept ● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 2 7 3 5 2 Frequency reuse 1 6 3 4 1 6 ● typically every 7 cells 2 7 4 5 2 7 Handoff as caller moves 3 5 1 6 3 Modified CO switch 4 1 2 7 ● HLR, paging, handoffs 5 14
Cellular Mobile Telephony Antenna diversity Cellular concept ● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 2 7 3 5 2 Frequency reuse 1 6 3 4 1 6 ● typically every 7 cells 2 7 4 5 2 7 Handoff as caller moves 3 5 1 6 3 Modified CO switch 4 1 2 7 ● HLR, paging, handoffs 5 Sectors improve reuse ● every 3 cells possible 15
First Generation (nearly all retired) • Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) – US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83) – 800 MHz; two 20 MHz bands; TIA-553 • Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) – Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland – Launched 1981 – 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900) • Total Access Communications System (TACS) – British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985 16
2nd Generation – digital systems • Leverage technology to increase capacity – Speech compression; digital signal processing • Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts – Improve fraud prevention; Add new services • Wide diversity of 2G systems – IS-54/ IS-136 Digital AMPS; PDC (Japan) – DECT and PHS; iDEN – IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne) – GSM 17
2G “CDMA” (cdmaOne) • Code Division Multiple Access – all users share same frequency band – discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G • Qualcomm demo in 1989 – claimed improved capacity & simplified planning • First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994 • Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996) • Adopted by Verizon and Sprint in US • Easy migration to 3G (same modulation) 18
GSM – Global System for Mobile • Originally “Groupe Spécial Mobile ” – joint European effort beginning 1982 – Focus: seamless roaming all Europe • Services launched 1991 – time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz) – 900 MHz band; later 1800 MHz; then 850/1900 MHz • GSM – dominant world standard today – well defined interfaces; many competitors; lowest cost to deploy – network effect took hold in late 1990s 19
GSM Dominant Today • GSM+3GSM used by 88% of subscribers worldwide • Asia leads with 42% of all mobile subscriptions – AT&T and T-Mobile use GSM/3GSM in US today GSM Subscribers Source: Wireless Intelligence / GSM Association 20
GSM substantially enhanced Widely deployed significant payback for enhancements • HSCSD - high speed circuit-switched data • GPRS - general packet radio service • Synchronization between cells – Minimize interference; help fix mobile’s location • AMR vocoder – increase capacity (& fidelity) • Frequency hopping (to overcome fading) • Discontinuous transmission (more calls/ cell) • Cell overlays with reuse partioning 21
1G, 2G, 3G Multi-Access Technologies Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World 22
1G, 2G, 3G Multi-Access Technologies Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World 4G and future wireless systems optimize a combination of frequency, time and coding e.g. OFDMA & SC-FDMA (discussed later) 23
2G & 3G – Code Division Multiple Access • Spread spectrum modulation – originally developed for the military – resists jamming and many kinds of interference – coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code • All users share same (large) block of spectrum – one for one frequency reuse – soft handoffs possible • All 3G radio standards based on CDMA – CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA 24
Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard 25
26
Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard 27
Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard 28
The 3G Vision • Universal global roaming – Sought 1 standard (not 7), (but got 3: 3GSM, CDMA 2000 & TD-SCDMA) • Increased data rates • Multimedia (voice, data & video) • Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient) • Data-centric architecture (ATM at first, later IP) 29
The 3G Vision • Universal global roaming – Sought 1 standard (not 7), (but got 3: 3GSM, CDMA 2000 & TD-SCDMA) • Increased data rates • Multimedia (voice, data & video) • Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient) • Data-centric architecture (ATM at first, later IP) • But deployment took much longer than expected – No killer data app; new spectrum costly; telecom bubble burst; much of the vision was vendor-driven 30
3G Radio technology today • CDMA 2000 – Multi Carrier CDMA – Evolution of IS-95 CDMA; but now a dead end • UMTS (W-CDMA, HSPA) – Direct Spread CDMA – Defined by 3GPP • TD-SCDMA – Time Division Synchronous CDMA – Defined by Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology under the Ministry of Information Industry 31
3G Radio technology today • CDMA 2000 – Multi Carrier CDMA – Evolution of IS-95 CDMA; but now a dead end • UMTS (W-CDMA, HSPA) – Direct Spread CDMA – Defined by 3GPP Paired spectrum bands • TD-SCDMA – Time Division Synchronous CDMA – Defined by Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology under the Ministry of Information Industry Single spectral band with time division duplexing 32
Why CDMA 2000 lost out • Had better migration story from 2G to 3G – Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA (IS-95) – cdmaOne operators didn’t need additional spectrum • Higher data rates than UMTS, at least at first • Couldn’t compete with GSM’s critical mass – Last straw when Verizon Wireless selected 3GPP’s Long Term Evolution (LTE) for their 4G network – Verizon selection 11/07 – Qualcomm abandons further development 11/08 33
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Japan USA • Partnership of 6 regional standards groups, which translate 3GPP specifications to regional standards • Controls evolution of GSM, 3GSM (UMTS, WCDMA, HSPA) & LTE 34 34
UMTS (3GSM) is market leader • GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSPA, +… – leverages GSM’s dominant position • Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere • Requires substantial new spectrum – 5 MHz each way (symmetric) at a minimum • Slow start (was behind CDMA 2000), but now the accepted leader – Network effect built on GSM’s >80% market share 35
UMTS (3GSM) is market leader • GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSPA, +… – leverages GSM’s dominant position • Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere • Requires substantial new spectrum – 5 MHz each way (symmetric) at a minimum • Slow start (was behind CDMA 2000), but now the accepted leader – Network effect built on GSM’s >80% market share – Surely LTE will benefit in the same fashion… 36
TD-SCDMA (Time division synchronous CDMA) • Chinese development – IPR bargaining tool with West? Late to market, but big deployment plans • Single spectral band – unpaired spectrum; as little as 1.6 MHz; time division duplex (TDD) with high spectral efficiency; good match for asymmetrical traffic! • Power amplifiers must be very linear – relatively hard to meet specifications 37
China 3G • Largest mobile market in world (630 M subs) – Largest population in world (1.3 billion) • Home-brew 3G standard: TD-SCDMA – 3G licenses were delayed until TD-SCDMA worked – 2008 trials: 10 cities, 15K BSs & 60K handsets • 3G granted January 2009 – China Mobile: TD-SCDMA – China Unicom: 3GSM (UMTS) – China Telecom: CDMA 2000 38
3G Adoption – DoCoMo Japan 2G: mova 3G: FOMA 39
3G Adoption – DoCoMo Japan 2G: mova 3G: FOMA Potential to discontinue 2G services in 2010 … 40
3G Subscribers (2Q 2008) • 18% on 3G; 82% on 2G; 0.01% on 1G • EU & US 3G penetration approaching 30% 3-month averages ending June 2008 & June 2007 All mobile subscribers ages 13+ Source: comScore MobiLens 41
3G Subscribers (2Q 2008) • 18% on 3G; 82% on 2G; 0.01% on 1G • EU & US 3G penetration approaching 30% • US penetration rate soaring 3-month averages ending June 2008 & June 2007 All mobile subscribers ages 13+ Source: comScore MobiLens 42
3G data-only subscribers • Soaring adoption of 3G “USB Data Modems” – 92% of all 3G data bytes in Finland in 2H07 • Informa on EU 3G devices, May 2008 – 101.5M 3G devices: 64 M handsets, 37M 3G data modems • In-Stat/ ABI Research – In-Stat: 5M cellular modems in 2006 – ABI Research 300% growth in 2007, i.e. 20M? Enormous growth, from a relatively small base… 43
Diverse Mobile Wireless Spectrum 44
Wireless Migration 45
OFDM →OFDMA MIMO 4G Wireless capacity / throughput LTE 3G WiMAX Wi-Fi 2G y UMTS/HSPA cit a cap First cell CDMA and GSM p ut phones gh thro u in g AMPS reas I nc 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 46
OFDM →OFDMA MIMO 4G Wireless capacity / throughput LTE 3G WiMAX Wi-Fi 2G y UMTS/HSPA cit a cap First cell CDMA and GSM p ut phones gh thro u in g AMPS reas I nc 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 47
ITU-T Framework Pervasive connectivity WLAN - WMAN - WWAN ITU-T – United Nations 3GPP – WWAN (wireless wide telecommunications standards area network) organization IEEE 802.16 – WMAN (wireless Accepts detailed standards metropolitan area network) contributions from 3GPP, IEEE IEEE 802.11 – WLAN (wireless and other groups local area network) 48
ITU Mobile Telecommunications • IMT-2000 – Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless – Detailed specifications from 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI and others • IMT-Advanced – New communications framework: deployment ~2010 to 2015 – Data rates to reach around 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for nomadic networks (i.e. WLANs) – High mobility case via either or both evolved LTE & WiMAX – 802.11ac and 802.11ad addressing the nomadic case 49
LTE highlights • Sophisticated multiple access schemes – DL: OFDMA with Cyclic Prefix (CP) – UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP • Adaptive modulation and coding – QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM – 1/3 coding rate, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a contention-free internal interleaver • Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing – (2 or 4) x (2 or 4) downlink and uplink 50
4G Technology – OFDMA • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access – Supercedes CDMA used in all 3G variants • OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) plus statistical multiplexing – Optimization of time, frequency & code multiplexing • OFDM already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g – Took Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond 51
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing – Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal, thus eliminating inter-carrier interference 52
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing – Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal, thus eliminating inter-carrier interference – Varies bits per sub-carrier based on instantaneous received power 53
Statistical Multiplexing (in OFDMA) • Dynamically allocate user data to sub-carriers based on instantaneous data rates and varying sub-carrier capacities • Highly efficient use of spectrum • Robust against fading, e.g. for mobile operation 54
FDMA vs. OFDMA • OFDMA more frequency efficient • Dynamically map traffic to frequencies based on their instantaneous throughput Guard Channel band FDMA OFDMA 55
4G Technology - MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output smart antenna technology Multiple paths improve link reliability and increase spectral efficiency (bps per Hz), range and directionality 56
Municipal Multipath Environment 57
SDMA = Smart Antenna Technologies • Beamforming – Use multiple-antennas to spatially shape the beam • Spatial Multiplexing a.k.a. Collaborative MIMO – Multiple streams transmitted – Multi-antenna receivers separate the streams to achieve higher throughput – On uplink, multiple single- antenna stations can transmit simultaneously 2x2 Collaborative MIMO give 2x peak data rate by • Space-Time Codes transmitting two data – Transmit diversity such as streams Alamouti code reduces fading 58
4G Technology – SC-FDMA • Single carrier multiple access – Used for LTE uplinks – Being considered for 802.16m uplink • Similar structure and performance to OFDMA – Single carrier modulation with DFT-spread orthogonal frequency multiplexing and FD equalization • Lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) – Improves cell-edge performance – Transmit efficiency conserves handset battery life 59
Key Features of WiMAX and LTE • OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) • Users are allocated a slice in time and frequency • Flexible, dynamic per user resource allocation • Base station scheduler for uplink and downlink resource allocation – Resource allocation information conveyed on a frame‐by frame basis • Support for TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division duplex) TDD: single frequency channel for uplink and downlink DL UL DL FDD UL Paired channels 60
3G/4G Comparison Peak Data Rate (Mbps) Access time (msec) Downlink Uplink HSPA (today) 14 Mbps 2 Mbps 50-250 msec HSPA (Release 7) MIMO 2x2 28 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec HSPA + (MIMO, 64QAM 42 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec Downlink) WiMAX Release 1.0 TDD (2:1 40 Mbps 10 Mbps 40 msec UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel LTE (Release 8), 5+5 MHz 43.2 Mbps 21.6 Mbps 30 msec channel 61
WiMAX vs. LTE • Commonalities – IP-based – OFDMA and MIMO – Similar data rates and channel widths • Differences – Carriers are able to set requirements for LTE through organizations like NGMN and LSTI, but cannot do this as easily at the IEEE-based 802.16 – LTE backhaul is, at least partially, designed to support legacy services while WiMAX assumes greenfield deployments 62
Commercial Issues LTE WiMAX • Deployments likely • 2-3 year lead, likely slower than projected maintained for years But • Dedicated spectrum in • Eventual migration path many countries for GSM/3GSM, i.e. for > But 80% share • Likely < 15% share by • Will be lowest cost & 2020 & thus more costly dominant in 2020 63
3G Partnership Project Defines migration GSM to UMTS/ 3GSM to LTE Specs First Release complete deployed Major new features defined 98 1998 Last purely 2G GSM release 99 1Q 2000 2003 W-CDMA air interface 4 2Q 2001 2004 Softswitching IP in core network 5 1Q 2002 2006 HSDPA & IP Multimedia System (IMS) 6 4Q 2004 2007 HSUPA, MBMS, GAN, PoC & WLAN integration 7 4Q 2007 future HSPA+, Better latency & QoS for VoIP 8 4Q 2008 future LTE, All-IP W-CDMA – Wideband CDMA modulation HSxPA – High Speed (Download/Upload) Packet Access MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service GAN – Generic Access Network PoC – Push-to-talk over Cellular LTE – Long Term Evolution, a new air interface based on OFDM modulation 64
3G Partnership Project Defines migration GSM to UMTS/ 3GSM to LTE Specs First Release complete deployed Major new features defined 98 1998 Last purely 2G GSM release 99 1Q 2000 2003 W-CDMA air interface 4 2Q 2001 2004 Softswitching IP in core network 5 1Q 2002 2006 HSDPA & IP Multimedia System (IMS) 6 4Q 2004 2007 HSUPA, MBMS, GAN, PoC & WLAN integration 7 4Q 2007 future HSPA+, Better latency & QoS for VoIP 8 4Q 2008 * future LTE, All-IP W-CDMA – Wideband CDMA modulation * Rush job? HSxPA – High Speed (Download/Upload) Packet Access MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service GAN – Generic Access Network PoC – Push-to-talk over Cellular LTE – Long Term Evolution, a new air interface based on OFDM modulation 65
Core Network Architectures • Two widely deployed architectures today • 3GPP evolved from GSM-MAP – Used by GSM & 3GSM operators (88% of subs globally) – “Mobile Application Part” defines signaling for mobility, authentication, etc. • 3GPP2 evolved from ANSI-41 MAP – ANSI-41 used with AMPS, TDMA & CDMA 2000 – GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) allowed interoperation, i.e., roaming • Evolving to common “all IP” vision based on 3GPP 66
Typical 2G Mobile Architecture PSDN BSC BTS BSC HLR SMS-SC BSC MSC/VLR PLMN MSC/VLR BSC BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller GMSC Tandem PSTN Tandem CO CO CO MSC Mobile Switching Center VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register 67
Separation of Signaling & Transport • Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one network plane for voice circuits and another network plane for signaling • Some elements reside only in the signaling plane – HLR, VLR, SMS Center, … HLR SMS-SC MSC Signaling Plane (SS7) VLR MSC MSC Transport Plane (Voice) 68
Signaling in Core Network • Based on SS7 – ISUP and specific Application Parts • GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services – mobility, call-handling, O&M, authentication, supplementary services, SMS, … • Location registers for mobility management – HLR: home location register has permanent data – VLR: visitor location register – local copy for roamers 69
PSTN-to-Mobile Call PLMN PLMN PSTN (Visitor) (Home) (SCP) HLR Signaling SCP over SS7 Where is the subscriber? MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP) ISUP (STP) 4 2 Provide Roaming 3 5 Routing Info VMSC 6 GMSC 1 IAM IAM MS BSS (SSP) (SSP) (STP) (SSP) VLR 514 581 ... 70
GSM 2G Architecture BSS NSS E PSTN Abis A PSTN B BSC C MS MSC GMSC D BTS VLR SS7 H HLR AuC BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register MS Mobile Station HLR Home Location Register GSM Global System for Mobile communication AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC 71
2.5G Architectural Detail 2G MS (voice only) BSS NSS E PSTN Abis A PSTN B BSC C MS MSC GMSC D BTS VLR SS7 H HLR AuC BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC 72
2.5G Architectural Detail 2G MS (voice only) BSS NSS E PSTN Abis A PSTN B BSC C MS MSC GMSC D BTS VLR Gs SS7 H Gb 2G+ MS (voice&data) Gr HLR AuC Gc Gn Gi PSDN SGSN IP GGSN BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register GPRS General Packet Radio Service AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC 73
3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS) 2G MS (voice only) CN BSS E PSTN Abis A PSTN B BSC C MSC GMSC Gb D BTS VLR Gs SS7 H 2G+ MS (voice & data) IuCS RNS Gr HLR AuC ATM Gc Iub IuPS Gn Gi PSDN RNC IP SGSN GGSN Node B 3G UE (voice & data) BSS Base Station System CN Core Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System RNS Radio Network System AuC Authentication Server RNC Radio Network Controller GMSC Gateway MSC 74
3G rel4 - Soft Switching 2G MS (voice only) CN CS-MGW Nb BSS CS-MGW A Abis Nc PSTN PSTN Mc Mc B BSC C MSC Server GMSC server Gb D BTS VLR Gs SS7 H 2G+ MS (voice & data) IuCS RNS IP/ATM Gr HLR AuC ATM Gc Iub IuPS Gn Gi PSDN RNC SGSN GGSN Node B 3G UE (voice & data) BSS Base Station System CN Core Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register RNS Radio Network System AuC Authentication Server RNC Radio Network Controller GMSC Gateway MSC 75
3GPP rel5 ― IP Multimedia 2G MS (voice only) CN CS-MGW Nb BSS CS-MGW A/IuCS Abis Nc PSTN PSTN Mc Mc B BSC C MSC Server GMSC server Gb/IuPS D BTS VLR Gs SS7 H 2G+ MS (voice & data) ATM IuCS RNS IP/ATM Gr HSS AuC Gc Iub IuPS Gn Gi IP Network RNC SGSN GGSN Node B 3G UE (voice & data) IM-MGW IM IM IP Multimedia sub-system Gs PSTN MRF Media Resource Function IP Mc CSCF Call State Control Function Mg MRF MGCF Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP) MGCF IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW CSCF 76
3GPP2 Defines IS-41 Evolution • 3rd Generation Partnership Project “Two” – Evolution of IS-41 to “all IP” more direct (skips ATM stage), but not any faster – Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains • 1xRTT – IP packets (like GPRS) • 1xEVDO – Evolution data-optimized • 1xEVDV – abandoned • 3x – Triples radio data rates • Universal Mobile Broadband (UMB) – abandoned 77
NextGen Networks (NGN) Converging 3GPP IMS R7 Following 3GPP lead Packet Cable 2.0 ATIS NGN FG ITU-T NGN FG TISPAN R1 3GPP2 MMD 3GPP IMS R6 3GPP IMS R5 3GPP Release 4 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 3GPP2 — CDMA2000 multi-media domain (MMD) based on 3GPP IMS R5 TISPAN — evolves NGN architecture for fixed networks based on 3GPP IMS ITU-T NGN Focus Group — venue to make TISPAN NGN a global spec ATIS NGN Focus Group — formally collaborating with ETSI as of April 2005 PacketCable Release 2.0 — aligning with portions of 3GPP 78
3GPP R7 / TISPAN IMS 79
IMS / NGN Vision • One core network for “any access” – Based on IP, using IETF standards, with extensions – Wireline and wireless transparency • Access and bandwidth will be commodities; services are the differentiator – Per-session control supports per-application quality of service (QoS) and per-application billing • Voice is just application – “Easily” integrated with other applications… 80
IMS Story: Convergence Traditional Services IMS Services TV Caller ID Phone Tools Push to Talk TV Caller ID Phone Tools Push to Talk Application Application Application Application Application Application OSS/ BSS Subscriber Subscriber Subscriber Subscriber Data OSS/ BSS OSS/ BSS Data Data OSS/ BSS Data Media Media Media Functions Functions Functions Media Functions Access Access Access Delivery Delivery Delivery IP Multimedia Subsystem Packet Wireless Wifi Packet Wifi Wireline Wireline Wireless Cable WiMax Cable WiMax Source: Team Analysis, Lucent 81
IMS / NGN Value Proposition • Generate new revenue from new services – Per-session control allows IMS to guarantee QoS for each IP session, and enables differential billing for applications & content • Reduce capital spending – Converge all services on common infrastructure – Focus limited resources on core competencies • To date, mobile operators have had no incentive to deploy IMS for voice services 82
LTE and IMS • LTE is an all-IP network – Not compatible with legacy voice services – Assumes the use of IP Multimedia System (IMS) • Initial LTE networks will be data only • Initial LTE handsets will be multi-modal, supporting HSPA and earlier systems for voice telephony • VOLGA Forum working on a fix – Voice over LTE via Generic Access 83
Long Term Parallels: IN & IMS Intelligent Network • Free operators from equipment provider lock-in • Separate applications from basic call control • Open protocols and APIs for applications 84
Long Term Parallels: IN & IMS Intelligent Network • Free operators from equipment provider lock-in • Separate applications from basic call control • Open protocols and APIs for applications Intelligent Network Application Successes • FreePhone, Mobile (HLR), Pre-paid, Voice mail, … • 15 year summary: A few applications, very widely deployed 85
LTE’s System Architecture Evolution (SAE) RAN (Radio access network) SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) PCRF (policy and charging function) HSS (Home Subscriber Server) Diagram by Huawei MME (Mobility Management Entity) SAE (System Architecture Evolution) 86
Mobile Service Revenues • > $800 billion in 2007, growing 6%-7% per year – > $1 trillion by 2012 • Voice services dominate: 81% • SMS services: 9.5% ; All other non-voice services: 9.5% Source: Portio Research 87
Images courtesy of Jon Stern 88
Mobile Services Futures • Affordable open mobile Internet access coming – Five competing 3.5G operators in US by 2010 – Smart phone penetration soaring • Operators’ control of handset software slipping – iPhone and Android application stores, initiatives for Symbian, WinMobile, Adobe AIR, etc. 89
The Internet is the killer platform • Mobile Internet access driving 3G data usage • Future business models an open question • Slides from yesterday’s Mobile Broadband discussion, are available 90
Enormous technology change but commercial issues trump technology and legal-regulatory trumps all 91
Outrageous ideas • 5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz • 2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX* <15% – * i.e. LTE family of networks vs WiMAX evolution • Should ask: Wi-Fi vs LTE + WiMAX • Value of TV white spaces: Secondary access • Open 3 GHz – 10 GHz to all – License exempt on secondary access basis 92
Thank you ! Brough Turner broughturner@gmail.com http://blogs.broughturner.com
The content organized here includes material contributions from: • Fanny Mlinarsky, octoScope • Marc Orange, Interphase (formerly w/ NMS Communications) • Murtaza Amiji, Tellme (A Microsoft Subsidiary) • Samuel S. May, Price Waterhouse Coopers – Formerly with US Bancorp Piper Jaffray • Charles Cooper, dLR and many others, as noted on specific slides 94

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Our G-enealogy

  • 1.
    Our G-enealogy Brough Turner Founder & CTO Ashtonbrooke.com broughturner@gmail.com http://blogs.broughturner.com
  • 2.
    Our G-enealogy How the history of cellular technology helps us understand 4G technology and business models and their likely impact on wireless broadband • Brief history of cellular wireless telephony – Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA – Mobile core network architectures • Demographics & market trends today – 3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths • Implications for the next 2-5 years 2
  • 3.
    Our G-enealogy How the history of cellular technology helps us understand 4G technology and business models and their likely impact on wireless broadband • Brief history of cellular wireless telephony – Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA – Mobile core network architectures Google • Demographics & market trends today “3G Tutorial” – 3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths “4G Tutorial” • Implications for the next 2-5 years 3
  • 4.
    Outrageous ideas • 5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz • 2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX* <15% – * i.e. LTE family of networks vs WiMAX evolution • Should ask: Wi-Fi vs LTE + WiMAX – e.g. user owned versus service provider owned • Value of TV white spaces: Secondary access • Open 3 GHz – 10 GHz to all – License exempt on secondary access basis 4
  • 5.
    Mobiles overtake fixed Source: ITU World ICT Indicators, June 2008 5
  • 6.
    Mobile Generations G Summary Data Rates 1 Analog Typical 2.4 Kbps; max 22 Kbps 2 Digital – TDMA, CDMA 9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data) GPRS – mux packets in 2.5 voice timeslots 15 - 40 Kbps 50 – 144 Kbps (1xRTT); Improved modulation, 3 using CDMA variants 200 – 384 Kbps (UMTS); 500 Kbps – 2.4 Mbps (EVDO) 2–14 Mbps (HSPA), then 28 Mbps 3.5 More modulation tweaks & 42/84 Mbps future evolution New modulation (OFDMA); LTE: potentially >100 Mbps with 4 Multi-path (MIMO); All IP adequate spectrum (20 MHz) 6
  • 7.
  • 8.
    Enormous technology change but commercial issues trump technology 8
  • 9.
    Enormous technology change but commercial issues trump technology and legal-regulatory trumps all 9
  • 10.
    Origins of WirelessCommunications • 1864: James Clark Maxwell – Predicts existence of radio waves • 1886: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – Demonstrates radio waves • 1895-1901: Guglielmo Marconi – Demonstrates wireless communications over increasing distances • Also in the 1890s – Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Jagdish Chandra Bose and others, demonstrate forms of wireless communications 10
  • 11.
    Origins of WirelessCommunications • 1864: James Clark Maxwell – Predicts existence of radio waves • 1886: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – Demonstrates radio waves • 1895-1901: Guglielmo Marconi – Demonstrates wireless communications over increasing distances • Also in the 1890s – Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Jagdish Chandra Bose and others, demonstrate forms of wireless communications 11
  • 12.
    First Mobile RadioTelephone, 1924 Courtesy of Rich Howard 12
  • 13.
    Cellular Mobile Telephony Antenna diversity Cellular concept ● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 2 7 3 5 2 Frequency reuse 1 6 3 4 1 6 ● typically every 7 cells 2 7 4 5 2 7 Handoff as caller moves 3 5 1 6 3 Modified CO switch 4 1 2 7 ● HLR, paging, handoffs 5 13
  • 14.
    Cellular Mobile Telephony Antenna diversity Cellular concept ● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 2 7 3 5 2 Frequency reuse 1 6 3 4 1 6 ● typically every 7 cells 2 7 4 5 2 7 Handoff as caller moves 3 5 1 6 3 Modified CO switch 4 1 2 7 ● HLR, paging, handoffs 5 14
  • 15.
    Cellular Mobile Telephony Antenna diversity Cellular concept ● Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) 2 7 3 5 2 Frequency reuse 1 6 3 4 1 6 ● typically every 7 cells 2 7 4 5 2 7 Handoff as caller moves 3 5 1 6 3 Modified CO switch 4 1 2 7 ● HLR, paging, handoffs 5 Sectors improve reuse ● every 3 cells possible 15
  • 16.
    First Generation (nearlyall retired) • Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) – US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83) – 800 MHz; two 20 MHz bands; TIA-553 • Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) – Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland – Launched 1981 – 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900) • Total Access Communications System (TACS) – British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985 16
  • 17.
    2nd Generation –digital systems • Leverage technology to increase capacity – Speech compression; digital signal processing • Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts – Improve fraud prevention; Add new services • Wide diversity of 2G systems – IS-54/ IS-136 Digital AMPS; PDC (Japan) – DECT and PHS; iDEN – IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne) – GSM 17
  • 18.
    2G “CDMA” (cdmaOne) • Code Division Multiple Access – all users share same frequency band – discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G • Qualcomm demo in 1989 – claimed improved capacity & simplified planning • First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994 • Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996) • Adopted by Verizon and Sprint in US • Easy migration to 3G (same modulation) 18
  • 19.
    GSM – GlobalSystem for Mobile • Originally “Groupe Spécial Mobile ” – joint European effort beginning 1982 – Focus: seamless roaming all Europe • Services launched 1991 – time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz) – 900 MHz band; later 1800 MHz; then 850/1900 MHz • GSM – dominant world standard today – well defined interfaces; many competitors; lowest cost to deploy – network effect took hold in late 1990s 19
  • 20.
    GSM Dominant Today • GSM+3GSM used by 88% of subscribers worldwide • Asia leads with 42% of all mobile subscriptions – AT&T and T-Mobile use GSM/3GSM in US today GSM Subscribers Source: Wireless Intelligence / GSM Association 20
  • 21.
    GSM substantially enhanced Widely deployed significant payback for enhancements • HSCSD - high speed circuit-switched data • GPRS - general packet radio service • Synchronization between cells – Minimize interference; help fix mobile’s location • AMR vocoder – increase capacity (& fidelity) • Frequency hopping (to overcome fading) • Discontinuous transmission (more calls/ cell) • Cell overlays with reuse partioning 21
  • 22.
    1G, 2G, 3GMulti-Access Technologies Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World 22
  • 23.
    1G, 2G, 3GMulti-Access Technologies Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World 4G and future wireless systems optimize a combination of frequency, time and coding e.g. OFDMA & SC-FDMA (discussed later) 23
  • 24.
    2G & 3G– Code Division Multiple Access • Spread spectrum modulation – originally developed for the military – resists jamming and many kinds of interference – coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code • All users share same (large) block of spectrum – one for one frequency reuse – soft handoffs possible • All 3G radio standards based on CDMA – CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA 24
  • 25.
    Courtesy of SureshGoyal & Rich Howard 25
  • 26.
  • 27.
    Courtesy of SureshGoyal & Rich Howard 27
  • 28.
    Courtesy of SureshGoyal & Rich Howard 28
  • 29.
    The 3G Vision • Universal global roaming – Sought 1 standard (not 7), (but got 3: 3GSM, CDMA 2000 & TD-SCDMA) • Increased data rates • Multimedia (voice, data & video) • Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient) • Data-centric architecture (ATM at first, later IP) 29
  • 30.
    The 3G Vision • Universal global roaming – Sought 1 standard (not 7), (but got 3: 3GSM, CDMA 2000 & TD-SCDMA) • Increased data rates • Multimedia (voice, data & video) • Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient) • Data-centric architecture (ATM at first, later IP) • But deployment took much longer than expected – No killer data app; new spectrum costly; telecom bubble burst; much of the vision was vendor-driven 30
  • 31.
    3G Radio technologytoday • CDMA 2000 – Multi Carrier CDMA – Evolution of IS-95 CDMA; but now a dead end • UMTS (W-CDMA, HSPA) – Direct Spread CDMA – Defined by 3GPP • TD-SCDMA – Time Division Synchronous CDMA – Defined by Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology under the Ministry of Information Industry 31
  • 32.
    3G Radio technologytoday • CDMA 2000 – Multi Carrier CDMA – Evolution of IS-95 CDMA; but now a dead end • UMTS (W-CDMA, HSPA) – Direct Spread CDMA – Defined by 3GPP Paired spectrum bands • TD-SCDMA – Time Division Synchronous CDMA – Defined by Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology under the Ministry of Information Industry Single spectral band with time division duplexing 32
  • 33.
    Why CDMA 2000lost out • Had better migration story from 2G to 3G – Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA (IS-95) – cdmaOne operators didn’t need additional spectrum • Higher data rates than UMTS, at least at first • Couldn’t compete with GSM’s critical mass – Last straw when Verizon Wireless selected 3GPP’s Long Term Evolution (LTE) for their 4G network – Verizon selection 11/07 – Qualcomm abandons further development 11/08 33
  • 34.
    3GPP (3rd GenerationPartnership Project) Japan USA • Partnership of 6 regional standards groups, which translate 3GPP specifications to regional standards • Controls evolution of GSM, 3GSM (UMTS, WCDMA, HSPA) & LTE 34 34
  • 35.
    UMTS (3GSM) ismarket leader • GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSPA, +… – leverages GSM’s dominant position • Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere • Requires substantial new spectrum – 5 MHz each way (symmetric) at a minimum • Slow start (was behind CDMA 2000), but now the accepted leader – Network effect built on GSM’s >80% market share 35
  • 36.
    UMTS (3GSM) ismarket leader • GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSPA, +… – leverages GSM’s dominant position • Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere • Requires substantial new spectrum – 5 MHz each way (symmetric) at a minimum • Slow start (was behind CDMA 2000), but now the accepted leader – Network effect built on GSM’s >80% market share – Surely LTE will benefit in the same fashion… 36
  • 37.
    TD-SCDMA (Time division synchronous CDMA) • Chinese development – IPR bargaining tool with West? Late to market, but big deployment plans • Single spectral band – unpaired spectrum; as little as 1.6 MHz; time division duplex (TDD) with high spectral efficiency; good match for asymmetrical traffic! • Power amplifiers must be very linear – relatively hard to meet specifications 37
  • 38.
    China 3G • Largest mobile market in world (630 M subs) – Largest population in world (1.3 billion) • Home-brew 3G standard: TD-SCDMA – 3G licenses were delayed until TD-SCDMA worked – 2008 trials: 10 cities, 15K BSs & 60K handsets • 3G granted January 2009 – China Mobile: TD-SCDMA – China Unicom: 3GSM (UMTS) – China Telecom: CDMA 2000 38
  • 39.
    3G Adoption –DoCoMo Japan 2G: mova 3G: FOMA 39
  • 40.
    3G Adoption –DoCoMo Japan 2G: mova 3G: FOMA Potential to discontinue 2G services in 2010 … 40
  • 41.
    3G Subscribers (2Q2008) • 18% on 3G; 82% on 2G; 0.01% on 1G • EU & US 3G penetration approaching 30% 3-month averages ending June 2008 & June 2007 All mobile subscribers ages 13+ Source: comScore MobiLens 41
  • 42.
    3G Subscribers (2Q2008) • 18% on 3G; 82% on 2G; 0.01% on 1G • EU & US 3G penetration approaching 30% • US penetration rate soaring 3-month averages ending June 2008 & June 2007 All mobile subscribers ages 13+ Source: comScore MobiLens 42
  • 43.
    3G data-only subscribers • Soaring adoption of 3G “USB Data Modems” – 92% of all 3G data bytes in Finland in 2H07 • Informa on EU 3G devices, May 2008 – 101.5M 3G devices: 64 M handsets, 37M 3G data modems • In-Stat/ ABI Research – In-Stat: 5M cellular modems in 2006 – ABI Research 300% growth in 2007, i.e. 20M? Enormous growth, from a relatively small base… 43
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
    OFDM →OFDMA MIMO 4G Wireless capacity / throughput LTE 3G WiMAX Wi-Fi 2G y UMTS/HSPA cit a cap First cell CDMA and GSM p ut phones gh thro u in g AMPS reas I nc 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 46
  • 47.
    OFDM →OFDMA MIMO 4G Wireless capacity / throughput LTE 3G WiMAX Wi-Fi 2G y UMTS/HSPA cit a cap First cell CDMA and GSM p ut phones gh thro u in g AMPS reas I nc 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 47
  • 48.
    ITU-T Framework Pervasive connectivity WLAN - WMAN - WWAN ITU-T – United Nations 3GPP – WWAN (wireless wide telecommunications standards area network) organization IEEE 802.16 – WMAN (wireless Accepts detailed standards metropolitan area network) contributions from 3GPP, IEEE IEEE 802.11 – WLAN (wireless and other groups local area network) 48
  • 49.
    ITU Mobile Telecommunications • IMT-2000 – Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless – Detailed specifications from 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI and others • IMT-Advanced – New communications framework: deployment ~2010 to 2015 – Data rates to reach around 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for nomadic networks (i.e. WLANs) – High mobility case via either or both evolved LTE & WiMAX – 802.11ac and 802.11ad addressing the nomadic case 49
  • 50.
    LTE highlights • Sophisticated multiple access schemes – DL: OFDMA with Cyclic Prefix (CP) – UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP • Adaptive modulation and coding – QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM – 1/3 coding rate, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a contention-free internal interleaver • Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing – (2 or 4) x (2 or 4) downlink and uplink 50
  • 51.
    4G Technology –OFDMA • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access – Supercedes CDMA used in all 3G variants • OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) plus statistical multiplexing – Optimization of time, frequency & code multiplexing • OFDM already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g – Took Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond 51
  • 52.
    Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing – Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal, thus eliminating inter-carrier interference 52
  • 53.
    Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing – Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal, thus eliminating inter-carrier interference – Varies bits per sub-carrier based on instantaneous received power 53
  • 54.
    Statistical Multiplexing (inOFDMA) • Dynamically allocate user data to sub-carriers based on instantaneous data rates and varying sub-carrier capacities • Highly efficient use of spectrum • Robust against fading, e.g. for mobile operation 54
  • 55.
    FDMA vs. OFDMA • OFDMA more frequency efficient • Dynamically map traffic to frequencies based on their instantaneous throughput Guard Channel band FDMA OFDMA 55
  • 56.
    4G Technology -MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output smart antenna technology Multiple paths improve link reliability and increase spectral efficiency (bps per Hz), range and directionality 56
  • 57.
  • 58.
    SDMA = SmartAntenna Technologies • Beamforming – Use multiple-antennas to spatially shape the beam • Spatial Multiplexing a.k.a. Collaborative MIMO – Multiple streams transmitted – Multi-antenna receivers separate the streams to achieve higher throughput – On uplink, multiple single- antenna stations can transmit simultaneously 2x2 Collaborative MIMO give 2x peak data rate by • Space-Time Codes transmitting two data – Transmit diversity such as streams Alamouti code reduces fading 58
  • 59.
    4G Technology –SC-FDMA • Single carrier multiple access – Used for LTE uplinks – Being considered for 802.16m uplink • Similar structure and performance to OFDMA – Single carrier modulation with DFT-spread orthogonal frequency multiplexing and FD equalization • Lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) – Improves cell-edge performance – Transmit efficiency conserves handset battery life 59
  • 60.
    Key Features ofWiMAX and LTE • OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) • Users are allocated a slice in time and frequency • Flexible, dynamic per user resource allocation • Base station scheduler for uplink and downlink resource allocation – Resource allocation information conveyed on a frame‐by frame basis • Support for TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division duplex) TDD: single frequency channel for uplink and downlink DL UL DL FDD UL Paired channels 60
  • 61.
    3G/4G Comparison Peak Data Rate (Mbps) Access time (msec) Downlink Uplink HSPA (today) 14 Mbps 2 Mbps 50-250 msec HSPA (Release 7) MIMO 2x2 28 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec HSPA + (MIMO, 64QAM 42 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec Downlink) WiMAX Release 1.0 TDD (2:1 40 Mbps 10 Mbps 40 msec UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel LTE (Release 8), 5+5 MHz 43.2 Mbps 21.6 Mbps 30 msec channel 61
  • 62.
    WiMAX vs. LTE • Commonalities – IP-based – OFDMA and MIMO – Similar data rates and channel widths • Differences – Carriers are able to set requirements for LTE through organizations like NGMN and LSTI, but cannot do this as easily at the IEEE-based 802.16 – LTE backhaul is, at least partially, designed to support legacy services while WiMAX assumes greenfield deployments 62
  • 63.
    Commercial Issues LTE WiMAX • Deployments likely • 2-3 year lead, likely slower than projected maintained for years But • Dedicated spectrum in • Eventual migration path many countries for GSM/3GSM, i.e. for > But 80% share • Likely < 15% share by • Will be lowest cost & 2020 & thus more costly dominant in 2020 63
  • 64.
    3G Partnership Project Defines migration GSM to UMTS/ 3GSM to LTE Specs First Release complete deployed Major new features defined 98 1998 Last purely 2G GSM release 99 1Q 2000 2003 W-CDMA air interface 4 2Q 2001 2004 Softswitching IP in core network 5 1Q 2002 2006 HSDPA & IP Multimedia System (IMS) 6 4Q 2004 2007 HSUPA, MBMS, GAN, PoC & WLAN integration 7 4Q 2007 future HSPA+, Better latency & QoS for VoIP 8 4Q 2008 future LTE, All-IP W-CDMA – Wideband CDMA modulation HSxPA – High Speed (Download/Upload) Packet Access MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service GAN – Generic Access Network PoC – Push-to-talk over Cellular LTE – Long Term Evolution, a new air interface based on OFDM modulation 64
  • 65.
    3G Partnership Project Defines migration GSM to UMTS/ 3GSM to LTE Specs First Release complete deployed Major new features defined 98 1998 Last purely 2G GSM release 99 1Q 2000 2003 W-CDMA air interface 4 2Q 2001 2004 Softswitching IP in core network 5 1Q 2002 2006 HSDPA & IP Multimedia System (IMS) 6 4Q 2004 2007 HSUPA, MBMS, GAN, PoC & WLAN integration 7 4Q 2007 future HSPA+, Better latency & QoS for VoIP 8 4Q 2008 * future LTE, All-IP W-CDMA – Wideband CDMA modulation * Rush job? HSxPA – High Speed (Download/Upload) Packet Access MBMS – Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service GAN – Generic Access Network PoC – Push-to-talk over Cellular LTE – Long Term Evolution, a new air interface based on OFDM modulation 65
  • 66.
    Core Network Architectures • Two widely deployed architectures today • 3GPP evolved from GSM-MAP – Used by GSM & 3GSM operators (88% of subs globally) – “Mobile Application Part” defines signaling for mobility, authentication, etc. • 3GPP2 evolved from ANSI-41 MAP – ANSI-41 used with AMPS, TDMA & CDMA 2000 – GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) allowed interoperation, i.e., roaming • Evolving to common “all IP” vision based on 3GPP 66
  • 67.
    Typical 2G MobileArchitecture PSDN BSC BTS BSC HLR SMS-SC BSC MSC/VLR PLMN MSC/VLR BSC BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller GMSC Tandem PSTN Tandem CO CO CO MSC Mobile Switching Center VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register 67
  • 68.
    Separation of Signaling& Transport • Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one network plane for voice circuits and another network plane for signaling • Some elements reside only in the signaling plane – HLR, VLR, SMS Center, … HLR SMS-SC MSC Signaling Plane (SS7) VLR MSC MSC Transport Plane (Voice) 68
  • 69.
    Signaling in CoreNetwork • Based on SS7 – ISUP and specific Application Parts • GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services – mobility, call-handling, O&M, authentication, supplementary services, SMS, … • Location registers for mobility management – HLR: home location register has permanent data – VLR: visitor location register – local copy for roamers 69
  • 70.
    PSTN-to-Mobile Call PLMN PLMN PSTN (Visitor) (Home) (SCP) HLR Signaling SCP over SS7 Where is the subscriber? MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP) ISUP (STP) 4 2 Provide Roaming 3 5 Routing Info VMSC 6 GMSC 1 IAM IAM MS BSS (SSP) (SSP) (STP) (SSP) VLR 514 581 ... 70
  • 71.
    GSM 2G Architecture BSS NSS E PSTN Abis A PSTN B BSC C MS MSC GMSC D BTS VLR SS7 H HLR AuC BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register MS Mobile Station HLR Home Location Register GSM Global System for Mobile communication AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC 71
  • 72.
    2.5G Architectural Detail 2GMS (voice only) BSS NSS E PSTN Abis A PSTN B BSC C MS MSC GMSC D BTS VLR SS7 H HLR AuC BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC 72
  • 73.
    2.5G Architectural Detail 2G MS (voice only) BSS NSS E PSTN Abis A PSTN B BSC C MS MSC GMSC D BTS VLR Gs SS7 H Gb 2G+ MS (voice&data) Gr HLR AuC Gc Gn Gi PSDN SGSN IP GGSN BSS Base Station System NSS Network Sub-System SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register GPRS General Packet Radio Service AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC 73
  • 74.
    3G rel99 Architecture(UMTS) 2G MS (voice only) CN BSS E PSTN Abis A PSTN B BSC C MSC GMSC Gb D BTS VLR Gs SS7 H 2G+ MS (voice & data) IuCS RNS Gr HLR AuC ATM Gc Iub IuPS Gn Gi PSDN RNC IP SGSN GGSN Node B 3G UE (voice & data) BSS Base Station System CN Core Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System RNS Radio Network System AuC Authentication Server RNC Radio Network Controller GMSC Gateway MSC 74
  • 75.
    3G rel4 -Soft Switching 2G MS (voice only) CN CS-MGW Nb BSS CS-MGW A Abis Nc PSTN PSTN Mc Mc B BSC C MSC Server GMSC server Gb D BTS VLR Gs SS7 H 2G+ MS (voice & data) IuCS RNS IP/ATM Gr HLR AuC ATM Gc Iub IuPS Gn Gi PSDN RNC SGSN GGSN Node B 3G UE (voice & data) BSS Base Station System CN Core Network SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node BTS Base Transceiver Station MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node BSC Base Station Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register RNS Radio Network System AuC Authentication Server RNC Radio Network Controller GMSC Gateway MSC 75
  • 76.
    3GPP rel5 ―IP Multimedia 2G MS (voice only) CN CS-MGW Nb BSS CS-MGW A/IuCS Abis Nc PSTN PSTN Mc Mc B BSC C MSC Server GMSC server Gb/IuPS D BTS VLR Gs SS7 H 2G+ MS (voice & data) ATM IuCS RNS IP/ATM Gr HSS AuC Gc Iub IuPS Gn Gi IP Network RNC SGSN GGSN Node B 3G UE (voice & data) IM-MGW IM IM IP Multimedia sub-system Gs PSTN MRF Media Resource Function IP Mc CSCF Call State Control Function Mg MRF MGCF Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP) MGCF IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW CSCF 76
  • 77.
    3GPP2 Defines IS-41Evolution • 3rd Generation Partnership Project “Two” – Evolution of IS-41 to “all IP” more direct (skips ATM stage), but not any faster – Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains • 1xRTT – IP packets (like GPRS) • 1xEVDO – Evolution data-optimized • 1xEVDV – abandoned • 3x – Triples radio data rates • Universal Mobile Broadband (UMB) – abandoned 77
  • 78.
    NextGen Networks (NGN)Converging 3GPP IMS R7 Following 3GPP lead Packet Cable 2.0 ATIS NGN FG ITU-T NGN FG TISPAN R1 3GPP2 MMD 3GPP IMS R6 3GPP IMS R5 3GPP Release 4 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 3GPP2 — CDMA2000 multi-media domain (MMD) based on 3GPP IMS R5 TISPAN — evolves NGN architecture for fixed networks based on 3GPP IMS ITU-T NGN Focus Group — venue to make TISPAN NGN a global spec ATIS NGN Focus Group — formally collaborating with ETSI as of April 2005 PacketCable Release 2.0 — aligning with portions of 3GPP 78
  • 79.
    3GPP R7 /TISPAN IMS 79
  • 80.
    IMS / NGNVision • One core network for “any access” – Based on IP, using IETF standards, with extensions – Wireline and wireless transparency • Access and bandwidth will be commodities; services are the differentiator – Per-session control supports per-application quality of service (QoS) and per-application billing • Voice is just application – “Easily” integrated with other applications… 80
  • 81.
    IMS Story: Convergence Traditional Services IMS Services TV Caller ID Phone Tools Push to Talk TV Caller ID Phone Tools Push to Talk Application Application Application Application Application Application OSS/ BSS Subscriber Subscriber Subscriber Subscriber Data OSS/ BSS OSS/ BSS Data Data OSS/ BSS Data Media Media Media Functions Functions Functions Media Functions Access Access Access Delivery Delivery Delivery IP Multimedia Subsystem Packet Wireless Wifi Packet Wifi Wireline Wireline Wireless Cable WiMax Cable WiMax Source: Team Analysis, Lucent 81
  • 82.
    IMS / NGNValue Proposition • Generate new revenue from new services – Per-session control allows IMS to guarantee QoS for each IP session, and enables differential billing for applications & content • Reduce capital spending – Converge all services on common infrastructure – Focus limited resources on core competencies • To date, mobile operators have had no incentive to deploy IMS for voice services 82
  • 83.
    LTE and IMS • LTE is an all-IP network – Not compatible with legacy voice services – Assumes the use of IP Multimedia System (IMS) • Initial LTE networks will be data only • Initial LTE handsets will be multi-modal, supporting HSPA and earlier systems for voice telephony • VOLGA Forum working on a fix – Voice over LTE via Generic Access 83
  • 84.
    Long Term Parallels:IN & IMS Intelligent Network • Free operators from equipment provider lock-in • Separate applications from basic call control • Open protocols and APIs for applications 84
  • 85.
    Long Term Parallels:IN & IMS Intelligent Network • Free operators from equipment provider lock-in • Separate applications from basic call control • Open protocols and APIs for applications Intelligent Network Application Successes • FreePhone, Mobile (HLR), Pre-paid, Voice mail, … • 15 year summary: A few applications, very widely deployed 85
  • 86.
    LTE’s System ArchitectureEvolution (SAE) RAN (Radio access network) SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) PCRF (policy and charging function) HSS (Home Subscriber Server) Diagram by Huawei MME (Mobility Management Entity) SAE (System Architecture Evolution) 86
  • 87.
    Mobile Service Revenues • > $800 billion in 2007, growing 6%-7% per year – > $1 trillion by 2012 • Voice services dominate: 81% • SMS services: 9.5% ; All other non-voice services: 9.5% Source: Portio Research 87
  • 88.
    Images courtesy ofJon Stern 88
  • 89.
    Mobile Services Futures • Affordable open mobile Internet access coming – Five competing 3.5G operators in US by 2010 – Smart phone penetration soaring • Operators’ control of handset software slipping – iPhone and Android application stores, initiatives for Symbian, WinMobile, Adobe AIR, etc. 89
  • 90.
    The Internet isthe killer platform • Mobile Internet access driving 3G data usage • Future business models an open question • Slides from yesterday’s Mobile Broadband discussion, are available 90
  • 91.
    Enormous technology change but commercial issues trump technology and legal-regulatory trumps all 91
  • 92.
    Outrageous ideas • 5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz • 2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX* <15% – * i.e. LTE family of networks vs WiMAX evolution • Should ask: Wi-Fi vs LTE + WiMAX • Value of TV white spaces: Secondary access • Open 3 GHz – 10 GHz to all – License exempt on secondary access basis 92
  • 93.
    Thank you ! Brough Turner broughturner@gmail.com http://blogs.broughturner.com
  • 94.
    The content organizedhere includes material contributions from: • Fanny Mlinarsky, octoScope • Marc Orange, Interphase (formerly w/ NMS Communications) • Murtaza Amiji, Tellme (A Microsoft Subsidiary) • Samuel S. May, Price Waterhouse Coopers – Formerly with US Bancorp Piper Jaffray • Charles Cooper, dLR and many others, as noted on specific slides 94